Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access China Studies published for the institute for chinese studies, university of oxford Edited by Micah Muscolino ( University of Oxford ) volume 39 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/chs Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Daily Life for the Common People of China, 1850 to 1950 Understanding Chaoben Culture By Ronald Suleski leiden | boston Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover Image: Chaoben Covers. Photo by author. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Suleski, Ronald Stanley, author. Title: Daily life for the common people of China, 1850 to 1950 : understanding Chaoben culture / By Ronald Suleski. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2018] | Series: China studies ; volume 39 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2018010088 (print) | lccn 2018035488 (ebook) | isbn 9789004361034 (ebook) | isbn 9789004361027 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: lcsh: China–Social life and customs–1644–1912. | China–Social life and customs–1912–1949. | China–Social life and customs–1949–1976. Classification: lcc ds754.14 (ebook) | lcc ds754.14 .s85 2018 (print) | ddc 951.03–dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018010088 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1570-1344 isbn 978-90-04-36102-7 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-36103-4 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Ronald Suleski. Published by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill nv reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill nv. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Dedicated to Jonghyun Lee 李鍾玄 and His Excellency the Jade Emperor Yuhuang Dadi 玉皇大帝 ∵ Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Contents Acknowledgments xi List of Figures xiv Introduction 1 1 Contextualizing Chaoben : On the Popular Manuscript Culture of the Late Qing and Republican Period in China 11 2 Apologia in Chaoben 65 3 Written in the Margins: Reading into Texts 110 4 Teacher Xu: Entering a Classroom in Late Qing China 143 5 A Qing Dynasty Astrologer’s Predictions for the Future 173 6 Constructing the Family in Republican China: Shandong 1944 199 7 Mr. Bai and Mr. Qian Earn Their Living: Considering Two Handwritten Notebooks of Matching Couplets from China in the Late Qing and Early Republic 226 8 The Troublesome Ghosts: Part 1 273 9 The Troublesome Ghosts: Part 2 327 10 Concluding Remarks 358 Appendix a. A List of Chaoben in the Author’s Personal Collection Used in This Study 369 Appendix b. Various Categories of Chaoben Not Discussed in the Text 398 Appendix c. Korean and Japanese Chaoben 411 Appendix d. Full Translation of Fifty Days to Encounter the Five Spirits 417 Bibliography 431 Index 447 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Acknowledgments Many people have helped me in preparing this study. They have offered insights, answered specific questions, and provided suggested translations. I take final responsibility for the information presented in this book, but I am pleased to gratefully acknowledge assistance from many colleagues and friends. My first “teacher” in learning how to understand chaoben was He Zhaohui 何 朝暉 . We met in 2006, when he joined the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard as a postdoctoral fellow. He served as a specialist in rare books at the Peking University Library and has been teaching since 2008 at the Advanced Institute for Confucian