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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. Title: Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of John Fiske Author: John Fiske Editor: David Widger Release Date: February 20, 2019 [EBook #58925] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INDEX OF THE PG WORKS OF FISKE *** Produced by David Widger INDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF JOHN FISKE Compiled by David Widger CONTENTS Click on the ## before many of the titles to view a linked table of contents for that volume. Click on the title itself to open the original online file. ## MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS ## THE UNSEEN WORLD AND OTHER ESSAYS POLITICAL IDEAS THE MEANING OF INFANCY ## THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND ## THE DESTINY OF MAN ## THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE ## THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, Vol. 1 (of 2) ## CRITICAL PERIOD AMERICAN HISTORY LIFE EVERLASTING ## THROUGH NATURE TO GOD ## A CENTURY OF SCIENCE AND OTHER ESSAYS ## THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL, It Does Pay to Smoke ## OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS, Vol. 1 (of 2) ## OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS, Vol. 2 (of 2) ## IDEA OF GOD--MODERN KNOWLEDGE TABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS Old Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by Comparative Mythology By John Fiske CONTENTS PREFACE. MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS. I. THE ORIGINS OF FOLK-LORE. II. THE DESCENT OF FIRE. III. WEREWOLVES AND SWAN-MAIDENS. IV . LIGHT AND DARKNESS. V . MYTHS OF THE BARBARIC WORLD. VI. JUVENTUS MUNDI. [150] VII. THE PRIMEV AL GHOST-WORLD. NOTE. FOOTNOTES: THE UNSEEN WORLD AND OTHER ESSAYS By John Fiske CONTENTS ESSAYS. I. THE UNSEEN WORLD. PART FIRST. PART SECOND. II. "THE TO-MORROW OF DEATH." III. THE JESUS OF HISTORY. IV . THE CHRIST OF DOGMA. V . A WORD ABOUT MIRACLES. VI. DRAPER ON SCIENCE AND RELIGION. VII. NATHAN THE WISE. VIII. HISTORICAL DIFFICULTIES. IX. THE FAMINE OF 1770 IN BENGAL. X. SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS. XI. LONGFELLOW'S DANTE. XII. PAINE'S "ST. PETER." XIII. A PHILOSOPHY OF ART. XIV . ATHENIAN AND AMERICAN LIFE. FOOTNOTES THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND Or The Puritan Theocracy In Its Relations To Civil And Religious Liberty By John Fiske 1892 CONTENTS PREFACE. DETAILED CONTENTS. THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND. CHAPTER I. THE ROMAN IDEA AND THE ENGLISH IDEA. CHAPTER II. THE PURITAN EXODUS. CHAPTER III. THE PLANTING OF NEW ENGLAND. CHAPTER IV . THE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERACY. CHAPTER V KING PHILIP'S WAR. CHAPTER VI. THE TYRANNY OF ANDROS. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE. NOTES: THE DESTINY OF MAN VIEWED IN THE LIGHT OF HIS ORIGIN By John Fiske 1884 CONTENTS Man’s Place in Nature as affected by the Copernican Theory. As affected by Darwinism. On the Earth there will never be a Higher Creature than Man. The Origin of Infancy. The Dawning of Consciousness. Lengthening of Infancy and Concomitant Increase of Brain-Surface. Change in the Direction of the Working of Natural Selection. Growing Predominance of the Psychical Life. The Origins of Society and of Morality. Improvableness of Man. Universal Warfare of Primeval Men. First checked by the Beginnings of Industrial Civilisation. Methods of Political Development, and Elimination of Warfare. End of the Working of Natural Selection upon Man. Throwing off the Brute-Inheritance. The Message of Christianity. The Question as to a Future Life. THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE By John Fiske With Maps, Index, And A Biographical Sketch CONTENTS chap page Biographical Sketch. vii I. Introduction. 1 II. The Colonies In 1750. 4 III The French Wars, and the First Plan of Union. 26 IV . The Stamp Act, and the Revenue Laws. 39 V . The Crisis. 78 VI. The Struggle for the Centre. 104 VII. The French Alliance. 144 VIII. Birth of the Nation. 182 Collateral Reading. 195 Index. 197 LIST OF MAPS Facing Page Invasion of Canada 92 Washington's Campaigns in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. 