Archives and Human Rights Why and how can records serve as evidence of human rights violations, in particular crimes against humanity, and help the fight against impunity? Archives and Human Rights shows the close relationship between archives and human rights and discusses the emergence, at the international level, of the principles of the right to truth, justice and reparation. Through a historical overview and topical case studies from different regions of the world, the book discusses how records can concretely support these principles. The current examples also demonstrate how the perception of the role of the archivist has undergone a metamorphosis in recent decades, towards the idea that archivists can and must play an active role in defending basic human rights, first and foremost by enabling access to documentation on human rights violations. Confronting painful memories of the past is a way to make the ghosts disappear and begin building a brighter, more serene future. The establishment of international justice mechanisms and the creation of truth commissions are important elements of this process. The healing begins with the acknowledgement that painful chapters are essential parts of history; archives then play a crucial role by providing evidence. This book is both a tool and an inspiration to use archives in defence of human rights. Jens Boel is a Danish archivist and historian. He was the Chief Archivist of UNESCO from 1995 to 2017 and Chair of the International Council on Archives ’ Section of International Organizations 2000–2004 and 2008–2012. He launched the UNESCO History Project in 2004 and is co-editor of Recordkeeping in International Organizations , Routledge, 2020. Perrine Canavaggio, a French archivist, was Head of the Archives of the Presidency of the Republic (1974–1994). Secretary of the International Conference of the Round Table on Archives (2001–2009), she is a member of the Executive Committee of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights. Antonio González Quintana is a Spanish archivist. He is Chair of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights and has been Deputy General Director of Archives in the Community of Madrid (2010–2018). He is the author of Archival Policies in the Protection of Human Rights (2009). Routledge Approaches to History 38 Africa, Empire and World Disorder Selected Essays A.G. Hopkins 39 History in a Post-Truth World Theory and Praxis Edited by Marius Gudonis and Benjamin T. Jones 40 The Primacy of Method in Historical Research Philosophy of History and the Perspective of Meaning Jonas Ahlskog 41 Archives and Human Rights Edited by Jens Boel, Perrine Canavaggio and Antonio González Quintana 42 Historical Experience Essays on the Phenomenology of History David Carr 43 Humanism: Foundations, Diversities, Developments Jörn Rüsen 44 National History and New Nationalism in the Twenty-First Century A Global Comparison Edited by Niels F. May and Thomas Maissen 45 Family History and Historians in Australia and New Zealand Related Histories Edited by Malcolm Allbrook and Sophie Scott-Brown For a full list of available titles please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Approaches-to-History/book-series/RSHISTHRY Archives and Human Rights Edited by Jens Boel, Perrine Canavaggio and Antonio González Quintana First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Jens Boel, Perrine Canavaggio and Antonio González Quintana; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Jens Boel, Perrine Canavaggio and Antonio González Quintana to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www. taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-15034-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-72460-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-05462-4 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC To the memory of Louis Joinet Contents Acknowledgements x List of authors xi Foreword xviii MICHELLE BACHELET Message from the President of the International Council on Archives xx DAVID FRICKER Introduction 1 JENS BOEL, PERRINE CANAVAGGIO AND ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ QUINTANA PART 1 Archives and human rights: a close relationship 9 JENS BOEL, PERRINE CANAVAGGIO AND ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ QUINTANA 1 Archives and citizens’ rights 11 2 Records and archives documenting gross human rights violations 21 3 Archives and transitional justice 41 4 Archives and the duty to remember 54 5 Archivists for human rights 57 6 Archives and human rights beyond political transitions 63 viii Contents PART 2 Case studies 81 1 Proof 83 TRUDY HUSKAMP PETERSON Africa 113 2 A long walk to justice: archives and the truth and reconciliation process in South Africa 115 GRAHAM DOMINY 3 Tunisia’s Truth and Dignity Commission: archives in the pursuit of truth 126 ADEL MAÏZI 