Future of Sustainable Agriculture in Saline Environments Future of Sustainable Agriculture in Saline Environments Edited by Katarzyna Negacz, Pier Vellinga, Edward Barrett-Lennard, Redouane Choukr-Allah, and Theo Elzenga First edition published 2022 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Katarzyna Negacz, Pier Vellinga, Edward Barrett-Lennard, Redouane Choukr-Allah and Theo Elzenga; individual chapters, the contributors CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and pub- lisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-0-367-62146-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-63147-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-11232-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003112327 Typeset in Times by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd. v Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. xiii Editors ...................................................................................................................... xv Contributors ...........................................................................................................xvii Section i Saline Agriculture: Global State of the Art and Strategies Chapter 1 Saline Agriculture: A Call to Action....................................................3 Pier Vellinga, Atiq Rahman, Barbara Wolthuis, Edward G. Barrett-Lennard, Redouane Choukr-Allah, Theo Elzenga, Angelica Kaus, and Katarzyna Negacz Chapter 2 Achieving Multiple Sustainable Development Goals through Saline Agriculture .............................................................................. 13 Katarzyna Negacz, Bas Bruning, and Pier Vellinga Chapter 3 Agriculture in Salinising Landscapes in Southern Australia: Selected Research ‘Snapshots’ ........................................................... 29 Edward G. Barrett-Lennard and Hayley C. Norman Chapter 4 Use and Management of Saline Water for Irrigation in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) Region .......................... 51 Redouane Choukr-Allah Chapter 5 Salinization Threats to Agriculture across the North Sea Region ......................................................................... 71 Iain Gould, Jeroen De Waegemaeker, Domna Tzemi, Isobel Wright, Simon Pearson, Eric Ruto, Leena Karrasch, Laurids Siig Christensen, Henrik Aronsson, Susanne Eich-Greatorex, Gary Bosworth, and Pier Vellinga Chapter 6 Economic Impact of Soil Salinization and the Potential for Saline Agriculture......................................................................... 93 Eric Ruto, Domna Tzemi, Iain Gould, and Gary Bosworth vi Contents Chapter 7 Cost or Benefit? Estimating the Global Economic Potential of Saline Agriculture ........................................................................ 115 Katarzyna Negacz and Pier Vellinga Chapter 8 Challenges and Opportunities for Saline Agriculture in Coastal Bangladesh ...................................................................... 125 Atiq Rahman and Md. Nasir Uddin Chapter 9 Innovations of the 21st Century in the Management of Iranian Salt-Affected Lands......................................................... 147 Zeinab Hazbavi and Mostafa Zabihi Silabi Chapter 10 An Approach to Monitoring of Salt-Affected Croplands Using Remote Sensing Data: The Case Study in the Nukus District (Uzbekistan)............................................................. 171 Maria Konyushkova, Alexander Krenke, Gulchekhra Khasankhanova, Nizamatdin Mamutov, Victor Statov, Anna Kontoboytseva and Yevgenia Pankova Chapter 11 From Desert Farm to Fork: Value Chain Development for Innovative Salicornia-Based Food Products in the United Arab Emirates ...................................................................... 181 Dionysia-Angeliki Lyra, Efstathios Lampakis, Mohamed Al Muhairi, Fatima Mohammed Bin Tarsh, Mohamed Abdel Hamyd Dawoud, Basem Al Khawaldeh, Meis Moukayed, Jacek Plewa, Luca Cobre, Ohod Saleh Al Masjedi, Khawla Mohammed Al Marzouqi, Hayatullah Ahmadzai, Mansoor Khamees Al Tamimi, and Wasel Abdelwahid Abou Dahr Section ii Biosaline Agriculture in Delta and coastal environments Chapter 12 Saline Agriculture as a Way to Adapt to Sea Level Rise ................. 203 Pier Vellinga and Edward G. Barrett-Lennard Chapter 13 Stakeholder Perspectives on the Issue of Salinization in Agriculture in the Netherlands .........................................................207 Isa Camara Beauchampet vii Contents Chapter 14 Mitigating and Adapting Agriculture of Coastal Areas in the Netherlands Wadden Sea Region to Increasing Salinization: From a Vision towards a Practical Implementation ......................... 231 Mindert de Vries, Jouke Velstra, Johan Medenblik, Joca Jansen, Linda Smit, Aaltje Rispens, and Gualbert Oude Essink Chapter 15 Saline Farming in the Wadden Sea Region of the Netherlands: Promising Initiatives for Salt-Tolerant Crops and Saline Aquaculture .................................................................... 259 Tine te Winkel, Jouke Velstra, Marc van Rijsselberghe, Klaas Laansma, and Titian Oterdoom Chapter 16 Viability of the Saline Farming of Quinoa and Seed Potatoes in the Netherlands: An Assessment Supported by a Value Chain Analysis of Both Products ................. 263 Mare Anne de Wit, Pier Vellinga, and Katarzyna Negacz Chapter 17 Dynamics of Soil Salinity in Denmark ............................................ 279 Laurids Siig Christensen Chapter 18 Climate-Resilient Agricultural Practices in the Saline-Prone Areas of Bangladesh................................................... 293 Muhammad Abdur Rahaman, Md. Sahadat Hossain, and Md. Iqbal Hossain Chapter 19 Salinity Dynamics and Water Availability in Water Bodies over a Dry Season in the Ganges Delta: Implications for Cropping Systems Intensification .......................... 