119 Burgoyne's Campaign 130 The Southern Campaign 172 THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA By John Fiske VOL. I (of II) CONTENTS CHAPTER I. ANCIENT AMERICA. page The American aborigines 1 Question as to their origin 2, 3 Antiquity of man in America 4 Shell-mounds, or middens 4, 5 The Glacial Period 6, 7 Discoveries in the Trenton gravel 8 Discoveries in Ohio, Indiana, and Minnesota 9 Mr. Cresson's discovery at Claymont, Delaware 10 The Calaveras skull 11 Pleistocene men and mammals 12, 13 Elevation and subsidence 13, 14 Waves of migration 15 The Cave men of Europe in the Glacial Period 16 The Eskimos are probably a remnant of the Cave men 17-19 There was probably no connection or intercourse by water between ancient America and the Old World 20 There is one great American red race 21 Different senses in which the word "race" is used 21-23 No necessary connection between differences in culture and differences in race 23 Mr. Lewis Morgan's classification of grades of culture 24-32 Distinction between Savagery and Barbarism 25 Origin of pottery 25 Lower, middle, and upper status of savagery 26 Lower status of barbarism; it ended differently in the two hemispheres; in ancient America there was no pastoral stage of development 27 Importance of Indian corn 28 Tillage with irrigation 29 Use of adobe-brick and stone in building 29 Middle status of barbarism 29, 30 Stone and copper tools 30 Working of metals; smelting of iron 30 Upper status of barbarism 31 The alphabet and the beginnings of civilization 32 So-called "civilizations" of Mexico and Peru 33, 34 Loose use of the words "savagery" and "civilization" 35 Value and importance of the term "barbarism" 35, 36 The status of barbarism is most completely exemplified in ancient America 36, 37 Survival of bygone epochs of culture; work of the Bureau of Ethnology 37, 38 Tribal society and multiplicity of languages in aboriginal America 38, 39 Tribes in the upper status of savagery; Athabaskans, Apaches, Shoshones, etc. 39 Tribes in the lower status of barbarism; the Dakota group or family 40 The Minnitarees and Mandans 41 The Pawnee and Arickaree group 42 The Maskoki group 42 The Algonquin group 43 The Huron-Iroquois group 44 The Five Nations 45-47 Distinction between horticulture and field agriculture 48 Perpetual intertribal warfare, with torture and cannibalism 49-51 Myths and folk-lore 51 Ancient law 52, 53 The patriarchal family not primitive 53 "Mother-right" 54 Primitive marriage 55 The system of reckoning kinship through females only 56 Original reason for the system 57 The primeval human horde 58, 59 Earliest family-group; the clan 60 "Exogamy" 60 Phratry and tribe 61 Effect of pastoral life upon property and upon the family 61-63 The exogamous clan in ancient America 64 Intimate connection of aboriginal architecture with social life 65 The long houses of the Iroquois 66, 67 Summary divorce 68 Hospitality 68 Structure of the clan 69, 70 Origin and structure of the phratry 70, 71 Structure of the tribe 72 Cross-relationships between clans and tribes; the Iroquois Confederacy 72-74 Structure of the confederacy 75, 76 The "Long House" 76 Symmetrical development of institutions in ancient America 77, 78 Circular houses of the Mandans 79-81 The Indians of the pueblos, in the middle status of barbarism 82, 83 Horticulture with irrigation, and architecture with adobe 83, 84 Possible origin of adobe architecture 84, 85 Mr. Cushing's sojourn at Zuñi 86 Typical structure of the pueblo 86-88 Pueblo society 89 Wonderful ancient pueblos in the Chaco valley 90-92 The Moqui pueblos 93 The cliff-dwellings 93 Pueblo of Zuñi 93, 94 Pueblo of Tlascala 94-96 The ancient city of Mexico was a great composite pueblo 97 The Spanish discoverers could not be expected to understand the state of society which they found there 97, 98 Contrast between feudalism and gentilism 98 Change from gentile society to political society in Greece and Rome 99, 100 First suspicions as to the erroneousness of the Spanish accounts 101 Detection and explanation of the errors, by Lewis Morgan 102 Adolf Bandelier's researches 103 The Aztec Confederacy 104, 105 Aztec clans 106 Clan officers 107 Rights and duties of the clan 108 Aztec phratries 108 The tlatocan , or tribal council 109 The cihuacoatl , or "snake-woman" 110 The tlacatecuhtli , or "chief-of-men" 111 Evolution of kingship in Greece and Rome 112 Mediæval kingship 113 Montezuma was a "priest-commander" 114 Mode of succession to the office 114, 115 Manner of collecting tribute 116 Mexican roads 117 Aztec and Iroquois confederacies contrasted 118 Aztec