4 The exploitation of the archives of Hissène Habré’s political police by the Extraordinary African Chambers 138 HENRI THULLIEZ 5 The Gacaca archive: preserving the memory of post-genocide justice and reconciliation in Rwanda 152 PETER HORSMAN Asia 165 6 Memory politics and archives in Sino-Japanese relations 167 KARL GUSTAFSSON 7 The use of the archives of the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum and the Documentation Centre of Cambodia by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 178 VINCENT DE WILDE D’ESTMAEL Europe 189 8 Spanish military documentation on the Civil War and the dictatorship as an instrument of legal reparations for the victims of the Franco regime 191 HENAR ALONSO RODRÍGUEZ 9 The “Centres of Remembrance” in post-communist Europe 204 JOSÉ M. FARALDO Contents ix 10 A legacy of the DDR: the Stasi Records Archive 218 DAGMAR HOVESTÄDT 11 France and the archives of the Algerian War 230 GILLES MANCERON AND GILLES MORIN 12 Truth, memory, and reconciliation in post-communist societies: the Romanian experience and the Securitate archives 247 MARIUS STAN AND VLADIMIR TISMANEANU Latin America 261 13 Archives for memory and justice in Colombia after the Peace Agreements 263 RAMON ALBERCH I FUGUERAS 14 Utilisation of the archives of the Peruvian Commission for Truth and Reconciliation (CVR) 277 RUTH ELENA BORJA SANTA CRUZ 15 Archives, truth and the democratic transition process in Brazil 288 ALUF ALBA VILAR ELIAS 16 Archives for truth and justice in Argentina: the search for the missing persons 296 MARIANA NAZAR 17 Chronicle of a backlash foretold: Guatemala’s National Police archives, lost and found and lost – and found? – again 309 KIRSTEN WELD Concluding remarks 320 JENS BOEL, PERRINE CANAVAGGIO AND ANTONIO GONZÁLEZ QUINTANA Index 323 The editors thank all colleagues who have contributed to this book with inspiration and work. In particular, we wish to thank David Sutton for his tireless and precious linguistic support. Those parts of the book which we have submitted for his critical review of language and style, have greatly benefited from his insightful suggestions. We also wish to thank Jean Canav- aggio for his generous and invaluable help in translating some of the key texts of the book. Margaret Procter kindly volunteered to translate one of the case studies. Christine Cross, Lauren Elston and Fiona Westbury have translated most of the texts originally written in French, Portuguese and Spanish; we appreciate their professionalism and competent work. Finally, we want to thank our families for their patience and support during the whole editorial process. Acknowledgements List of authors Ramon Alberch i Fugueras has a PhD in history. He is President of Archivist without Borders International since 2012. He is also member of the Inter- national Advisory Council of the National Center of Historical Memory of Colombia (2015–2018) and has served as an international consultant for the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (2019). In the 2006–2014 period, he directed the project of recovery and access to documents and archives of repressive regimes in Latin America. He has been Coordinator of the diploma “Archives and human rights. International learning in contexts of (post) conflict” (2015–2016). He is the author of 30 essays and manu- als of archives and history, and has been a speaker at numerous interna- tional conferences on the subject of archives and human rights. Henar Alonso Rodríguez is a member of Spain’s Corps of Archivists and is a senior expert on Archives, working as Head of the Description Area of the General Military Archive of Avila, one of the Spanish Army’s four History Archives, within the Ministry of Defence’s Archive Sys- tem. A graduate in law and postgraduate in European Public Law, she is a member of the Spanish Civil Service Archivists’ Association, (AEFP: Archiveros Españoles en la Función Pública ) and the Castile and Leon Archivists’ Association (ACAL: Asociación de Archiveros de Castilla y León ), with which she regularly collaborates over training in the fields of Document Management, Archival Science and Transparency, as well as technical and general interest publications and publicity campaigns on social networks. Jens Boel is a Danish archivist and historian. He was the Chief Archivist of UNESCO from 1995 to 2017 and Coordinator of the UNESCO History Project from 2004 to 2011. He was Chair of the International Council on Archives (ICA) Section of International Organizations (SIO) 2000– 2004 and 2008–2012 and ICA Vice-President for Sections from 2010 to 2012. He was Director of the Transnational Team of the InterPARES Trust (ITrust) Project from 2013 to 2019. He was co-founder (2003) of the ICA Human Rights and Archives Working Group and currently a xii List of authors member of the Executive Committee