Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 109 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D .C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG- Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Philip J. Regier A Learner's Guide to the Old Church Slavic Language Teil 1 Grammar with Exercises Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access S l a v i s t i c h e B e i t r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN UND JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION: PETER REHDER Band 109 Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access PHILIP J. REGIER A LEARNER’S GUIDE TO THE OLD CHURCH SLAVIC LANGUAGE P a rt 1 Grammar with Exercises VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1 9 7 7 Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access ISBN 3 -8 7 6 9 0 -1 3 0 -8 Copyright by Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1977 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, München Druck: Alexander Grossmann Fàustlestr. 1, D -8 0 0 0 München 2 Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 P R E F A C E This b o o k is intended a s a guide for those w h o wish to learn a la n g u a g e w h ich is important for com parative Slavic studies (in order to fa c ilita te su b se q u e n t study of m o re than o n e of the Slavic languages, just a s Latin fa c ilita te s study of the R o m a n c e languages), for a n understanding of the C h u rch Slavic elem ent of R u ssia n (a s important a s the Latin elem ent in English) , or for com parative In d o -E u ro p e a n studies. T h e approach taken is that of generative g ra m m a r, w h ich provides for the m o s t cohesive a n d precise formulation of the principles of a language, enabling the student to learn the la n g u a g e fro m the inside out• I t is su g g e s te d that learners with n o prior kn o w le d g e of either linguistics or the g ra m m a r of another Slavic lan gu ag e re a d the Introduction carefully. In a n e ffo rt to m a k e the b o o k a s nearly self-teaching a s possible I h a v e included in the Introduction defini- tions of s o m e of the m o s t elem entary lin g u is tic terminology, a s well a s information o n the prehistory of O C S a n d the particular ling u istic a p p ro a ch taken in this book. Learners already familiar with the structure of R u ssia n a n d w h o h a v e the active aid of a n instructor should b e able to start C hapter I a n d the reading of O ld C h u rch Slavic texts immediately. F or s u c h students this b o o k w ill gradually build a n active k n o w le d g e of the underlying structure of O ld C h u rc h Slavic a n d reinforce their understanding of the struetur« of R ussian. V Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 T h e outline of O C S g ra m m a r presented here, like a n y other lin - guistic theory, is clearly o p e n to considerable disagreem ent regard- ing both item s s a id processes. I h a v e c h a n g e d m y m in d quite often, especially in the choice of systematic fo rm s for various m o rp h e m e s P e rso n s using the b o o k for a n y p u rp o se m a y , of course, freely adjust underlying fo rm s a n d insert, re-order, ch a n g e , or delete rules to achieve greater descriptive elegance, keeping in m in d the frequently opposing principles of m a x im u m generality a n d m in im u m abstractness* I h o p e that I h a v e at least provided a n e x p lic it a n d w orkable fram e- w ork for future discussion of O C S in the generative view. T h e exercises are of five types (excluding the optional chapter o n the Glagolitic alphabet): (1 ) identification of forns, (2 ) iden- tific a tio n a n d derivation of phonetic fo rm s from systematic form s, (3 ) writing of systematic form s, (4 ) translation into English, a n d (5 ) translation into O C S For students aspiring to a m e re reading kn o w le d g e of the language, only the f i r s t a n d fourth types are re c o m m e n d e d F or the m o re truly serious learner, the other three types w i ll offer the opportunity to learn actually to produce form s a n d utterances in O C S S u c h a n a b ility is n o t r i v i a l s k ill? i t is, rath a n essential ke y to o n e of the great la n g u a g e families of the world. T h e study of "d e a d " la n g u a g e s is too often s e e n a s boring a n d pointless, but these old tongues provide the ke y to our c o m m o n past a n d prove that the "brotherhood of m a n ” is n o abstract concept but a l i t e r a l fact. I should lik e , therefore, to dedicate this b o o k not only to m y wife Janet but also to students of ancient la n g u a g e s a n d literatures, a m o n g w h o m the dearest to m e is m y brother B ill. vi Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T I a m very grateful to the President's Circle of the University of S outhern California for the grant w h ich m a d e publication of this b o o k possible. This grant w a s m a d e through the efforts of D r. A n th o n y M Mlikotin, C h a irm a n of the D e p a rtm e n t of Slavic L a n g u a g e s a n d Literatures, D r. Larry M H y m a n , C h a irm a n of the D e p a rtm e n t of Linguistics, Dr. D a vid H M a lo n e , D e a n of the Division of Hum anities, a n d Dr. J o h n W M arburger, D e a n of the College of Letters, Arts, a n d Sciences. I should also like to a c k n o w le d g e the inspiration a n d advice received from Professors E d w a rd T Purcell, Larry M H y m a n , M a sa yo sh i Shibatani, a n d A n th o n y M Mlikotin of the University of S outhern California, Professors L e w R M icklesen, J a m e s E Augerot, a n d Herbert S C oa ts of the University of W a sh in g to n , Professors Henrik B irn b a u m a n d M ichael Flier of the University of California at L o s A ngeles, a n d Professor W infred P L e h m a n n of the University of T e x a s at Austin. I a m also grateful to m y friend M r. Joel J. Lorimer, w h o , with n o previous b a ckg ro u n d in a n y Slavic la n g u a g e or in linguistics, did m u c h of the f i r s t drafts of the K e y to the Exercises a n d the Glossaries; to the Pacific T e le p h o n e a n d Telegraph C o m p a n y , w h o s e grant supported m u c h of the research e m b o d ie d in this w ork; a n d to m y wife Janet, w h o s e patience a n d e n c o u ra g e m e n t w e re essential to the completion of this lengthy task. vii Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 С В И Т R A L E U R O P E in later 9th C entury ( S l a v i c t r i b e s a r e i t a l i c i z e d ) Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access CONTENTS PR EFAC E. V M A P O P EASTERN ЕОНОИ. ▼ l i i IN T R O D U C T IO N x i i i I . T H E P R E S E N T T E N S E O F S IM P L E V E R B S 1 I I . T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S 9 V 0 U > + ■ , ■P, S t .............................................. 7 I I I . T H E INFINITIVE. 8 IV. T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S ë , Л » .1 0 V V E L A R A L T E R N A T IO N S 1 1 VI. T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S X , >, tS. 1 Г , .......................................... 1 4 VII. T H E S IG M A T IC AO R IST. 1 5 V III. T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S A, 9, £, Я. U l . .1 8 IX. M O R E O N T H E S IG M A T IC A O R IS T A N D T H E INFINITIVE. .1 9 X T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S A . • » * , b, A , .2 2 XI. T H E O - D E C L E N S IO N : M A S C U L IN E 2 3 XII. T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S £ 4 Iģ l, T , .3 0 X III. M O R E V E L A R A L T E R N A T IO N S .3 2 X IV U N IN F L E C T A B L E W O R D S 3 4 X V T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S V, 0« T . ' i .............................................. 