305 Afrin Jahan Mila, Richard W. Bell, Edward G. Barrett- Lennard, and Enamul Kabir Chapter 20 The International Farmers’ Café on Salinization and Saline Agriculture: A Test Case for Participatory Research on Saline Agriculture ............................................................................ 323 Jeroen De Waegemaeker and Elke Rogge Chapter 21 Putting Saline Agriculture into Practice: A Case Study from Bangladesh .............................................................................. 333 Arjen De Vos, Andrés Parra González, and Bas Bruning viii Contents Chapter 22 Case Study – Stichting De Zilte Smaak: ‘Discovering Saline Farming Potential on Terschelling’ .................................................. 343 Jacqueline Wijbenga and Stichting De Zilte Smaak Section iii crop Salt tolerance and Microbiological Associations Chapter 23 Developments in Adaptation to Salinity at the Crop Level.............. 353 Theo Elzenga, Edward G. Barrett-Lennard, and Redouane Choukr-Allah Chapter 24 Salt Effects on Plants: An Overview ................................................ 357 Živko Jovanovi ć and Svetlana Radovi ć Chapter 25 Global Analysis of Differences in Plant Traits between Salt-Tolerant and Salt-Sensitive Plants ............................................. 365 Bas Bruning, William K. Cornwell, and Jelte Rozema Chapter 26 Comparative Study on the Response of Several Tomato Rootstocks to Drought and Salinity Stresses ................................... 387 Abdelaziz Hirich, Abdelghani Chakhchar and Redouane Choukr-Allah Chapter 27 Root Architecture and Productivity of Three Grass Species under Salt Stress........................................................ 401 Liping Wang, Junjie Yi, and Theo Elzenga Chapter 28 Quinoa, a Promising Halophyte with Modified Planting Date, and Minimum Water and Pesticide Requirements for Fars Province, Iran...................................................................... 413 Rezvan Talebnejad, Ali Reza Sepaskhah, and Maryam Bahrami Chapter 29 Response of Quinoa to High Salinity under Arid Conditions ......... 427 Mohammad Shahid and Sumitha Thushar ix Contents Chapter 30 The Potential of Edible Halophytes as New Crops in Saline Agriculture: The Ice Plant ( Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. ) Case Study ............................................................. 443 Giulia Atzori Chapter 31 Salicornia Species: Current Status and Future Potential ................. 461 Tanmay Chaturvedi, Aslak H.C. Christiansen, Iwona Goł ę biewska, and Mette H. Thomsen Chapter 32 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria as an Alternative Strategy for the Amelioration of Salt-Stress Effects in Plants ....................... 483 Živko Jovanovi ć and Svetlana Radovi ć Chapter 33 Tolerance to Environmental Stresses: Do Fungal Endophytes Mediate Plasticity in Solanum Dulcamara? ..................................... 497 Sasirekha Munikumar, Karaba N. Nataraja, and Theo Elzenga Index ...................................................................................................................... 517 xi Preface Climate Change triggers the imagination. What will the coastal fringes of the world look like with a rise in sea level of one meter or more? How can food production survive in the arid and semi-arid zones under higher temperatures and more per- sistent droughts? Emission control should limit global temperature rise to 2°C. But even then, droughts will become more persistent and sea level will keep on rising for many hundreds of years. Agriculture can help to capture carbon from the atmo- sphere but there is more to it: agriculture will have to adapt. Increasing the efficiency of water use is a number one priority, but in many regions of the world, this will not prevent an increase in the salinity levels in water and soils. For these reasons, an increasing number of researchers and practitioners are exploring ways to produce food under saline soil and water conditions. Fortunately, they can learn from earlier practices and experience as many regions have a long tradition of struggling with salinization. Mutual learning is the major reason why some 200 experts and practitioners participated in the International Saline Futures Conference held in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands in September 2019. The presentations and discussions at the conference revealed a strong sense of urgency. Better use of degraded or potentially degraded lands due to salinization will contribute to important global sustainable development goals (SDGs) such as reduc- ing poverty, conservation of land and water resources, food security and economic growth, and the preservation of livelihoods in rural areas. The conference called for action to better promote the need for increasing capaci- ties and opportunities. But more is needed. The network of practitioners needs to be expanded and strengthened by building capacity. There is a need to support exist- ing regional centers for research and set up new centers. And experiments and pilot projects require significant investments and participation by government and private sector actors. This book presents a snapshot of current ‘the state of the art’ in saline agriculture including strategies for the future. The first section (Chapters 1 – 11) provides an overview of the situation and strategies in Australia, Middle East and North Africa, Eurasian countries, Bangladesh, and the North Sea region. It also describes the opportunities and barriers including articles on the economic aspects. The second section (Chapters 12-22) is focused on salination arising in coastal and river deltas and small islands as a result of climate change and sea level