of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights. Ruth Elena Borja Santa Cruz is a Peruvian historian who graduated from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), where she is now Professor in the History Department of the Social Science Fac- ulty. From 1998 to 2002, she worked at the National Archives ( Archivo General de la Nación ). She was a member of Peru’s Truth and Reconcili- ation Commission from 2002 to 2003 and worked in the Public Defend- er’s Office ( Defensoría del Pueblo ) from 2004 to 2012. She has acted as a consultant for the Place of Memory, Tolerance and Social Inclu- sion (LUM), attended meetings, workshops and colloquia in a number of countries in Europe and the Americas and taken part in various collabo- rative exchanges on archiving and memory preservation. Perrine Canavaggio is a French archivist with a diploma from l’Ecole nation- ale des chartes . She also has a diploma in political science from l’Institut d’études politiques de Paris . She was Chief Curator of the Archives of the Presidency of the French Republic from 1974 to 1994 and Deputy Direc- tor of Archives de France in 1995 and 1996. She was Deputy Secretary General of the International Council on Archives (ICA) from 2000 to 2009, Secretary of the International Conference of the Round Table on Archives (CITRA) from 2000 to 2008, co-founder (2003), chair (2003– 2008) and member of the ICA Archives and Human Rights Working Group until 2019 and member of the Executive Committee of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights from 2019. Graham Dominy is Research Fellow of UNISA, the University of South Africa, and of the Helen Suzman Foundation. He is both archivist and historian and was National Archivist of South Africa from 2001 until his retirement in 2014. In his career, he has also worked in museums, libraries, Arts & Culture and, most recently, as Knowledge & Collections Specialist in Mus- cat, Oman. He is the author of two books, Last Outpost on the Zulu Fron- tiers: Fort Napier and the British Imperial Garrison and The Man Behind the Beard . He has published over 60 academic and professional articles. Aluf Alba Vilar Elias is an archivist and has a PhD in Information Science from the University of Brasília (UnB). Her research is focused on archi- val epistemology, discourse analysis and archives of political repression. She works with management and curation of archives and collections and is the head of processing and collection preservation at the National Archives of Brazil. José M. Faraldo is an associate professor, tenured, at the Universidad Com- plutense de Madrid (UCM); he has been Ramón-y-Cajal researcher at the UCM (2009–2015). He has a PhD in history from the same univer- sity for his work on Russian nationalism. After further studies in history List of authors xiii and cultural studies in Moscow, Frankfurt/Oder and Poznań he worked, from 1997 to 2002, at the European University Viadrina, in Frankfurt/ Oder (Germany). From 2004 to 2008, he was research fellow and project coordinator at the Center of Research on Contemporary History (Zen- trum für Zeithistorische Forschung, ZZF), in Potsdam (Germany). He has published extensively about nationalism in communism, resistance against fascism and communism, exiles from dictatorships and about archives and the legacy of communist secret police, including a first comparison of Soviet, East German, Polish and Romanian communist police agencies ( Las redes del terror. Las policías secretas comunistas y su legado, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg 2018). Antonio González Quintana is a graduate in history (1979), postgraduate in Archival Science (1983) and a member of the Spanish Corps of Archivists (1985). He was Deputy Director General of Archives in the Community of Madrid between 2010 and 2018. Antonio has also served as Direc- tor of the Documentary Information Center on Archives of the Minis- try of Culture (2006–2008), Head of the Coordination Unit of Military Archives of the Ministry of Defense (1994–2003) and Director of the Civil War Archive (National Archives), in Salamanca (1986–1994). He was Professor of Archival Science at the University of Salamanca between 1989 and 1992. He retired in January 2018. In recent years, he has worked especially on the relationship between Archives and the defence of Human Rights. He is the author of a UNESCO report “ Archives of the security services of former repressive regimes ” (1995); an updated and further developed version was published by the ICA in 2009 with the title “ Archival Policies in the Protection of Human Rights ”. He has been a member of the Human Rights Working Group of the International Coun- cil on Archives since 2003 and he is also a founder member of Archivists without Borders. Today he is Chair of the ICA Section on Archives and Human Rights. Karl Gustafsson is Associate