36 X V I. T H E A -D E C LE N S IO N .3 8 XVII. T H E O - D E C L E N S IO N : NEUTER. .4 0 Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 4 2 5 0 5 2 5 3 6 0 6 4 7 1 7 6 8 0 8 4 88 9 3 9 5 100 1 0 3 1 0 7 112 1 1 8 1 2 6 T H E E F F E C T O F P A L A T A L IZ E D C O N S O N A N T S O N V O W E L S ; T H E JA - A N D J O - D E C L E N S I O N S T H E G L A G O L IT IC A L P H A B E T : L E T T E R S T H E S IM P L E A O R IS T A T H E M A T IC V E R B S A D J E C T IV E S : IN D E F IN IT E F O R M . P R O N O U N S S IM P L E V E R B S W IT H S O N O R A N T S A F T E R T H E R O O T V O W E L V E R B A L P R E F IX E S A N D P E R F E C T A S P E C T S IM P L E V E R B S W IT H P R E S E N T T E N S E P R E T H E M E S A N D /O R T H E N A S A L IN F IX T H E IM P E R F E C T T E N S E T H E I - D E C L E N S IO N A N D J A - S T E M S IN -И T H E E X T E N D E D A O R IS T V E R B S W I T H T H E N O N - P R E S E N T P R E M A R K E R /- 0 - / A N D N O P R E T H E M E : T H E E l^ A T W C L A S S IN T E R R O G A T IV E P R O N O U N S P E R S O N A L P R O N O U N S T H E IM P E R A T IV E M O O D . A D J E C T IV E S : D E F IN IT E F O R M . V E R B S W IT H T H E N O N - P R E S E N T P R E M A K E R /-Ō-/ A N D T H E P R E T H E M E / - j ־ / : T H E П кС Л Т И C L A S S T H E P R E S E N T A C T IV E P A R T IC IP L E X Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 000S0629 X X X V II. T H E D E M O N S T R A T I V E P R O N O U N C lo "T H IS " 1 3 2 X X XV III. V E R B S W IT H T H E N O N - P R E S E N T P R E M A R K E R / 5 ־■ / A N D T H E P R E S E N T T H E M E / - I - / : T H W׳E U N tT H C L A S S 1 3 5 X X X IX C O M P A R I S O N O F A D J E C T IV E S 1 3 9 X L T H E P A S T A C T IV E P A R T IC IP L E I 1 45 XLI. C O N S O N A N T - S T E M N O U N S 1 5 0 XLII. V E R B S W IT H S U F F IX /- n - /: T H E ^ 0 H NЖ Т И C L A S S 1 6 0 XLIII. T H E P A S T A C T IV E P A R T IC IP L E I I A N D T H E C O M P O U N D T E N S E S 1 6 6 X L IV IT E R A T IV E , C A U S A T IV E , A N D F A C T IT IV E V E R B S : T H E Н 0 С И Т И C L A S S 1 7 0 X L V T H E P A S S IV E P A R T IC IP L E S 1 7 6 X L V I. D E R IV E D IM P E R F E C T IV E V E R B S 1 8 0 XLVII. N A M E S O F A C T IO N S 1 8 6 XLVIII. T H E SUPINE 1 9 0 X L V IX T H E U -D E C L E N S IO N 1 9 2 L T H E D A T IV E A B S O L U T E 1 9 5 LI. T H E V E R B S ^ O T tT H A N D (Л П А Т И 1 9 7 L I I . C O N J U N C T IV E P A R T IC IP IA L IZ A T IO N 1 9 9 L III. O T H E R V E R B - F O R M IN G S U F F IX E S 2 0 1 LIV T H E N U M E R A L S 2 0 4 xi Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 A P P E N D IC E S I . C Y R IL L IC A N D G L A G O L IT IC N U M E R A L S 2 1 2 I I . S U M M A R Y O F R U L E S .2 1 4 I I I . K E Y T O E X E R C IS E S 2 1 8 IV. O C S - E N G L IS H G L O S S A R Y .2 9 4 V E N G L IS H - O C S G L O S S A R Y .3 3 2 VI. INDEX. 3 6 4 B IB L IO G R A P H Y 3 6 7 » xii Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access INTRODUCTION 1 O ld C h u rc h Slavic ( O C S ) is the la n g u a g e of several trans- lations of Biblical scriptures m a d e by C yril, M ethodius, a n d their disciples from 8 6 3 u n til a bo ut 1 1 0 0 I t is a m e m b e r of the southern branch of the Slavic lan gu ag es, w hich in turn are a m ajor branch of the Indo-E uropean la n g u a g e family. B e c a u s e of its antiquity O C S is important for students of Slavic la n g u a g e s a n d cultures a n d for