The Healthy Planet Action Coalition Cool, Reduce and Remove to Restore the Climate Vision For a Healthy Planet October 10 , 2022 The Healthy Planet Action Coalition Steering Circle Herb Simmens, Suzanne Reed, Ron Baiman, Michael M a cCracken, Robert Tulip, Brian v on Herzen , Leslie Field Endorsements * Subarna Bhattachary a , Climformatics Sev Clarke , Biochemist Jonathan Cole , Reflective Energy Engineer Tom Goreau , Global Coral Reef Alliance Ronald Larson , PhD, Founding Board Member, United States Biochar Initiative (USBI) John Macdonald , Marine Permaculturist Aria McKenna , Creative Producer, Actress and Climate Communicator David Mitchell , Professor Emeritus , Desert Research Institute Div. of Atmospheric Sciences Charles M. Reigeluth , Professor Emeritus, School of Education, Indiana University Stephen Salter , Emeritus Professor of Engineering Design, School of Engineering University of Edinburgh Fulya Sari , Boğaziçi University, Istanbul Turkey Jamie Shiplet , GIS Analyst and Environmental Plann er , Graduate Student at USF Graeme Taylor , PhD, BEST Futures Peter Wadhams , University of Cambridge, UK * Organizations listed for identification purposes only 2 | Page E XECUTIVE S UMMARY The Healthy Planet Action Coalition (HPAC) is a diverse, international group of scientists, engineers, technologists, and public policy experts active in relevant fields spanning all aspects of climate change. We are united by a determined and informed op timism that a three - pronged approach can moderate and prevent climate catastrophes and restore a more benevolent climate while lowering planetary average temperature increase to well below 1°C (1.8°F) . We call this approach “ The Climate Triad .” Climate change - induced weather extremes that are largely unforeseen, unprecedented and catastrophic are pummeling our planet. At the same time, the world community’s three - decade effort to address the climate crisis by reducing emissions falls further beh ind each year. The accumulated and ever - increasing levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases mean that even accelerated emission reduction and removal cannot prevent relentless temperature increase for decades to come. Even if net - zero emissions were somehow achieved by midcentury, the legacy of greenhouse gases emitted over the last two centuries will cause warming and climate havoc to persist or worsen. The catastrophes the world is already experiencing at a temperature increase of 1.2°C are increasingly bey ond humanity's ability to adapt. Removing and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are essential but will take decades for a significant moderating effect on climate change to be realized. Yet there are highly promising interventions that, along with emission reduction and removal, that can likely slow and ultimately reverse climate change. These unfortunately are not receiving necessary attention from world leaders. HPAC has concluded that The Climate Triad is highly likely to reduce average global temperatu re increases to well under 1°C through a strategy that encompasses emission reductions, large - scale greenhouse gas removal, and most urgently, direct cooling of the climate, particularly in the Arctic and polar regions . This complementary strategy – if ini tiated and ramped up in this decade and carried out at sufficient scale and speed - can restore a healthy climate and regenerate ecosystems before the end of the century. This requires urgent development and implementation by the international community of an equitable, triad - based climate restoration plan. The triad - based approach is a significant departure from the singular strategy global leadership has embraced to date. But the failure of the “emissions reduction only” approach cannot be denied. HPAC is not alone in this recognition. Several prestigious organizations are now reporting or further examining the need and potential for direct climate cooling to restore a healthy planet. A variety of approaches have potential to begin directly cooling th e climate over a matter of years or even months. These must be urgently researched, tested and deployed. Doing so will provide relief in the short - term and the time needed for greenhouse gas emissions reduction and removal to scale up and take effect over the long - term. Th is earlier stabilization of the climate will reduce loss of lives, livelihoods, infrastructure, and ecosystems throughout the world. Pursuing an equitable approach to restoring a benevolent climate also requires a robust program of adap tation and restitution for loss and damage supported by th e countries most responsible for legacy and current emissions. These countries have abundant capacity for providing needed financial and technical support to vulnerable populations that have suffer ed