Professor in the Department of Economic History and International Relations at Stockholm University and Sen- ior Research Fellow at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs. He has recently published peer-reviewed articles in International Relations, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Journal of International Relations and Development, Survival , European Political Science and Memory Studies . He won the Wang Gungwu prize for best article in Asian Studies Review in 2014. Peter Horsman was, until his retirement in 2012, a faculty staff of the Uni- versity of Amsterdam, teaching various aspects of archival science. Previ- ously, he worked with the Netherlands Archives School, and even before it with the municipal archives of Dordrecht and the National Archives of the Netherlands. Currently, he is active as a consultant, mostly in the xiv List of authors field of (electronic) records and archives management and digital pres- ervation, for both public and private organizations. On behalf of the Netherlands Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (NIOD) he is involved in a project of digitising and making available the archives of the genocide courts in Rwanda. Dagmar Hovestädt is the spokeswoman of the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records since 2011. She previously worked as a journalist in Berlin during the time of transition from 1989 to 1999 continuing to report for German media from California from 2000 to 2011. As part of her current duties, she is responsible for the media outreach and the digital efforts to turn the archive into a resource for future generations. She is also working closely with the international visitor community to the archive, is part of an initiative to form an international human rights archive network and is speaking and writing on the role of archives in transitional justice. She received a master’s degree in communication and political science from the FU Berlin in 1991. Adel Maïzi was appointed to the Truth and Dignity Commission (IVD) by the Tunisian National Constituent Assembly. He chaired the IVD’s Commission for the Preservation of National Memory and was its Chief Records and Archives Manager throughout its mandate, from 2014 to 2019. Before this, he was Chief Archivist at the Ministry of Finance from 2012 to 2014. He is also a poet, writer and human rights activist, and Secretary General of the Arab Centre for Transitional Justice. Gilles Manceron , who began his career as a high school history and geog- raphy teacher, was Editor-in-Chief of Hommes & Libertés , the journal of the French Ligue des droits de l’Homme (LDH), from 1997 to 2005. Vice- President of LDH from 2005 to 2006 and from 2009 to 2011, he is currently joint chairman of its “Memory, History, Archives” work- ing group. He has published several works on colonial history, including Marianne et les colonies (2003), and is president of the Colonial and Post-Colonial History Society (histoirecoloniale.net). Gilles Morin is a research fellow at the Centre d’histoire sociale des mondes contemporains (University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, UMR-CNRS 8058). He specialises in 20th-century French political and social history and, in 1992, submitted his doctoral thesis on Socialist opposition to the Algerian War, a subject at the interface between colonial and political history. He has co-directed several collective works focusing mainly on the history of the French Socialist Party and is currently working on a publication concerning the National Popular Rally (RNP), one of the main collaborationist parties during World War II. He is a member of the editorial committee of 20 &21. Revue d’histoire (formerly Vingtième siècle. Revue d’histoire ), with responsibility for the “archives” section. List of authors xv Mariana Nazar is a historian and an archivist. She has worked in the Gen- eral Archives of the Nation of Argentina since 1998 – initially as a tech- nical assistant of the Intermediate Archives Department and currently as a coordinator of the Training and Archival Development Program of the General Directorate. She has been archival advisor to social, political and union organizations and lecturer at the Department of History of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Buenos Aires. Since 2018, she teaches and collaborates as Academic Coordinator of the Diploma in General Archiving of the National University of Tres de Febrero. She is a member of the Executive Committee of the Iberarchivos Program, Vice President of the Section on Archives and Human Rights of the International Council on Archives (ICA) and Coordinator of the Archives and Human Rights Working Group of the Latin American Archives Association (ALA). Trudy Huskamp Peterson, an archival consultant with a PhD from the Uni- versity of Iowa, is a Certified