students of com parative In d o -E u ro p e a n linguistics* 2 O C S w a s written in tw o alphabets, called Glagolitic a n d C y r illic . Glagolitic is the older, invented b y the Thessalonican G re e k Constantine ( w h o took the m onastic n a m e Cyril just before his death) expressly for translation of scriptures into the Slavic language. T h e later alphabet. C y rillic , is sim ply c h e G re e k uncial (capital letter) alphabet plus a fe w characters b o rro w e d from Glagolitic. I t is called C y rillic d u e to a te n d e n cy to identify the inventor of Slavic writing with the m o re popular of the tw o alphabets* T h e readings in Part I I include excerpts from the lives of Cyril a n d M e th o d iu s in standardized O C S 3 B o th alphabets are phonetic. In general, e a c h le tte r sta n d for a s o u n d w h ich is different in at least o n e significant w a y fro m every other s o u n d in the language. S u c h s o u n d s are called s e g m e n ts xiii Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 3-8 S e g m e n ts c a n b e either phonetic, i.e ., representing actual ״pro nunciation, or abstract (systematic), representing the m in im u m a m o u n t of information n e ce ssa ry to predict the m o re n u m e ro u s a n d varied phonetic s e g m e n ts b y applying rules. 4 T h e w a y s in w h ich s e g m e n ts d iffe r fro m e a c h other are called distinctive features, w h ich c a n b e either acoustic or articulatory. Acoustic features deal with h o w s o u n d s are perceived (heard), while articulatory features deal with h o w s o u n d s are p ro d u c e d b y the s p e a k e : T h e following description of the O C S s o u n d s y s te m u s e s only articula- tory features. 5 Articulatory distinctive features are of tw o types: m a n n e r of articulation a n d place of articulation. Articulation refers to the p la ce m e n t a n d m o v e m e n t of the tongue, lips, v e lu m (soft palate), a n d vocal cords with respect to the teeth, h a rd palate, a n d oral a n d nasal p a s s a g e s 6 M a n n e r features are sonorant, vocalic, consonantal, voice, nasal, continuant, sibilant, long. P la ce features are high, low , back, labial, dental, palatal, velar. 7 S onorants are s e g m e n ts p ro d u c e d with relatively l i t t l e occlu׳ sion of the articulatory apparatus, s o that a ir is passing freely through the larynx, throat, a n d m o u th or n o s e A ll sonorants, there- fore, are voiced. T h e y include a ll vow els, glides, liquids, a n d n a s a ] N on-sonorants are called obstruents. 8 Vocalic s e g m e n ts (vo w e ls a n d liquids) are s e g m e n ts indepen- Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 000Б0629 dently capable of form ing syllables. C o n so n a n ta l s e g m e n ts (obstru- ents, liquids, a n d nasals) h a v e at least a slight d e g re e of occlusion a n d d o not fo rm syllables w h e n p re c e d e d or followed b y a vow el. (F o r the double lis tin g of liquids, s e e 2 0 « ) V o w e ls Liquids N a s a ls Glides O bstruents S on o ra n t + + + + Vocalic + + C o n so n a n ta l + + - + 9 V o w e ls are vocalic since they m a y fo rm syllables a n d n o n - consonantal since, in fact, they m u s t fo rm syllables, w hether or not they are p re c e d e d or followed b y a vow el. (Exception: s e e 18.) 