rise. It presents in several chapters how salinization differs by region, dependent on the hydro-geologic condi- tions. It discusses the strategies of creating new value chains based on the production and consumption of saline grown food products. The third section (Chapters 23-33) presents the progress in scientific understanding of the plant physiological aspects of salt sensitivity and salt tolerance. Finally, we would like to draw your attention to the first chapter: “Call to Action”. xii Preface As editors of this book, we have organized an independent review of all arti- cles. The content remains the full responsibility of the authors. We want to thank the Wadden Academy and the Salfar project participants for their participation and financial support. Katarzyna Negacz Pier Vellinga Edward Barrett-Lennard Redouane Choukr-Allah Theo Elzenga xiii Acknowledgments We would like to extend our thanks to reviewers of chapters included in this book: Abdelaziz Sbai, Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II, Rabta Morocco Abdulrasoul M., Alomran King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Ana Delaunay, University of Lisbon, Portugal Andrew Noble, Agriculture Research for Development Advisor Anne Mette Teigen Asselin de Williencourt, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) Asgeir Almas, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) Atiq Rahman, Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Sciences Dhaka, Bangladesh Bas Bruning, The Salt Doctors Detlaf Steng, Ökowerk Emden, Germany Dionysia-Angeliki Lyra, ICBA, UAE Erick Verbruggen, University of Antwerp, Belgium Erik Meijles, Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen, The Netherlands Hanna Dijkstra, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amster- dam, The Netherlands Iain Gould, University of Lincoln Lincoln, UK Jeroen De Waegemaeker, ILVO, Belgium Joca Jansen, Wetterskip Fryslân, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands Jouke Velstra, Acacia Water, Gouda, The Netherlands Laurids Christiansen, Horsekaer, Denmark Margot Faber, Province of Groningen, The Netherlands Maria Konyuskova, Eurasian Center for Food Security, Russia Marlise Vroom, Foodboosters, The Netherlands Mohamed Hachicha National research Institute of rural engineering, Water and Forests (INRGREF), Tunis, Tunisia Onno Kuik, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Oscar Widerberg, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands Ragab Ragab Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, CEH, Natural Environment Research Council, NERC, Wallingford, UK Richard W. Bell, Murdoch University, Australia Richard George, The University of Western Australia, Department of Agriculture and Food, Australia Sarah Garre, ILVO, Belgium Tine te Winkel, Acacia Water, Gouda, The Netherlands xv Editors Katarzyna Negacz is a postdoctoral researcher at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and cooperates with Wadden Academy. For more than 12 years she has been involved in research and practice related to sustainable development. After complet- ing her studies in economics and law, she earned a doctoral degree in environmental economics at the Warsaw School of Economics for her research on the evolution of green consumption in Taiwan. She conducted research in Switzerland, Poland, Spain, Taiwan, Germany, and the Netherlands. Her current research focuses on the potential of saline degraded lands for sustainable food production and transnational biodiversity governance. Pier Vellinga earned a PhD in coastal protection at Delft Technical University. He has a chair on climate change at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam since 1990. His teaching, research, and publications (about 200) focus on the implications of climate change regarding water, energy, and food. He joined Wageningen University in 2007 as a professor in climate change. Over the years he has fulfilled many different board positions in NGOs, research programs, and UN, EU, and governmental committees and financial institutions. For 30 years he has been an advisor to the Venice Water Authorities on the protection of Venice and its lagoon, a work successfully com- pleted in 2020. Edward Barrett-Lennard works in the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) of Western Australia, Murdoch University, and The University of Western Australia. For more than 35 years Professor Barrett-Lennard has been a passionate researcher and advocate of the need to develop saline agri- cultural farming systems in response to landscape salinization and climate change. His interests lie at the intersection between practical agriculture, agronomy, soil sci- ence, and ecophysiology. He is the author/editor of four books, more than 70 papers, and numerous other publications. Professor Barrett-Lennard has worked in Australia (mostly), Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Iraq, and Vietnam. Redouane Choukr-Allah is a horticultural, soil, and water environmental expert with more than 35 years of experience in the use of saline water and the use of pretreated sewage in Horticulture. He earned a PhD in environment horticulture at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, United States. He also served as a techni- cal coordinator of a 12 million project, financed by USAID on the water resources sustainability in Morocco. He served as head of the Horticulture Department from 1983 to 1996 and as head of the salinity and plant nutrition laboratory since 1996. He served at ICBA as a senior fellow scientist in horticulture and a Section Head of Crop Diversification and Genetics. He has produced numerous publications, includ- ing edited books, research reports, articles in peer-reviewed international journals, and books