Archivist, an ex-chair of the Human Rights Working Group of the International Council on Archives and a writer of its monthly newsletter, ex-president of the Society of American Archivists and the International Conference of the Round Table on Archives and the author of books and articles on the archives of truth commissions, inter- national criminal courts and police forces. She was the Acting Archivist of the United States, 1993–1995. Marius Stan holds a PhD in political science from the University of Bucha- rest where he is now Research Director of the Hannah Arendt Center. He served as the editor of the journal History of Communism in Europe He is the author of books published in several languages and of numer- ous articles in international scholarly journals. Most recently, he has co- authored together with Vladimir Tismaneanu Romania Confronts Its Communist Past: Democracy, Memory, and Moral Justice (Cambridge University Press, 2018), and previously A Stalin Dossier: The Genialis- simo Generalissimo (Bucharest, Curtea Veche Publishing, 2014) and A Lenin Dossier: The Magic of Nihilism (Bucharest, Curtea Veche Pub- lishing, 2016). His research and teaching interests include 20th-century European Communism and fascism, revolutionary political ideologies and movements, transitional justice and the main intellectual biographies and debates during the Cold War. Henri Thulliez is a member of the Paris Bar. He worked for Human Rights Watch between 2011 and 2016 as a coordinator on the Hissène Habré case. He was responsible, inter alia, for coordinating the legal and media- related activities of the various protagonists: associations, lawyers and victims of the regime. He headed the Foundation for Equality Opportu- nity in Africa, and is co-founder of the Platform to Protect Whistleblow- ers in Africa (PPLAAF). xvi List of authors Vladimir Tismaneanu is Professor of Comparative Politics and Director of the Center for the Study of Post-Communist Societies at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2006, he chaired the Presidential Com- mission for the Analysis of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania. In 2008–2009, he was a fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. His research areas include comparative politics, political ideologies, revolutions, as well as the contemporary politics of Central and Eastern Europe. His books include Romania Confronts Its Communist Past: Democracy, Memory, and Moral Justice , co-authored with Marius Stan (Cambridge University Press, 2018), The Devil in His- tory: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century , 2012; paperback 2014), Stalinism for All Seasons: A Political History of Romanian Communism (2003), Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism and Myth in Post-Communist Europe (Princeton University Press, 1998; paperback 2009) and Reinventing Politics: Eastern Europe from Stalin to Havel (Free Press/Simon & Schuster, 1993). Tismaneanu is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Democracy and the Journal of Cold War Studies Kirsten Weld is Professor of History at Harvard University. A scholar of modern Latin American studies, her research explores 20th-century struggles over inequality, justice, historical memory and social inclusion. Her first book, Paper Cadavers: The Archives of Dictatorship in Guate- mala , won the 2015 WOLA-Duke Human Rights Book Award and the 2016 Best Book Award from the Latin American Studies Association’s Recent History and Memory Section. She is currently writing her second book, Ruins and Glory: The Long Spanish Civil War in Latin America , which examines the impact and legacies of the Spanish Civil War in the Americas from the 1930s through the present. Her research and essays have appeared in venues such as Hispanic American Historical Review , Jour- nal of Latin American Studies , Radical History Review , Plaza Pública , Dissent , Guernica , Modern American History and NACLA Report on the Americas Vincent de Wilde d’Estmael is Senior Assistant/Deputy International Prose- cutor at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) since March 2007. He previously worked as a lawyer at the Brussels’ Bar Association (1992–1995 and 2001–2002). In Rwanda, he was in charge of training programmes for legal personnel on behalf of the NGO RCN-Justice and Democracy (1995–1996), expert legal adviser to the Gikongoro Prosecution Office and, from 1996 to 1998, personal advisor of the Chief Prosecutor at the Supreme Court (for the UN Department of Social and Economic Affairs – UNDESA). From 1999 to 2001, he was Director of the Judicial Defenders Project of the Danish Institute of Human Rights, before heading a programme for the improvement of List of authors xvii criminal justice and detention conditions in Cameroon financed under the European Development Fund and carried out