priesthood; human sacrifices 119, 120 Aztec slaves 121, 122 The Aztec family 122, 123 Aztec property 124 Mr. Morgan's rules of criticism 125 He sometimes disregarded his own rules 126 Amusing illustrations from his remarks on "Montezuma's Dinner" 126-128 The reaction against uncritical and exaggerated statements was often carried too far by Mr. Morgan 128, 129 Great importance of the middle period of barbarism 130 The Mexicans compared with the Mayas 131-133 Maya hieroglyphic writing 132 Ruined cities of Central America 134-138 They are probably not older than the twelfth century 136 Recent discovery of the Chronicle of Chicxulub 138 Maya culture very closely related to Mexican 139 The "Mound-Builders" 140-146 The notion that they were like the Aztecs 142 Or, perhaps, like the Zuñis 143 These notions are not well sustained 144 The mounds were probably built by different peoples in the lower status of barbarism, by Cherokees, Shawnees, and other tribes 144, 145 It is not likely that there was a "race of Mound Builders" 146 Society in America at the time of the Discovery had reached stages similar to stages reached by eastern Mediterranean peoples fifty or sixty centuries earlier 146, 147 CHAPTER II. PRE-COLUMBIAN VOYAGES. Stories of voyages to America before Columbus; the Chinese 148 The Irish. 149 Blowing and drifting; Cousin, of Dieppe 150 These stories are of small value 150 But the case of the Northmen is quite different 151 The Viking exodus from Norway 151, 152 Founding of a colony in Iceland, A. D. 874 153 Icelandic literature 154 Discovery of Greenland, A. D. 876 155, 156 Eric the Red, and his colony in Greenland, A. D. 986 157-161 V oyage of Bjarni Herjulfsson 162 Conversion of the Northmen to Christianity 163 Leif Ericsson's voyage, A. D. 1000; Helluland and Markland 164 Leif's winter in Vinland 165, 166 V oyages of Thorvald and Thorstein 167 Thorfinn Karlsefni, and his unsuccessful attempt to found a colony in Vinland, A. D. 1007-10 167-169 Freydis, and her evil deeds in Vinland, 1011-12 170, 171 V oyage into Baffin's Bay, 1135 172 Description of a Viking ship discovered at Sandefiord, in Norway 173-175 To what extent the climate of Greenland may have changed within the last thousand years 176, 177 With the Northmen once in Greenland, the discovery of the American continent was inevitable 178 Ear-marks of truth in the Icelandic narratives 179, 180 Northern limit of the vine 181 Length of the winter day 182 Indian corn 182, 183 Winter weather in Vinland 184 Vinland was probably situated somewhere between Cape Breton and Point Judith 185 Further ear-marks of truth; savages and barbarians of the lower status were unknown to mediæval Europeans 185, 186 The natives of Vinland as described in the Icelandic narratives 187-193 Meaning of the epithet "Skrælings" 188, 189 Personal appearance of the Skrælings 189 The Skrælings of Vinland were Indians,—very likely Algonquins 190 The "balista" or "demon's head" 191, 192 The story of the "uniped" 193 Character of the Icelandic records; misleading associations with the word "saga" 194 The comparison between Leif Ericsson and Agamemnon, made by a committee of the Massachusetts Historical Society, was peculiarly unfortunate and inappropriate 194, 197 The story of the Trojan War, in the shape in which we find it in Greek poetry, is pure folk-lore 195 The Saga of Eric the Red is not folk-lore 196 Mythical and historical sagas 197 The western or Hauks-bók version of Eric the Red's Saga 198 The northern or Flateyar-bók version 199 Presumption against sources not contemporary 200 Hauk Erlendsson and his manuscripts 201 The story is not likely to have been preserved to Hauk's time by oral tradition only 202 Allusions to Vinland in other Icelandic documents 202-207 Eyrbyggja Saga 203 The abbot Nikulas, etc. 204 Ari Fródhi and his works 204 His significant allusion to Vinland 205 Other references 206 Differences between Hauks-bók and Flateyar-bók versions 207 Adam of Bremen 208 Importance of his testimony 209 His misconception of the situation of Vinland 210 Summary of the argument 211-213 Absurd speculations of zealous antiquarians 213-215 The Dighton inscription was made by Algonquins, and has nothing to do with the Northmen 213, 214 Governor Arnold's stone windmill 215 There is no reason for supposing that the Northmen founded a colony in Vinland 216 No archæological remains of them have been found south of Davis strait 217 If the Northmen had