in the field of nonconventional water. xvi Editors Theo Elzenga earned an MSc in biology at the University of Amsterdam and a PhD at Groningen on nutrient and CO 2 acquisition by plants. After working as a postdoctoral student at Wageningen University and at the University of Washington in Seattle, he returned to Groningen, where he has held a chair in ecophysiology of plants since 2000. His teaching focuses on the adaptation and acclimation of plants to adverse conditions. He was Director of the Centre of Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Director of the Graduate School of Ecology and Evolution, and Director of the Undergraduate School of the Faculty of Science and Engineering. He is on advisory panels on agricultural development and the safety of genetically engineered organisms. xvii Contributors Hayatullah Ahmadzai International Center for Biosaline Agriculture Dubai, United Arab Emirates Basem Al Khawaldeh Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development Dubai, United Arab Emirates Khawla Mohammed Al Marzouqi Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Ohod Saleh Al Masjedi Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Mohamed Al Muhairi Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Mansoor Khamees Al Tamimi Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Henrik Aronsson Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden Giulia Atzori Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry University of Florence Florence, Italy Maryam Bahrami Water Engineering Department and Drought Research Center Shiraz University Shiraz, Iran Edward G. Barrett-Lennard Land Management Group, Agriculture Discipline College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development South Perth, Australia and School of Agriculture and Environment The University of Western Australia Nedlands, Australia Isa Camara Beauchampet Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands Richard W. Bell Land Management Group, Agriculture Discipline College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth, Australia Gary Bosworth Department Newcastle Business School Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK and Lincoln International Business School University of Lincoln Lincoln, UK xviii Contributors Bas Bruning The Salt Doctors Den Burg, The Netherlands Abdelghani Chakhchar Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco Tanmay Chaturvedi Department of Energy Technology Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark Redouane Choukr-Allah Salinity and Plant Nutrition Laboratory Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Hassan II Ait-Melloul, Morocco Laurids Siig Christensen Smagen af Danmark Copenhagen, Denmark Aslak H. C. Christiansen Department of Plant and Environmental Science University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg, Denmark Luca Cobre Global Food Industries – Healthy Farm Sharjah, United Arab Emirates School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington, Australia Wasel Abdelwahid Abou Dahr Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Mohamed Abdel Hamyd Dawoud Environmental Agency Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Arjen De Vos The Salt Doctors Den Burg, The Netherlands Mindert de Vries Van Hall University of Applied Sciences Leeuwarden, The Netherlands and Deltares Delft, The Netherlands Jeroen De Waegemaeker Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO) Melle, Belgium Mare Anne de Wit Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands Stichting De Zilte Smaak Hoorn, Terschelling Susanne Eich-Greatorex Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management (MINA) Norwegian University of Life Sciences NMBU As, Norway Theo Elzenga Department of Ecophysiology of Plants University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands Gualbert Oude Essink Department of Groundwater Management Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands William K. Cornwell xix Contributors Iwona Goł ę biewska Bioscience Engineering and Earth and Life Institute Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Andrés Parra González Department of Irrigation Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC) University of Murcia, Espinardo Espinardo, Spain Iain Gould Lincoln Institute for Agri-Food Technology University of Lincoln Lincoln, UK Zeinab Hazbavi Department of Natural Resources Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources and Water Management Research Center University of Mohaghegh Ardabili Ardabil, Iran Abdelaziz Hirich African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI) Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Laayoune, Morocco and International Center for Biosaline Agriculture Dubai, United Arab Emirate Md. Iqbal Hossain Tala Satkhira, Bangladesh Md. Sahadat Hossain Department of Environmental Science Stamford University, Bangladesh Dhaka, Bangladesh Joca Jansen Wetterskip Fryslân Leeuwarden, The Netherlands Živko Jovanovi ć Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade Belgrade, Serbia Enamul Kabir Agrotechnology Discipline Khulna University Khulna, Bangladesh Leena Karrasch Department für Wirtschafts- und Rechtswissenschaften University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany Angelica Kaus Province of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands Gulchekhra Khasankhanova Research and Development Institute “UZGIP” Ministry of Water Resources Tashkent, Uzbekistan Maria Konyushkova Eurasian Center for Food Security Moscow, Russia Alexander Krenke Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences Petersburg, Russia Klaas Laansma De Wikel Groningen, The Netherlands Efstathios Lampakis Aquaculture and Aquaponics Specialist Dubai, United Arab Emirates