1 0 V o w e ls are classified according to place features: the height of the to n g u e in the m o u th , the d e g re e to w h ich the to n g u e is pulled b a c k in the m o u th , the d e g re e to w h ich the lips are ro u n d e d ; a n d according to m a n n e r features: the duration or length of the v o w e l articulation, a n d the o p e n in g through w h ich the air stream p a sse s: oral (the m o u th ) or nasal (the nose). L o n g v o w e ls (vow els lasting a b o u t twice a s long a s short vo w e ls) occur in English in m onosyllabic w o rd s ending in voiced c o n s o n a n ts (s e e 31): L o n g : b a d , b e d , bid, b e a d , b a w d , b o o e d , b e n d * Short: bat, bet, b it, beat, bought, boot, bent* N a s a l vo w e ls occur in English before tautosyllabic nasal consonants. N asal: b e n d , b o n e d * Oral: b e d , b o d e 1 1 Front (n o n -b a ck) v o w e ls in O C S are /£/ (like a in bad), /e/ (like e in bet) , /ē/ (like a i^ in paid, but without a n y off-glide; 8-11 XV Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 this v o w e l "underlies" phonetic [5 ]), /ē/ (like e in bend), /ь/ or / i / (like i in b i t ) , / I / (like e a in b e a d ) . 1 2 B a c k vo w e ls are /ъ/ (like и in butt) , /ā / (like a in father) / о/ (like o u in bought ) , /о/ (like a w in b a w d ; this vo w e l "underlies" phonetic [ a ] , /5 / (like о in boned), /и/ (like o o in book, "underlyir phonetic [ъ]), /ū/ (like o o in boo ed ), / у / (like ы in R u s s ia n б ы л ) . 1 3 H ig h vo w e ls are / i (or ь ) ï и й у/. L o w vo w e ls are / ī ъ ā/. m* ф ф M id vo w e ls are /е ë e o ō о/. 9 mø 1 4 • R o u n d vo w e ls are /о ō õ и и/. L o n g vow els are those indicat b y a m a c ro n , nasal vo w e ls those indicated b y a tild e . 1 5 S u m m a r y of V o w e ls (S onorant, Vocalic, N on-C onsonantal): 11-15 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - + + + + + S onorant Vocalic C onsonantal B a c k R o u n d xvi Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 m* т ф i , ь 1 e ē ē i , ë ъ а у о о о и и L o n g - + - + + + - + + - + + - + H ig h + + - - - - L o w - - - - - + + + N a sa l - _ _ - + - 1 6 T h e O C S vo w e ls in C y rillic c a n b e m a d e a s follows: [ь] = b (4 U k . ) ; [ ! ] ־ M U к H > or 1 < 1 > ; [ е ] = £ ( Ç 6 ) [ ־׳i l (or [ę]) - А ( / Л A A ) ; [ ï ] lor [ë]) = t׳ (« ׳*י) ,־י *I T► ,־W ' k l ) ; [a] = О У <©. О -v о у ) or в ( < * g ) ; [ О ] = о ( О ) or G j ( 6 Cò > i [ 5 ] = ж ״ ־ ( г V Я ы ) ; [ ъ ] = Ъ״ ( * т , ,Ц Ъ , > 5 ] ]־׳ = Д ( \ А ). ״ fe is called ja t (p ro n o u n c e d yat); I* is called the front jer (yer) , the b a c k jer. N o te also G re e k Y 1 1 ] (, V y ) • 1 7 M a k e a c o p y of the S u m m a r y of V o w e ls in 1 5 ( fir s t table) using C y rillic characters w h e re ve r possible. 1 8 O n a n abstract level i t is convenient to a s s u m e that O C S h a s diphthongs fo rm e d b y m id v o w e ls followed b y high vow els, both p ro n o u n c e d together a s o n e syllable: /о і, ou/. (E v id e n c e for this is given in 1 7 3 , "Motivation.") 1 9 Glides (/w/ a s in w e t a n d / j / a s in ^et) are neither c a p a b l of form ing syllables nor characterized b y e v e n a slight d e g re e of occlusion, a n d are therefore neither vocalic n o r consonantal, /w/ is a back, ro u n d e d glide. In O C S i t is useful a s a n abstract con- struct but is realized phonetically only a s [v], written B .. / j / is a front, palatal glide. In C y rillic i t is represented a s a ligature 15-19 xvii Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 w : M k » ке » ю (for ю ѵ ), k a , ж / j / is generally called jod (p ro n o u n c e d yod). T h e com binations [ j l ] a n d [ j b ] a re represented b y the letters И or I (s e e 2 4 4 , N ote). 2 0 T h e liquids are vocalic since they fo rm syllables w h e n not p re c e d e d or followed b y a vow el, a n d consonantal since they c a n n o fo rm syllables w h e n p re c e d e d or followed b y a vow e l. T h e liquid /1/ is lateral, since air is p a s s e d over the sides of the to n g u e during it s articulation. T h e liquid / г / is t r ille d , a s in R u s s ia n 2 1 T h e nasals are non-vocalic a n d consonantal. T h e nasal /m / is labial (articulated with the lips) a n d the nasal /n/ is dental (articulated, a s in R ussian , with the tip of the to n g u e against the u p p e r front teeth). 