founded a successful colony, they would have introduced domestic cattle into the North American fauna 218 And such animals could not have vanished and left no trace of their existence 219, 220 Further fortunes of the Greenland colony 221 Bishop Eric's voyage in search of Vinland, 1121 222 The ship from Markland, 1347 223 The Greenland colony attacked by Eskimos, 1349 224 Queen Margaret's monopoly, and its baneful effects 225 Story of the Venetian brothers, Nicolò and Antonio Zeno 226 Nicolò Zeno wrecked upon one of the Færoe islands 227 He enters the service of Henry Sinclair, Earl of the Orkneys and Caithness 228 Nicolò's voyage to Greenland, cir. 1394 229 V oyage of Earl Sinclair and Antonio Zeno 229, 230 Publication of the remains of the documents by the younger Nicolò Zeno, 1558 231 The Zeno map 232, 233 Queer transformations of names 234-236 The name Færoislander became Frislanda 236 The narrative nowhere makes a claim to the "discovery of America" 237 The "Zichmni" of the narrative means Henry Sinclair 238 Bardsen's "Description of Greenland" 239 The monastery of St. Olaus and its hot spring 240 V olcanoes of the north Atlantic ridge 241 Fate of Gunnbjörn's Skerries, 1456 242 V olcanic phenomena in Greenland 242, 243 Estotiland 244 Drogio 245 Inhabitants of Drogio and the countries beyond 246 The Fisherman's return to Frislanda 247 Was the account of Drogio woven into the narrative by the younger Nicolò? 248 Or does it represent actual experiences in North America? 249 The case of David Ingram, 1568 250 The case of Cabeza de Vaca, 1528-36 251 There may have been unrecorded instances of visits to North America 252 The pre-Columbian voyages made no real contributions to geographical knowledge 253 And were in no true sense a discovery of America 254 Real contact between the eastern and western hemisphere was first established by Columbus 255 CHAPTER III. EUROPE AND CATHAY. Why the voyages of the Northmen were not followed up 256 Ignorance of their geographical significance 257 Lack of instruments for ocean navigation 257 Condition of Europe in the year 1000 258, 259 It was not such as to favour colonial enterprise 260 The outlook of Europe was toward Asia 261 Routes of trade between Europe and Asia 262 Claudius Ptolemy and his knowledge of the earth 263 Early mention of China 264 The monk Cosmas Indicopleustes 265 Shape of the earth, according to Cosmas 266, 267 His knowledge of Asia 268 The Nestorians 268 Effects of the Saracen conquests 269 Constantinople in the twelfth century 270 The Crusades 270-274 Barbarizing character of Turkish conquest 271 General effects of the Crusades 272 The Fourth Crusade 273 Rivalry between Venice and Genoa 274 Centres and routes of mediæval trade 275, 276 Effects of the Mongol conquests 277 Cathay, origin of the name 277 Carpini and Rubruquis 278 First knowledge of an eastern ocean beyond Cathay 278 The data were thus prepared for Columbus; but as yet nobody reasoned from these data to a practical conclusion 279 The Polo brothers 280 Kublai Khan's message to the Pope 281 Marco Polo and his travels in Asia 281, 282 First recorded voyage of Europeans around the Indo-Chinese peninsula 282 Return of the Polos to Venice 283 Marco Polo's book, written in prison at Genoa, 1299; its great contributions to geographical knowledge 284, 285 Prester John 285 Griffins and Arimaspians 286 The Catalan map, 1375 288, 289 Other visits to China 287-291 Overthrow of the Mongol dynasty, and shutting up of China 291 First rumours of the Molucca islands and Japan 292 The accustomed routes of Oriental trade were cut off in the fifteenth century by the Ottoman Turks 293 Necessity for finding an "outside route to the Indies" 294 (p. xxviii) CHAPTER IV THE SEARCH FOR THE INDIES. EASTWARD OR PORTUGUESE ROUTE. Question as to whether Asia could be reached by sailing around Africa 295 Views of Eratosthenes 296 Opposing theory of Ptolemy 297 Story of the Phœnician voyage in the time of Necho 298-300 V oyage of Hanno 300, 301 V oyages of Sataspes and Eudoxus 302 Wild exaggerations 303 Views of Pomponius Mela 304, 305 Ancient theory of the five zones 306, 307 The Inhabited World, or Œcumene, and the Antipodes 308 Curious notions about Taprobane (Ceylon) 309 Question as to the possibility of crossing the torrid zone 309 Notions about sailing "up and down hill" 310, 311 Superstitious fancies 311, 312 Clumsiness of ships in the fifteenth century 312 Dangers from famine and scurvy 313