Studies at Shandong University. We have met in Beijing and at the Shandong University campus. Reviewing with me a number of chaoben I had bought, he helped to put those manuscripts in the context of the times in which they were produced. He also pointed out how valuable and interesting the comments, stories, and poems written in the margins as an afterthought by the copyists could be. He gave me good ideas on how to identify the handmade paper used in chaoben . He was always willing to look at my materials and to answer questions. In 2009 we enjoyed the experience of finding a number of old handwritten and woodblock-print books in Qufu, the hometown of Confucius. We divided the treasures we had found to our mutual satisfaction. My second “teacher” was Li Renyuan 李仁淵 . I met him later that year while he was working on his Ph.D. and was a teaching fellow in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University. He was also familiar with chaoben and was interested in the materials I was collecting. He visited me a few times at my home in Cambridge, offering several hours of excellent tutoring in how to “read” chaoben by locating critical points in the text, how to appreciate the expressions used by the writers, and even how to become comfortable with the nonstandard characters that occurred every so often. He clued me in to the idea that the particular expressions used by the chaoben writers could be seen as expressions of their social status and world- view. He received his Ph.D. in 2013 and is now at the Academic Sinica in Taiwan where he continues his fieldwork in the villages of Fujian. In order to make sense of the wide range of materials I was collecting, I chose a few topics to concentrate on in more detail. I prepared that material in the form of PowerPoint presentations and wrote up a few articles that were then published. Along the way, and continuing until the preparation of this book, I regularly consulted with colleagues, specialists, and fellow scholars, all Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access xii acknowledgments of whom I consider friends. Space limitations prevent me from listing all of their accomplishments and affiliations, as I would have liked. In lieu of that, I ask them to accept my gratitude for their help and here list them only by name, in alphabetical order. The many colleagues and professionals who have helped me were: Mark Byington, Adam Yuet Chau 周越 , Chen Shi 陳實 , Du Yuping 杜玉平 , Du Zuxun 杜澤遜 , Ge Huanli 戈煥禮 , He Jun 何俊 , He Wumeng 何無夢 , Wilt Idema, Alister Inglis, Kawaguchi Toshiaki 川口敏明 , Sunjoo Kim 金善珠 김선주 , Ronald Knapp, Kobayashi Tadao 小林忠夫 , Jonghyun Lee 李鍾玄 , Li Linxiang 李林祥 , Li Zhisong 李志松 , Lin Yiping 林一平 , Liu Xiaoli 劉曉麗 , Lü Shuxian 呂淑賢 , Noji Kaeko 野地香惠子 , Osawa Akihiro 大澤顕浩 , Qu Xiaofan 曲曉范 , Paul Ropp, Shao Yunfei 邵韻霏 , Sun Yan 孫嵒 , Michael Szonyi, Robert Weller, Ming Wong (Huang Ming) 黃明 , Yang Liu 楊柳 , Yu Chao 于超 , Zhang Zhicheng 張志 成 , Zhai Wenjun 瞿文君 , Zhang Weiqi 張偉奇 , Zhang Zhiqiang 張志強 , Zheng Da 鄭達 , Zhou Guixiang 周桂香 , Zhou Donghua 周東華 , and Zhou Xuanyun 周玄雲 Since I arrived at Suffolk University in Boston, I have been helped by a number of graduate and undergraduate students. Most are native speakers of Chinese. They have made initial translations of some material and have offered their opinions on wording and usage. Most of them now work in China or in the United States for major companies. Among these capable students are: Cui Yixuan 催毅鉉 , Li Donglin 李棟琳 , Li Yunjie 李雲傑 , Noji Kaeko 野地香惠子 , Belal Sohel, Yang Xi 楊曦 , and Zhang Yu 張于 William Leete was a New Englander who graduated from Yale Divinity School. He went to China as a Christian missionary and lived there from 1913 until his death in 1952. During that time, he often carried a box camera and took thousands of pictures. He was most interested in the common people he encountered on the streets and in the villages. He photographed them while they were engaged in their daily routines and activities. The photos capture the sense of energy and the atmosphere of a time and place that no longer exist. His grandson William Morse now operates Wm. Morse Editions, a fine art printmaking studio in Boston. Mr. Morse is conserving and restoring the thousands of photographs taken by his grandfather. He has generously agreed to allow a number of these photos to be published in this book. These treasures, which show us the lives of China’s common people during the period covered in this text, have never before been published. The photos, appropriately cred- ited, appear throughout the book. Additional thanks are given to the David. M. Rubenstein Book & Manuscript Library, part of the Duke University Libraries. They have allowed me to use many photographs from the Sidney D. Gamble Collection. Sidney Gamble Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access acknowledgments xiii visited China several times between 1908 and 1932. On the first visit he went with his parents and had not yet graduated from Princeton University. In subsequent visits he was doing Christian social work for the ymca and also conducting social surveys. Although he enjoyed great wealth because his father was part of the Procter & Gamble conglomerate of cleaning agents and cooking oils, Sidney was interested in the lives of the typical people he encountered daily in the streets. He took many photographs of these ordinary people and the scenes he observed. I am grateful for a Grant from the Rosenberg Institute for East Asian Studies at my school, Suffolk University in Boston, to help with the completion of the manuscript. The Grant was arranged by Maria Toyoda, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at Suffolk. My thanks go also to the editors at Brill, who have helped with the publica- tion of this book. In the Boston office, the Senior Acquisitions Editor for Asian Studies, Qin Jiang Higley, was always pleasant to work with. The Assistant Edi- tor for Asian Studies, Victoria Menson, took the manuscript and made it into a book. I am also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers whose comments provided good advice and helpful observations. June 2018 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access List of Figures 1.1 Chaoben Covers 13 1.2 Xiucai Scholar 24 1.3 Scribe 26 1.4 A List of Characters to Teach the People [ Shenqun shunzi 申群順字 ], Cover 28 1.5 A Tinsmith 29 1.6 A List of Characters to Teach the People [ Shenqun shunzi 申群順字 ], Page 1, the Motto 30 1.7 Various Words Offered to the People [ Kuanzhong zazi 欵眾雜字 ], Cover 33 1.8 Various Words Offered to the People [ Kuanzhong zazi 欵眾雜字 ], page 29, Poems 35 1.9 Various Words Offered to the People [ Kuanzhong zazi 欵眾雜字 ], pages 20 and 21, Sexual Morality 36 1.10 Street Vendors 37 1.11 Fu 符 44 1.12 Writing Talisman [ Shu fu fashi 書符法事 ], Cover 45 1.13 Writing Talisman [ Shu fu fashi 書符法事 ], Pages 12 and 13, Affixed Personal Stamps 47 1.14 Writing Talisman [ Shu fu fashi 書符法事 ], Pages 20 and 21, Instructions from the Deities 48 1.15 Riches Bestowed [ Qianjinfu 千金賦 ], Pages 68 and 69, a Teacher’s Income 49 1.16 