2 2 In this b o o k the term resonant w ill b e u s e d to d e n o te sonorants w h ich are not vow els, i. e . , glides, nasals, a n d liquids. 19-23 2 3 S u m m a r y of R e s o n a n ts : S o n o ra n t N o n -C o n s o n a n ta l C o n s o n a n ta l N on-V ocalic Vocalic Glide N a s a l Liquid Front B a c k Labial D ental Lateral Trilled Palatal Labial (R o u n d ) נ w m n 1 r Х ТІІІ Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 23-27 j w y m q 1 n ņ l ļ r ^ (T h e cedilla [ , ] indicates sim ultaneous articulation S o n o ra n t + + + + + + + + + + + of כ / /*) Vocalic C o n s o n a n ta l - - - + + + + + + + + B a c k - + - + ־ + - + - + - R o u n d _ + + H ig h + + + - + — + - + — + N a s a l Lateral Anterior - + + + + + + + + + + (s e e 2 6 ) C o ro n a l + - - - - + + + + + + (s e e 2 6 ) 2 4 T h e O C S resonants c a n b e m a d e in C y rillic a s follows: [ j ] as a ligature (see 19) ? [ m] = ЛЛ ( 4 Лг No ) ; [ n ] = N <+K H ) ; [1] = Л ( ✓ Л ) ״ [ г ] - ^ О ( ^ ^ 0 ) . T h e "soft" resonants [ ņ ļ ç ־] are w ritte n N 1\ ļ S 2 5 C o p y the S u m m a r y of R e s o n a n ts in 2 3 ( fir s t table) using C yrillic characters w h e re v e r possible. 2 6 O bstrue n ts (non-sonorants) are a ll consonantal. T h e y a re classified according to the m a n n e r features voice, continuant (or fricative), a n d sibilant (a sub-feature of continuant, also called strident); a n d the place features anterior a n d coronal. Anterior obstruents a re articulated in front of the alveolar ridge, coronal obstruents with the tip of the tongue. 2 7 Labials a re p ro n o u n c e d using the lips (anterior, non-coro- nal) . T h e y include: /р/ (like £ in spot, not aspirated a s in pot) , xix Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access 00050629 /b / (fully voiced, a s in rubber), /v /, a n d / f / (occurring only in b o rro w e d words)• 2 8 D entals a re p ro n o u n c e d u sing the tip of the to n g u e against the b a c k s of the u p p e r front teeth (anterior a n d coronal). English t , d, s, a n d 2 norm ally represent alveolar s e g m e n ts , but th e se b e c o m e dental before th. T h e O C S dentals, then, include: / t / (like t in eighth, n e ve r aspirated a s in top) , /d/ (like d in width) , /s/ (like s in esthetic) , / 2 / (like s in a s that) , /ç/ (like ts in b e a ts that> , / Ą / (like d s in n e e d s that) . ( A s in 2 3 , the cedilla indicates "soft- n e ss )״ . 2 9 Palatals a re p ro n o u n c e d with th e tip of the to n g u e s p re a d against the h a rd palate (non-anterior, coronal). T h e y include: /$/ (c h in c h e a p ) , / Ķ / (2 in jeep) , / % / (s h in s h e e p ) , a n d / % / (s in erosion) . 3 0 Velars a re p ro n o u n c e d with th e b a c k of the to n g u e against the soft palate (non-anterior, non-coronal). T h e y include: /к, (like к in skull, n e v e r aspirated like к in k e e p ) , /д/ (fully voiced, like 2 2 in bigger) , a n d /х/ (like h in h u g e , R u s s ia n x in х о л м ) . 3 1 V o ic e d s e g m e n ts p ro d u c e a vibration in the vocal co rd s w h ich c a n b e f e lt b y placing the h a n d o n the throat. V o ice d obstruen are: /b v d z \ I I g /; u n v o ic e d are: / p f t s ç $ $ k x / . 3 2 C ontinuant (or fricative) obstruents p ro d u c e vibrations (friction) d u e to le a k a g e of the air s tre a m over a n obstruction. C ontinuants are: / f v s 2 | ļ x/. N on-continuants a re either sto p s 27-32 XX Philip J. Regier - 9783954793013 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:51:31AM via free access