the most but contributed the least to climate change. We propose that the world community focus its attention for the next two years on inclusively, objectively and urgently evaluating the Climate Triad to identify climate change solutions with the grea test potential and least risk. 3 | Page The most urgent priority would be cooling the Arctic and p olar regions where temperatures are increasing up to four times faster than the global average. Higher temperatures, glacier melting and loss of seasonal ice are raising sea levels, disrupting ocean currents , and leading to frequent and severe extreme weather events g lobally. Lowering temperatures would benefit indigenous populations as well as populations around the world. The results of the Triad analysis would inform the ratification of a Climate Restoration Plan in 2024 and set a course for vigorous and complementa ry implementation of measures that “cool, reduce, and remove” to restore a healthy planet. We anticipate that implementation of a Climate Triad - based Climate Restoration Plan will lead to the moderation of global temperature increases by the late 2020s, gl obal average temperature increases reduced to below 1° by midcentury and the climate restored and ecosystems regenerated before the end of the century. Please read the full “ Vision for a Healthy Climate ” and join our campaign to restore a healthy climate before the end of the century. For more information see https://www.healthyplanetaction.org/ or contact us at healthy planetaction@gmail.com 4 | Page Introduction The Healthy Planet Action Coalition (HPAC) is a diverse, international group of scientists, engineers, technologists, and public policy experts active in relevant fields spanning all aspects of climate change. We are united by a determined and informed optimism that a threefold approach can prevent climate catastrophes and restore a more benevolent climate while lowering planetary average temperature increase to well below 1°C (1.8°F). We call this approach “ The Climat e Triad .” The Climate Triad of Direct Climate Cooling (DCC), GHG Emissions Reduction, and Greenhouse Gas Removal (GHGR) would work as a complementary system to stabilize and moderate the climate and ultimately restore a safe, healthy, and sustainable plane t. Integrating these three equally important elements of the Triad into a workable and equitable climate strategy would be a significant departure from the current global strategy that emphasizes emissions reduction supported with GHGR offsets alone. GHG reduction and GHGR are likely not enough to achieve the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global average temperature increase to 2.0°C (3.6 °F) , let alone the more ambitious goal of 1.5°C (2.7 °F) in this century. More importantly, decarbonizing will do litt le in the short term to moderate the intensity of climate catastrophes the world is experiencing right now at 1.2°C (2.16 °F) of warming while GHG emissions and temperatures continue to rise. Many harmful consequences of overshooting 1.5°C of warming, even temporarily, are not easily reversible, and the level of suffering and destruction to people, ecosystems, and economies would dwarf even the most aggressive adaptation measures. For populations that continue to experience the greatest risk, limiting temper ature rise to well below 1°C with much of the cost paid for by the countries most responsible for GHG emissions would be both equitable and just. Meeting the needs of populations that have suffered the most but contributed the least to climate change is a matter of climate justice. The Climate Triad would be strategically implemented through an internationally developed Climate Restoration Plan (CRP). The plan would include a robust program of adaptation and restitution advancing recovery and resilience of the world’s most vulnerable and disadvantaged countries and communities. Our assertion that the Climate Triad can return the planet to a benevolent and sustainable state is a bold claim. We would not make this claim if we were not confident that it is cle arly necessary, and attainable. HPAC understands that The Climate Triad - based approach we recommend departs from the 30 years of established policy developed and ratified by the world community. We aim to open the eyes, minds, and hearts of government leaders, stakeholders, and people everywhere to the urgent need and real opportunity for putting the Climate Triad to work this decade to restore a benevolent climate and thriving ecosystems in this century. This is our call to action for COP27 and all world leaders ! 