For at least six hundred million years, life has been a fascinating laboratory of crystallization, referred to as biomineralization. During this huge lapse of time, many organisms from diverse phyla have developed the capability to precipitate various types of minerals, exploring distinctive pathways for building sophisticated structural architectures for different purposes. The Darwinian exploration was performed by trial and error, but the success in terms of complexity and efficiency is evident. Understanding the strategies that those organisms employ for regulating the nucleation, growth, and assembly of nanocrystals to build these sophisticated devices is an intellectual challenge and a source of inspiration in fields as diverse as materials science, nanotechnology, and biomedicine. However, “Biological Crystallization” is a broader topic that includes biomineralization, but also the laboratory crystallization of biological compounds such as macromolecules, carbohydrates, or lipids, and the synthesis and fabrication of biomimetic materials by different routes. This Special Issue collects 15 contributions ranging from biological and biomimetic crystallization of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and silica-carbonate self-assembled materials to the crystallization of biological macromolecules. Special attention has been paid to the fundamental phenomena of crystallization (nucleation and growth), and the applications of the crystals in biomedicine, environment, and materials science.
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Die Arbeit nimmt die in jüngster Zeit vor allem in den USA er- hobenen Forderungen nach einer verfassungsmässigen Begrenzung der Staatstätigkeit zum Ausgangspunkt für eine systematische Analyse der Vor- und Nachteile einer institutionellen Fixierung der Staats- quote. Grundlagen sind dabei zum einen eine Theorie des Staats- versagens, zum anderen ein politisches Modell, in dem das Angebot an öffentlichen Gütern aus der Beziehung zwischen Politikern und Bürokratien und die Nachfrage aus der Beziehung zwischen Bürgern und Politikern erklärt wird. Im Ergebnis erscheint eine Begrenzungs- regel günstig für die Qualität des Angebots aber unsicher in Bezug auf die Qualität der Nachfrage nach öffentlichen Gütern.
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Geographic information systems (GISs) have played a vital role in Earth sciences by providing a powerful means of observing the world and various tools for solving complex problems. The scientific community has used GISs to reveal fascinating details about the Earth and other planets. This book on recent advances in GIS for Earth sciences includes 12 publications from esteemed research groups worldwide. The research and review papers in this book belong to the following broad categories: Earth science informatics (geoinformatics), mining, hydrology, natural hazards, and society.
This Special Issue is intended to serve as an interdisciplinary forum covering broad aspects of the science, technology, and application of synthetic and natural diamonds. The issue contains 13 papers, which highlight recent investigations and developments in diamond research related to the diverse problems of natural diamond genesis, diamond synthesis and growth using CVD and HPHT techniques, and the use of diamond in both traditional applications, such as mechanical machining of materials, and the new recently emerged areas, such as quantum technologies. The results presented in the contributions collected in this special issue clearly demonstrate that diamond occupies a very special place in modern science and technology.
Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes have been considered as one of the most promising materials for a wide range of applications, in virtue of their outstanding properties. During the last two decades, both single-walled and multi-walled CNTs probably represented the hottest research topic concerning materials science, equally from a fundamental and from an applicative point of view. There is a prevailing opinion among the research community that CNTs are now ready for application in everyday world. This book provides an (obviously not exhaustive) overview on some of the amazing possible applications of CNT-based materials in the near future.
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Psychology is a really tough subject for students to study. It involves a lot of reading, thinking, and writing with minimal use of visual aids. In most cases, the essay becomes an opportunity for the students to share their thoughts and ideas in order to answer the question. But if they are not careful enough they may assume that they have already answered the question before even starting to write their essay. Writing a psychology assignment is tough for students because there is a lot of emotional content that could be difficult to put into words.
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