The Red Shore [ Hongpu 洪浦 ], Cover 57 1.17 Cangue 59 2.1 Ancient Texts Explained [ Guwen shiyi 古文釋義 ], Cover 68 2.2 Ancient Texts Explained [ Guwen shiyi 古文釋義 ], Pages 58 and 59, a Story Once Popular 71 2.3 Ancient Texts Explained [ Guwen shiyi 古文釋義 ], Back Cover with Additional Comments 73 2.4 Song by the Wenchang Emperor Advocating Filial Piety [ Wenchang dijun qinxiao ge 文昌帝君勤孝歌 ], Cover 76 2.5 Wenchang [ Wenchang dijun 文昌帝君 ] 77 2.6 Song by the Wenchang Emperor Advocating Filial Piety [ Wenchang dijun qinxiao ge 文昌帝君勤孝歌 ], Back Cover with an Irreverent Story 79 2.7 Shortcut to Vocabulary Words [ Jiejing zazi 捷徑雜字 ], Cover 84 2.8 Shortcut to Vocabulary Words [ Jiejing zazi 捷徑雜字 ], Page 53, Denouncing Your Own Book 86 2.9 Shortcut to Vocabulary Words [ Jiejing zazi 捷徑雜字 ], Page 27, Practical Advice Given 87 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access list of figures xv 2.10 Chants of Repentance to the Three Primes [ Sanyuan fa chan 三元法懺 ], Page 49, Writer’s Apologia 89 2.11 On the Foundation of Marriage [This Edition] Free of Mistakes [ Hunyuanjiang, wushi 婚元講勿失 ], Cover 90 2.12 On the Foundation of Marriage [This Edition] Free of Mistakes [ Hunyuanjiang, wushi 婚元講勿失 ], Pages 2 and 3, a Provincial Address 91 2.13 On the Foundation of Marriage [This Edition] Free of Mistakes [ Hunyuanjiang, wushi 婚元講勿失 ], Page 64, Self-Promotion 92 2.14 Vocabulary List of the Local Dialect [ Fangyan zazi 方言雜字 ], Cover 94 2.15 Vocabulary List of the Local Dialect [ Fangyan zazi 方言雜字 ], Page 126, Looking Down on Those Who Do Not Labor 95 2.16 Various Words Offered to the People [ Kuanzhong zazi 欵眾雜字 ], Page 27, Polite Apology 98 2.17 Various Words Offered to the People [ Kuanzhong zazi 欵眾雜字 ], Pages 28 and 29, Apologia 99 2.18 Vocabulary List in Five-Character Verses [ Wuyan zazi 五言雜字 ], Cover 102 2.19 Six-Word Vocabulary List [ Liuyan zazi 六言雜字 ], Cover 105 2.20 Six-Word Vocabulary List [ Liuyan zazi 六言雜字 ], Pages 20 and 21, Total Exhaustion after Hard Work 106 3.1 A List of Characters to Teach the People [ Shenqun shunzi 申群順字 ], Page 3, Common Items for Sale 113 3.2 A Fortuneteller 114 3.3 Damaged chaoben in the author’s collection 116 3.4 Laborers 117 3.5 Celebrating Many Sons. Invitations and Matching Couplets [ Tieshi duilian 帖式對聯 ], Page 98, Matching Couplet 120 3.6 Temple Fair Market 121 3.7 Using the Western Calendar as a Guide to Writing [Your Fortune] through the Five Stars [ Xiyang dili liangtianchi feixie wuxing 西洋地曆量天尺飛寫五星 ], Cover 123 3.8 Using the Western Calendar as a Guide to Writing [Your Fortune] through the Five Stars [ Xiyang dili liangtianchi feixie wuxing 西洋地曆量天尺飛寫五星 ], Pages 4 and 5, Details about the Astrologer 125 3.9 Invitations and Matching Couplets [ Tieshi duilian 帖式對聯 ], Page 113, Poem on Seeking Work by Traveling about 127 3.10 Training in Lithography 129 3.11 Talking about Vocabulary Lists [ Shuo zazi 說雜字 ], Leaf 6b, Traveling for Work 131 3.12 Yinyang Master 132 3.13 Internal and External Medical Complaints [ Neiwaike yanke zazheng 內外科眼科雜症 ], Page 167, Simple Truths 135 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access xvi list of figures 3.14 Internal and External Medical Complaints [ Neiwaike yanke zazheng 內外科眼科雜症 ], Cover 138 3.15 Internal and External Medical Complaints [ Neiwaike yanke zazheng 內外科眼科雜症 ], Page 45, Daoist Ceremonies 140 4.1 Storyteller 145 4.2 Teacher Xu’s Classroom in Manchuria 148 4.3 Advertisement for Copying Services 152 4.4 Three Items for Mr. Xu [ Xushi sanzhong 徐氏三種 ], Cover 154 4.5 Three Items for Mr. Xu [ Xushi sanzhong 徐氏三種 ], Page 2, Medical Prescription 158 4.6 Three Items for Mr. Xu [ Xushi sanzhong 徐氏三種 ], Page 101, a Favorite Riddle 160 4.7 Three Items for Mr. Xu [ Xushi sanzhong 徐氏三種 ], Page 102, Student Names 163 4.8 Three Items for Mr. Xu [ Xushi sanzhong 徐氏三種 ], Page 103, Favorite Student 165 4.9 Three Items for Mr. Xu [ Xushi sanzhong 徐氏三種 ], Cover, Showing Date of 1920 166 4.10 Three Items for Mr. Xu [ Xushi sanzhong 徐氏三種 ], Pages 1 and 2, Bald-Headed Wang 167 4.11 Translucent Jade Disk, Trademark of the Copy Shop 168 4.12 An Image of Teacher Xu? 169 4.13 Selling Mantou 171 5.1 The Sunday Used Book Market in Shanghai 176 5.2 Astrologer, Cover 177 5.3 Astrologer, Pages 2 and 3, the Chart of Fate 180 5.4 Baking Pancakes 183 5.5 Astrologer, Pages 4 and 5, the Character of the Child 185 5.6 Poor Boys Reading 186 5.7 Astrologer, Pages 10 and 11, as the Boy Grows 187 5.8 Astrologer, Pages 16 and 17, Adult Interactions 188 5.9 Astrologer, Pages 18 and 19, Large Forces Enter His Life 189 5.10 Zhou Enlai as a Boy of Twelve 190 5.11 Japanese Destroyer off the China Coast 191 5.12 Three-Antis Political Campaign 193 5.13 Astrologer, Pages 20 and 21, the Three-Antis Political Campaign 195 5.14 Qing-Era Fortuneteller 197 6.1 Hero’s Market 201 6.2 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Cover 202 6.3 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Page 10, Generational Listings 203 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access list of figures xvii 6.4 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Page 11, a Sample Listing 205 6.5 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Pages 11 and 12, Two Writers 206 6.6 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Page 1, The Death of Writer No. 1’s Grandparents 208 6.7 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Page 2, Death of Writer No. 2’s Parents 210 6.8 Japanese Soldiers Attack a Private Home 211 6.9 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Page 13, The Final Page 213 6.10 To Write or Not to Write? 215 6.11 A Scribe in Harbin 217 6.12 Tang Family Genealogy [ Tangshi jiapu 唐氏家譜 ], Pages 3 and 4, Females in the Tang Family 219 6.13 A Commercial Street 220 6.14 Street Scene in Manchuria 221 7.1 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Page 9, the Story of Taigong [ 太公 ] 230 7.2 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Pages 25 and 26, Student Calligraphy 232 7.3 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Pages 41 and 42, a Boy’s Name 234 7.4 Mr. Bai Writing Celebratory Scrolls 235 7.5 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Page 18, an Ode to Spring 238 7.6 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Page 14, Expressing Acceptable Sentiments 239 7.7 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Page 36, Scrolls for Merchants 241 7.8 Laborers and Merchants in the Street 242 7.9 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Pages 27 and 28, Messy Pages 243 7.10 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Pages 21 and 22, Combined Characters 244 7.11 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Page 10, Funeral Inscriptions 246 7.12 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Page 33, Honoring the Fire God 250 7.13 Mr. Bai’s Notebook [ Bai xiansheng zhi chaoben 白先生之抄本 ], Page 39, Phrase Written in 1913 252 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access xviii list of figures 7.14 Mr. Qian’s Notebook [ Qian xiansheng zhi chaoben 錢先生之抄本 ], Page 54, A Wedding Couplet 255 7.15 Mr. Qian’s Notebook [ Qian