5 | Page This document summarizes the reasoning underlying our firm hope and conviction that world leaders can and must move beyond the thinking that informed the Paris Accord in order to create a realistic, feasible, effective, and just Cl imate Restoration Plan. HPAC is heartened that a number of credible and prestigious organizations have recently advocated all or part of the approach we describe in this paper. The American Meteorological Society, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Ce ntre for Climate Repair at Cambridge University, the Climate Overshoot Commission, and the US National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine agree on the need to research direct climate cooling. The US Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2022 dir ected the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy , in coordination with relevant Federal agencies, to develop a five - year “scientific assessment of solar and other rapid climate interventions in the context of near - term climate risks and hazards.” This effort and the work of the Climate Overshoot Commission are intended to proceed in collaboration with the international community and should align with the comprehensive Climate Restoration Plan we propose. Join with us in advancing The Climate Triad as we work to restore a safe climate and a healthy planet! We welcome and encourage participation in HPAC through our online discussion group and our committees. We meet online and frequently host world - leading experts for disc ussions on direct climate cooling, GHGR, global governance, emissions reduction, equity, and other cutting - edge issues. HPAC would also be happy to arrange a general and/or a specialized briefing on a particular topic or technology for you and/or your or ganization. For more information, please visit our website at https://www.healthyplanetaction.org/ or contact us at healthyplanetaction@gmail.com 6 | Page Restoring Climate and Ecosystem Health Experts agree, the world’s intertwined climate and ecological crisis is largely human caused Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are trapping an increasing share of the sun's heat in the atmosphere. Land development, agriculture, and deforestation generate ab out a quarter of anthropogenic GHG emissions, but petroleum, coal, and natural gas combustion are the primary source. Ongoing GHG emissions result in increasing atmosphere and ocean temperatures, more intense precipitation and droughts, and accelerating se a level rise as polar ice sheets, permafrost, and glaciers melt away. Temperatures in the Arctic , Antarctica , and the “third pole,” the Himalayas, are increasing up to four times faster than the rest of the world. The rapid temperature increases are accele rating feedback processes that are amplifying climate change impacts worldwide. Tragically, even the most rapid emission reductions would not be enough to prevent further massive ecosystem collapse, escalating extreme weather events, and severe societal disruption. This is because long - term average global warming will increase until a t least 2050 (see Figure 1), as projected in even the most optimistic International Panel on Climate Change emission scenarios. In the absence of direct climate cooling, global temperatures will remain elevated well above the level to achieve a benevolent climate and severe climate destabilization will continue for decades. Figure 1 Near term 2021 - 2040 Mid - term, 2041 - 2060 Long term, 2081 - 2100 Scenario * Best Estimate (°C) Very Likely Range (°C) Best Estimate (°C) Very Likely Range (°C) Best Estimate (°C) Very Likely Range (°C) SSP1 - 1.9 1.5 1.2 to 1.7 1.6 1.2 to 2.0 1.4 1.0 to 1.8 SSP1 - 2.6 1.5 1.2 to 1.8 1.7 1.3 to 2.2 1.8 1.3 to 2.4 SSP2 - 4.5 1.5 1.2 to 1.8 2.0 1.6 to 2.5 2.7 2.1 to 3.5 SSP3 - 7.0 1.5 1.2 to 1.8 2.1 1.7 to 2.6 4.6 2.8 to 4.6 SSP5 - 8.5 1.6 1.2 to 1.9 2.4 1.9 to 3.0 4.4 3.3 to 5.7 Figure 1. Based on the assessment of multiple lines of evidence, global warming of 2°C relative to 1850 – 1900, would be exceeded for several decades during the 21st century under the high and very high GHG emissions scenarios considered in the IPCC AR6 WGI Summary fo r Policy Makers. Crossing the 2°C global warming level in the mid - term period (2041 – 2060) is very likely (i.e., likelihood greater than 9 in 10) to occur under the very high GHG emissions scenario (SSP5 - 8.5), likely (i.e., likelihood greater than 2 out of 3) to occur under the high GHG emissions scenario (SSP3 - 7.0), and more likely than not to occur in the intermediate GHG emission scenario (SSP2 - 4.5). Source: B1.2 Data IPCC AR6 WGI Summary for Policy Makers. Pp. 12, 13 7 | Page An unprecedented, worldwide collaborative effort is needed to avert the incalculable dangers of a planetary climate that continues to warm. These dangers include widespread famine, military conflict, economic collapse, ever more extreme weather, biodiversi ty loss, an accelerating rate of sea level rise, and overshoot of tipping points. As shown in the diagram below, the latest scientific reports indicate that dangerous tipping points may already have been crossed with our current level of warming, creating extreme risk of accelerating feedback processes that will increase the overall warming rate even further. A wider array of remedies deployed with sufficient speed and scale to stabilize and reverse excess heating has the potential to prevent the deaths of countless humans and other species and begin healing the ecosystems upon which all life depends. 