the imagery of interior spaces Before you start to read this book, take this moment to think about making a donation to punctum books, an independent non-profit press, @ https://punctumbooks.com/support/ If you’re reading the e-book, you can click on the image below to go directly to our donations site. Any amount, no matter the size, is appreciated and will help us to keep our ship of fools afloat. Contri- butions from dedicated readers will also help us to keep our commons open and to cultivate new work that can’t find a welcoming port elsewhere. Our ad- venture is not possible without your support. Vive la Open Access. Fig . 1. Hieronymus Bosch, Ship of Fools (1490–1500) the imagery of interior spaces. Copyright © 2019 by the editors and au- thors. This work carries a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 International li- cense, which means that you are free to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and you may also remix, transform and build upon the material, as long as you clearly attribute the work to the authors (but not in a way that suggests the authors or punctum books endorses you and your work), you do not use this work for commercial gain in any form whatsoever, and that for any remixing and transformation, you distribute your rebuild under the same license. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ First published in 2019 by punctum books, Earth, Milky Way. https://punctumbooks.com ISBN-13: 978-1-950192-19-9 (print) ISBN-13: 978-1-950192-20-5 (ePDF) doi: 10.21983/P3.0248.1.00 lccn: 2019937173 Library of Congress Cataloging Data is available from the Library of Congress Book design: Vincent W.J. van Gerven Oei The Imagery of Interior Spaces Edited by Dominique Bauer & Michael J. Kelly Contents Michael J. Kelly Preface: History and the Interior Space 13 Dominique Bauer Introduction: The Imagery of Interior Spaces and the Hazards of Subjectivity 21 Dominique Bauer From the Enclosed Individual to Spatial Notions of a “Beyond”: Spatial Imagery in the Work of Jules Romains 35 Marcus Breyer Sensualizing the “Over There”: The Dissolving of Exteriority and Interiority in “Geo-thoughts” and “Geo-song” 57 Aude Campmas Evisceration: Exposing Internal Spaces in La curée 77 Stijn De Cauwer The World as Seen through a Window: Interiors and the Crisis of Morality in the Work of Robert Musil 97 Erin E. Edgington Artful Arrangements: Interior Space in Edmond de Goncourt’s La maison d’un artiste 117 Gabrielle E. Orsi In Her Chambers: Spaces of Fiction in Elsa Morante 139 Stefanie E. Sobelle The Inscapability of Dwelling in Yoknapatawpha County 171 Lindsay Starck “The (Dis)Possessed”: Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and the Modern Museum 193 Álvaro Santana-Acuña Interior Spaces in Literature: A Sociological and Historical Perspective 219 Contributors 237 Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to many colleagues and friends, from French studies, literary and cultural history, who supported and encouraged us to edit this volume. I would like to thank them for their enthusiasm, their advice and critical read- ing, in particular Anne-Françoise Morel of the Faculty of Archi- tecture, Leuven. — Dominique Bauer Throughout the extended process of writing, editing, revising and reviewing the chapters for this volume, friends and col- leagues have provided valuable input and I would like to thank all of them for their support. I would also like to thank the contributors for their participation and, especially, Dominique Bauer for inviting me to be part of this intellectually enriching project. — Michael J. Kelly 13 preface History and the Interior Space Michael J. Kelly “Long habit created in me a duty to it.” — Isidore of Seville, Synonyms, 1.45 I would like to preface this volume with a short elicitation and interrogation of a trope quilted throughout its essays: history. From this, I analyze the exposed relationship in modern litera- ture between interior space and history via the encounter with the past, in contrast to the exteriority of the present. The liminal space between these locations is where becoming materializes, where the subjective process formally begins. Interior space, history and subjectivity form the ontological trinity that frames and informs the critical theories and literary problems present- ed and interrogated in The Imagery of Interior Spaces. As made apparent across the texts analyzed in this volume, in- terior space represents a desired present ever at risk of being shat- tered by a subconsciously known exterior reality. The interior is a space without time, the perpetual (present), and, as Bauer says in her Introduction, a “logic of pure presence” that is always in fear of the rupture of historical continuity engendered by the ex- ternal. In Stijn De Cauwer’s “The World as Seen Through a Win- dow: Interiors and the Crisis of Morality in the Work of Robert Musil,” it is evident that, in (Western) literature, the concept of interior space, as it relates to the subjective process and history, doi: 10.21983/P3.0248.1.02 14 the imagery of interior spaces is inextricably entangled with the development of modernity and its tremendous changes. Interior space offers characters a site for conservative reaction to modernity, a place to hide from it, to ig- nore it, to occult it, a place to deny the (re-)emergence of politics and to construct an alternate modern history. We see a diversity of interior spaces functioning in this way. In “In Her Chambers: Spaces of Fiction in Elsa Morante,” Gabri- elle Orsi discusses how Elisa de Salvi, the protagonist of Men- zogna e sortilegio (1948), says that her writing “is inextricable from the chamber