xiansheng zhi chaoben 錢先生之抄本 ], Pages 42 and 43, Clan Temple Scrolls 257 7.16 Mr. Qian’s Notebook [ Qian xiansheng zhi chaoben 錢先生之抄本 ], Pages 34 and 35, Scrolls for Shops 258 7.17 Mr. Qian’s Notebook [ Qian xiansheng zhi chaoben 錢先生之抄本 ], Pages 58 and 59, Scrolls to Honor Scholarly Accomplishments 261 7.18 Merchant Runners Carrying Copper Cash 262 7.19 A Prosperous Commercial Street in South China 264 8.1 Secret Text for Summoning the Snake [ Shechuan miben 蛇傳秘本 ], Page 14, Daoist Ceremony Using a Live Chicken 280 8.2 Collected Scripture of the Deeds of the Jade Emperor [ Gaoshang Yuhuang benxing jijing 高上玉皇本行集經 ], Cover of the Middle Volume [ zhong quan 中券 ] 286 8.3 Collected Scripture of the Deeds of the Jade Emperor [ Gaoshang Yuhuang benxing jijing 高上玉皇本行集經 ], Final Two Pages of the Middle Volume 287 8.4 Repentance in Homage to Heaven, Complete [ Chaotian chan, quan quan 朝天懺，全券 ], Cover 288 8.5 Repentance in Homage to Heaven, Complete [ Chaotian chan, quan quan 朝天懺，全券 ], Page 2, Details of the Text 289 8.6 Agricultural Market 293 8.7 Repentances to the Three Officials [ Sanguan chan 三官懺 ], Pages 2 and 3, Showing Dates 294 8.8 Repentances to the Three Officials [ Sanguan chan 三官懺 ], Pages 22 and 23 of Volume One, Listing One’s Sins 296 8.9 The Three Pure Ones [ Sanqing 三清 ] 297 8.10 The Jade Emperor [Yuhuang dadi 玉皇大帝 ] 298 8.11 Chants of Repentance to the Three Primes [ Sanyuan fa chan 三元法懺 ], Pages 20 and 21, Calling on the Deity for Help 301 8.12 Repentances to the Supreme Three Primes to Forgive Sins [ Taishang sanyuan youzui fachan 太上三元宥罪法懺 ], Cover 305 8.13 Celestial Lord Who Relieves Suffering [ Taiyi jiuku tianzun 太乙救苦天尊 ] 307 8.14 Spirit Generals [ shenjiang 神將 ] 308 8.15 Supreme Morning Text for Becoming an Immortal [ Taishang Xiuzhen chenke 太上修真晨課 ], Cover 312 8.16 Supreme Morning Text for Becoming an Immortal [ Taishang Xiuzhen chenke 太上修真晨課 ], Pages 32 and 33, Begging to Be Released for a Better Life 313 8.17 Sutra of the City God, Sutra of the Dead [ Chenghuang jing, Duwang jing 城隍經度亡經 ], Cover and First Page 316 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access list of figures xix 8.18 Sutra of the City God, Sutra of the Dead [ Chenghuang jing, Duwang jing 城隍經度亡經 ], Pages 42 and 43, Asking for Release from Hell 319 8.19 Prayers to the Dragon King [ Longwang fashi 龍王法事 ], Page 1 and Inside Cover 322 9.1 Eight Effective Formulas [ Ba qinkoujue 八親口決 ], Page 19, Calling on Spirit Armies 329 9.2 Zhong Kui and Ghosts 333 9.3 Cao Suosen 曹鎖森 , Pages 18 and 19, Call the Spirit Generals 337 9.4 Fifty Days to Encounter the Five Spirits [ Wushi zhiri feng wudao 五十之日逢五道 ], Pages 1 and 2, Detail of a Day’s Evil 340 9.5 Fifty Days to Encounter the Five Spirits [ Wushi zhiri feng wudao 五十之日逢五道 ], Pages 15 and 16, This Evil Frightens the Home’s Protective Gods 341 9.6 Petitions to the Thunder Altar [ Fengzhi chiling leitan 奉旨敕令雷壇 ], Page 3, Protection from Evil [ sha 煞 ] 345 9.7 Petitions to the Thunder Altar [ Fengzhi chiling leitan 奉旨敕令雷壇 ], Page 4, Protection at the Gate 346 9.8 Incantations to Send Off Ghosts [ Songgui chongzhou 送鬼崇咒 ], Pages 13 and 14, Ghosts of the Five Roads Will Come 349 9.9 Rickshaw Pullers Resting 350 9.10 The Dingchou Spirit General Named Zhao Ziyu [Dingchou shenjiang ming Zhao Ziyu 丁丑神將名趙子玉 ] 351 9.11 Panjiayuan Antiques Market in Beijing 352 9.12 Japanese Image of a Goblin 353 9.13 Beijing Fortuneteller 354 Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access Ronald Suleski - 978-90-04-36103-4 Downloaded from Brill.com04/05/2019 09:12:12AM via free access