8 | Page The Climate Triad Even aggressive GHG emissions reduction and GHGR could not begin to moderate global temperature until the latter half of this century. T his lag time is due to the committed warming from the vast quantities of legacy emissions that must be removed and the massive transformation of land use and global energy and supply chain systems required. Devastation of populations, communities, and ecos ystems is projected to continue at an indefensible rate into the 22nd Century if current global policy remains unchanged . The havoc wreaked today with the world's average temperature increase between 1.1°C and 1.3°C is already unacceptable. Fortunately, directly cooling the climate by increasing the Earth's reflectivity, could begin, in a matter of months, to slow relentl ess temperature increases, ecosystem degeneration, and more frequent and severe extreme weather events. DCC in the short term will allow GHG emission reduction and GHGR to take effect over the longer term. This complementary approach of the Climate Triad will, in the coming decades, stabilize the climate and support restoration of world ecosystems to a safe and sustainable state. Broad recognition of the need to implement the Climate Triad by governments, entrepreneurs, industry and civil society is essent ial. Such recognition can mobilize the innovation and investment required to identify, expand, lower costs, and optimize the most effective portfolio of methods to safely reverse climate change at low cost. Direct Climate Cooling (DCC) The Climate Triad em phasizes urgent DCC deployment to cool and brighten the planet by increasing reflection of sunlight. Refreezing Earth’s polar regions, particularly in the Arctic, presents a unique and early opportunity to moderate climate change drivers that include melt ing of summer sea ice, warming and thawing of permafrost, collapse of glaciers including the Greenland ice sheet, and shifting of the jet stream. 9 | Page Efforts to forestall these trends could include a number of direct climate cooling techniques. These new te chnologies, all still at the concept and modeling stage, could reduce climate disruption, prevent the acceleration of feedback loops, and combine with emission reductions and GHGR to gradually restore a healthy climate. Potential DCC techniques include marine cloud brightening, water cycles and ecosystems restoration, sea - ice freezing, ocean thermal energy conversion, stratospheric aerosol injection, sea ice and glaci al ice brightening with microspheres o r other materials , terrestrial and atmospheric mirrors, cirrus cloud thinning, iron salt aerosols, seawater atomization, buoyant flakes, nanobubbles, and white reflective rooftops and streets. The infrastructure and energy demands of DCC are relatively mod est compared to GHG reduction and removal. DCC implementation, on the other hand, can deliver significant cooling in years rather than the decades - long timescale for GHG - based cooling methods, while forestalling the risk of tipping points that could overw helm emission reduction efforts The concept of direct large - scale climate intervention - DCC - can be unsettling. We recognize and respect the legitimate concerns associated with direct climate cooling. Yet neither GHG emissions reduction nor GHGR is ca pable of advancing at sufficient pace or scale to avoid an unthinkable future for life on this planet. Advancing the Climate Triad entails potential risks such as adverse and unevenly distributed impacts, possible termination effects, inequity, governanc e challenges, and moral hazard. All risks and benefits must be fully and fairly assessed and weighed against the consequences of not taking action before DCC is deployed. However, the planet has reached the point at which relying on emission reductions alone is in and of itself a moral hazard and poses the greatest risk of all. Achieving expeditious DCC deployment requires equitably organized , funded and governed research and development , modeling, controlled field test ing, meaningful consultation with affected populations, continuous monitoring and adjustment as deployment proceeds, and effective off - ramp protocols. Such a systematic approach would enable the most effective DCC measures with the least risk to be identi fied. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction According to the UN Net Zero Coalition, “To keep global warming to no more than 1.5°C (2.7 ° F) – as called for in the Paris Agreement – emissions need to be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050.” The World Meteorological Organization says Paris 2030 pledges would need to be seven times higher than at present. Nonetheless, total concent rations of CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, and other GHGs are continuing to increase. This is despite significant efforts and expenditures to reduce emissions and a slight downturn in emissions that occurred during the Covid pandemic. 10 | Page The international co mmunity must scale up efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate greenhouse gas emissions largely through the transformation of fossil fuel - based - to clean energy - based systems. Besides slowing the pace of global warming, the deployment of clean energy dra matically improves health, particularly in the most vulnerable countries, and leads to the development of new industries and employment opportunities. It will also likely lead to more benign political alignments. In addition, abundant clean energy is neede d to power large - scale GHGR. Countries signing the Paris Accord agreed to submit GHG emission reduction plans every five years with increasingly ambitious reduction targets in each successive update. As envisioned, cumulative Nationally Determined Contri butions ( NDCs ) would equal enough cuts to keep global temperat ures from rising above 1.5 ° C (2.7 ° F). This ratchet mechanism has not yet worked. The UN Environment Programme Emissions Gap Report concluded that the promises countries made in their 2021 plan updates put the world on track for warming of at least 2.7 °C (4.86°F) We ask that COP27 develop protocols that will generate more ambitious GHG emission reduction targets and more realized progress, including the integration of the Climate Triad and the policies established by the Climate Restoration Plan we prop ose. 11 | Page G reenhouse Gas Removal (GHGR) Human activities have led to emissions of more than 2,000 gigatons of carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) into the atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. (A gigaton = one billion metric tons). Simply reducing new GHG emissions does not mitigate the committed heating effect of these legacy emissions because warming is due to cumulative em issions over time. Limiting global temperature rise to well under 1°C (1.8°F) will thus require a considerable portion of these 2000 gigatons to be removed. Fortunately, a variety of GHGR techniques are in different stages of development. They vary greatly in scale, technique, impact, and the resources involved. Several have already been shown to draw down and sequester CO 2 . Several more are currently underg oing field testing. GHGs can be removed by afforestation and reforestation, soil regeneration, blue carbon restoration, land and sea - based enhanced mineral weathering, soil and product - based biochar, ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinization, kelp - based marine permaculture, restoring natural ocean upwelling and downwelling restoration, iron salt aerosol dispersion, direct air capture, and various other methods. Effectiveness, cost, resource availability, associated impacts, measurement and permanen ce are among the critical issues to be assessed for any proposed approach. However, we see vast opportunities and low risk in developing and deploying a portfolio of GHGR methods at a sufficiently large scale to lower atmospheric GHG concentrations. The p urpose of large - scale GHGR is not just to mop up or offset current emissions that are difficult to address, which is the current prevailing rationale for GHGR in international policy discussions. Rather, GHGR must be valued for its long - term contribution to climate cooling and ecosystem restoration, going beyond net zero to achieve net negative emissions. HPAC proposes accelerating GHGR development and deployment to bring atmospheric GHG concentrations down to a level that will, along with DCC and emissio n reduction, lower planetary temperature increases to well below 1°C (1.8°F) as soon as possible this century. Achieving this ambitious goal will require an unprecedented, coordinated international mobilization. HPAC urges that effort begin this year on d evelopment of a Climate Restoration Plan (CRP) that objectively and comprehensively outlines the roles of DCC, GHGR and emission reductions needed to restore a healthy climate. HPAC’s position is neutral with regard to which specific DCC, GHGR, and emissio n reduction measures should ultimately be deployed. Those decisions would be based on the outcomes of the research and analyses we propose. The Climate Restoration Plan Because the effects of cutting emissions alone will be too little and too late to avert the escalating climate crisis, world leaders must come together now and recognize the need for an urgent response. The first steps of this response are to analyze the benefits and risks of alternative paths and based upon these analyses, to create a Climate Triad - based equitable Climate Restoration Plan (CRP). Committing to this course of action should be the premier agenda item of COP27 and other critical policy decis ion - making bodies. 