in which she dwells.” In it she will unravel “the enigma of the past” in the pursuit of uncovering “actual history.” The interior space serves as the site for Elisa to escape from actualized history. It is the “originating space” of both the novel and of Elisa’s subjectivity. Referring to Morante’s late and last novel, Orsi notes that the gardens of Aracoeli “combine space and time into a lost unity.” In Aracoeli (1982) the protagonist, Manuele, imagines the Gar- den of Eden effectively as an interior space where human be- ing was whole. In it was the object allowing the preservation of that being, the perpetual present, the apple. The apple was timeless and could retrieve the past unbound by memory, but its consumption shattered human being (humans suffered an onto- logical break) eliciting human subjectivity. Orsi argues that “the classically Morantian plot is the evasion of an often grim or dis- appointing reality via a secret dream world of fantasy, memory, and reading.” Aracoeli plays here on this theme by presenting the cruel and “provocative” divine game in which the interior space and its objects deny the whole of humanity the dream of memory, and the fantasy of the unity of existence. In “The Inscapability of Dwelling in Yoknapatawpha County,” Stefanie Sobelle examines the uses of interior space in a number of works by William Faulkner, including As I Lay Dying (1930) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). She demonstrates Faulkner’s use of interior space as a way for characters to deal with complex social transformations of the exterior, as a place where selfhood either is or may become, and where past and present can merge. “The past is never dead. It’s not even past,” Faulkner claims in 15 preface Requiem for a Nun (1951). He coalesces time and space into his own literary spatial form, argues Sobelle, who concludes by de- scribing “Faulkner’s theory of history as infinitely interiorized.” In “Evisceration: Exposing Internal Spaces in La curée, ” Aude Campmas argues that Émile Zola’s La curée (1871) “is a tragedy that still deals with dramas of heredity and lineage. The tragic scene is the exposed place where the true origins of the family are revealed.” Campmas explores Zola’s violation of in- terior spaces, whether memories, the womb or the household, and shows how interior spaces correlate to artifice, to the at- tempted preservation of a historical situation and the exotic be- yond within a constructed interior. The ensuing metaphor is the nineteenth-century hothouse, a place where what was desired from the external could be cultivated in the interior space. Here amidst the plants the private life of women could flourish, while preserving the illusion of social continuity. The exposure of the woman and the hothouse, of the interior, represent a sacrifice that destroys the illusion. In “‘The (Dis)Possessed’: Djuna Barnes’s Nightwood and the Modern Museum,” Lindsay Starck focuses her critical review of Barnes’s “novel” Nightwood (1937) on the interior space of the museum gallery where time literally is “set aside”. She reads the novel as itself a museum, as an interior space uniquely modern. As such it is used to expose and examine the dynamic relation between modern literature, modernity, and history. One of the main characters, Nora, who hopelessly seeks her lover’s com- mitment, desires to be inside the metaphorical (ship in a) bottle. There she can live in the world and its history in a state of being of perpetual present, a continuum in which she can attain im- mortality. In desiring to be part of the wider metanarrative of history, Nora frames it as a closed interior space. In “Artful Arrangements: Interior Space in Edmond de Gon- court’s La maison d’un artiste, ” Erin E. Edgington elaborates the association between history and interior space through a read- ing of Goncourt’s catalogue volume. In La maison (1881), the trinkets and stuff of the house represent an attempt by Edmond, the central (present) character, to conserve the presence of his 16 the imagery of interior spaces late brother Jules. They also allow a conservation of the pre- modern world: nostalgia. Edmond’s bedroom is a chamber of the last century, a place that can transport him from the nine- teenth century into the previous one. In one scene, in which Ed- mond kills his hen with a sword, the collected items — here both the sword and the pet hen — show that the interior space can provide not only sustenance, but also better sustenance than the exterior, where people were eating dogs and rats. The possibility of the interior is to protect against exterior reality until the situa- tion “returns to normal”; the interior is the site of repression fol- lowed by obsessive habits. And so, despite his gloom, Edmond can find comfort in believing that the nineteenth century has at least brought about one comforting change: “Existence is no longer external.” For our character, one of the optimistic altera- tions of the historical event of modernity is, then, precisely the fact that one can ignore it, and can do so by reverting to the rational and structured interior space for ontological meaning. Here we encounter an overt correlation with history. History as organized and ordered, as rational, even a duty, is a similarly modernist development. The advent of professional history was equally escapist, or obscurantist. It was a way to make sense of the seeming disorder of the radical breaks from the past engen- dered by the modern world and its radical new affinities. Muse- ums, homes, galleries, archives, disciplinary departments were interior sites using objects of the past to construct narratives of existence beyond the