by the British Council (PACDET, 2002–2005). Between 2005 and 2007, he was Deputy Head of the Rule of Law Section of the UNOCI peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast, with responsibility for legal affairs. Foreword I welcome the attention this book brings to the important task of archiv- ing records of mass human rights violations. The careful documentation of atrocities is an essential step towards accountability for the perpetrators, justice and reparations for the victims and preventing further conflict by deterring and preventing future abuses. Public access to archival information about serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law is also essential to ensuring the right to truth. I have witnessed the pain suffered by victims of serious human rights viola- tions and their families. I know how painful it can be to search for – and find – the truth about what happened. But acknowledgement by society that grave injustice was inflicted can bring a measure of consolation to families and contribute to the dignity of the survivors. Moreover, in the case of groups such as the Grandmothers de Plaza de Mayo, who search for the children of their detained parents and illegally adopted, there is another dimension: the search for truth may culminate in the joy of at last meeting their grandchildren. It also offers these grandchildren the ability to re-establish their true identity and lost family ties. Victims – and everyone in society – have an inalienable right to know the truth about what has happened. They have a right to see that justice is done. All of these aspects are essential to reconciliation. By establishing the guilt of individuals – not entire communities – trials can help to erase the perception that a whole community was collectively responsible for massacres – a view that may drive repeated cycles of vio- lence. Justice also builds public confidence in the new, or renewed, institu- tions of the State. These vital processes of justice can only take place when evidence has been gathered, organised and preserved for impartial assessment. Complementing prosecutions, truth-telling initiatives also promote more objective public understanding of events that have taken place, because they allow conflicting parties to hear each other’s grievances and suffering. This development of a common understanding of what has happened is the basis of reconciliation. And over the longer term, archiving this work by truth Foreword xix commissions, and other truth-seeking initiatives, does not only guarantee the preservation of testimonies – whether by victims or perpetrators. It also builds an enduring educational tool to combat denial and revisionism. As Archbishop Desmond Tutu has said, “Where justice and order are not restored, there can be no healing, leaving violence and hatred ticking like a bomb in the corner”. A society that cannot access and discuss informa- tion about the crimes, which have occurred in its past, is deprived of a clear understanding of its own history and the complexity of its heritage. And when communities remain frozen in bitterness and mutual misunderstand- ing, this jeopardises the ability to build enduring peace and resilient and inclusive development. Many post-authoritarian and post-conflict societies face great challenges in preserving, and enabling access to, records of mass violations. These challenges may stem from political reluctance to ensure clarity about these crimes; or they may stem from capacity considerations; or from long-standing denials of academic freedoms and the right to freedoms of information, expression and opinion. In order to facilitate accountability, the United Nations is also active in collecting and preserving archives and records relevant to serious violations of human rights. Recent years have seen intensive efforts to collect, compile and analyse material, from all available sources, on atrocities in Syria and Myanmar. We in the United Nations stand ready to share our expertise in this vital area with States having need of it. Archives of human rights violations are not only a tool for looking back- wards. They help build society’s future. To break the cycles of violence, bitterness, grievance and renewed violations, we must seek to rebuild more inclusive societies, where diversity – whether ethnic, racial, religious, politi- cal or communal – is recognised as valuable and is respected: where objective clarity about the past can advance a future of healing, in which recourse to violations is not only unacceptable but unthinkable. And where members of every community can work together to address the many facets of a legacy of divisions and violence; develop working relationships in the present; and thus build the beginnings of a shared vision of living, peacefully, together. Michelle Bachelet UN High Commissioner for Human Rights