exterior present. As much as it is an il- lusion to believe that historical reconstruction could allow one to (re-)experience the past, so deluded are the activities of the collecting characters discussed in this volume. They catalogue, collect and build their interior sanctums, as a monk, to avoid the realities of the world, yet, ironically, do so by way of the methods and by the products that increasing define that modernist, con- sumerist, capitalist world. At this point we encounter the subjective ambiguity — as Dominique Bauer discusses below — of the mutual gaze be- tween interior and exterior. In a text not otherwise discussed in this volume, The Master Builder (1892), Henrik Ibsen has his 17 preface characters on stage perform this uncomfortable and almost vo- yeuristic relationship. In the play, the master builder, Halvard Solness, builds churches until suffering a spiritual crisis that leads him to build only homes, “homes for human beings.” 1 The play traverses the relationship between the inner-self, the rela- tionship between outward success and inner happiness, and the master builder as man and the master builder as God. At the beginning of the third act, Aline, Solness’s wife, tells Hilda that she sees the people from their little homes staring at her. Aline is an external object of gaze from the interior space of the home which serves as a reflection of her husband’s abandonment of the spiritual for the material world, for the modern world, for the benefit of people’s physical, external comfort over their in- ner fulfillment. The interior spaces of the homes seek and judge the external. In the other texts analyzed, we see, in various ways, the characters of the interior using the interior to hide, to re- build their past world, but these actions require first the judg- ing of the external. In The Master Builder, we see exterior space made to feel empty by the gaze of the interior. By historicizing the interior space as a categorical reaction to modernity we can see its paranoias expand as the literature reaches late modernity, when, ultimately, the interior space will collapse from the pressures of the external. De Cauwer shows, through reading Robert Musil, how the “crisis of the interior” confirmed that the modern city could no longer be kept out. Musil’s The Man Without Qualities was published in 1940. In it, Musil shows that interior space as a shield is a reactionary po- sition doomed to failure. This is paramount to his criticism of Freud who, Musil thought, provided exactly this interior space as a false hope for maintaining old truths, situations of a dif- ferent historical situation/moment. Musil described the psycho- analyst’s room, De Cauwer explains, as a refuge from the chaos and confusion of modern life. In it, the patient could relax by lying down on the couch of the “soul-improving expert” and no 1 Henrik Ibsen, The Master Builder, trans. Edmund Gosse and William Arch- er (Project Gutenberg, 2010), Act II. 18 the imagery of interior spaces longer worry about the outside world: “[I]f the world explodes with all its mechanical energies, here you find the good old time gently flowing.” 2 For Musil, we can only create new ontology by embracing the radical changes of society. We have no knowledge of when we will begin and no knowl- edge of when we will end. We enter the world agonizing in confusion and pain, crying. We leave the world, and others cry. Existence is a confrontation with ambiguous spaces, boundaries of times, vectors of ontological movement, of interiority and exteriority. For the human mind, claimed Augustine of Hippo, self-consciousness is witnessed by way of the interiority of the corporeal, life cannot be without a body, existence cannot be without a space. 3 In the attempt to preserve and extend life, modern literary figures construct interior spaces to perform the role of the absent body of the desired external reality, the past. In “Sensualizing the ‘Over There’: The Dissolving of Exterior- ity and Interiority in ‘Geo-thoughts’ and ‘Geo-song’,” Marcus Breyer attempts to reconcile interior and exterior, the modernist crisis, by returning language to body through a comparative en- counter with Hugo von Hofmannsthal’s “[Lord] Chandos letter” (1902), Peter Waterhouse’s “Klangtal” (2003) and the ecological aesthetics of the philosopher Gernot Böhme. As seen across the essays of this volume, interior and exterior spaces meet at the threshold, the liminal space, where, at the on- tological void, being straddles situations and must make the de- cision to embrace one or the other. In this way, as Álvaro Santa- na-Acuña notes in his “Postscript: Interior Spaces in Literature: A Sociological and Historical Perspective,” the contributors to this volume expose the contrast in modern literature between inside and outside yet avoid “framing literary space in dyadic terms.” Interior space is shown as a fundamental position in the subjective process and a crucial aspect of modern literature. 2 Robert Musil, Posthumous Papers of a Living Author, trans. Peter Wortsman (Brooklyn: Archipelago Books, 2006), 107. 3 Augustine, City of God, trans. and ed. R.W. Dyson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 22–29. 19 preface Moreover, the interior space appears at the evental moment, at the site where what I call “anti-history” emerges and forces a subjective, historical decision towards fidelity, denial or fetish. 4 Being and anti-history/history are at the core of the struggles encapsulated in modern literature’s interior space. 4 On the theory of anti-history see Michael J. Kelly, Speculative Objectivity: A Radical Philosophy of History (Earth: punctum books, in preparation).