12 | Page Whether the CRP is a detailed technical document or more of a framework not unlike the Paris climate agreement, it must gain the assent of the world community to have legitimacy and sufficient support for rapid implementation. An equita ble and inclusive CRP will require high - level international coordination. The CRP, when fully implemented, must be designed to keep temperature increases to well below 1°C, in stark contrast to the projected 1.4° C - 4.4° C (2.52°F - 7.92°F) or more warmin g expected this century. (See Figure 1.) Adaptation and Equity The world community has avoided taking action on the climate and ecological crises commensurate with their magnitude for so many decades that we find ourselves confronted by the need for triage. There is no set of policies and urgently deployed interventions - not even the Climate Triad - that can fully prevent significant additional suffering, loss of life and further collapse of ecosystems from climate and ecological breakdown. Effective and transformative adaptation is universally required to support and sustain societies and to ensure they have the necessary resources, organizational capacity and stability to realize the full potential of the Climate Triad over the coming decad es. However, the need to address in the near - term the interests of world communities being disproportionately impacted by, but least responsible for, climate change has been overlooked for far too long. Global implementation of the Climate Triad in con j unction with enhanced community resilience, equitably financed and governed, requires distributing resources from those with the greater capacity and responsibility for climate change to those with the least. The nations most responsible for legacy and c urrent GHG emissions have a moral obligation to finance and support climate restoration through direct transfers and public and private investment. Vulnerable countries and populations must be fairly represented in designing and overseeing the variety of C limate Triad - related efforts necessary to restore a safe climate. We are confident that implementing the CRP at the scale and speed required will, over the coming decades, enable those who increasingly bear a disproportionate impact of climate devastation to experience dramatic improvements in economic wellbeing and ecosystem health. Hope can be restored to billions of people that their futures will - perhaps for the first time in their lives - be brighter than ever. 13 | Page A Timetable for Urgent Action We recognize that The Climate Triad and C R P approach HPAC envisions dictates an ambitious timeline, particularly in the early years, in contrast to the slow historic pace of international climate decision - making. However, we cannot emphasize enough that delay equals failure. That is not an opinion, it is a fact. We urge international authorities to find ways to expedite each component of this timetable while still providing for an equitable and inclusive decision - making process. C LIMATE R ESTORATION T IM ELINE 2022 The Climate Triad and proposal to develop an international Climate Restoration Plan are presented to and refined by key global climate constituencies. Delegates to COP27 actively discuss how to best shape the proposal and move it forward. 2022 - 2025 DCC and GHGR options of all types and scales are researched, field - tested, monitored, and evaluated. 2023 A proposed Climate Restoration Plan is developed (ideally through UN/COP/IPCC/IPBES sponsorship) and reviewed by appropriate and interested communities and institutions with particular attention given to indigenous, disadvantaged and vulnerable communities and regions. 2024 Governance, equity, finance, and other key issues are addressed along with active research , modeling and small scale field - testing culminating with COP29 delegates recognizing and endorsing a planetary Climate Restoration Plan. 2025 Initial and incremental deployment of large - scale DCC focused on polar regions consistent with research and field - testing results 202 6 - 2050 Ramp ed up DCC and GHGR deployment along with continued emission reductions limit global warming E xtreme climate events diminish in severity and frequency. Adaptation and loss and damage support are provided consistent with need. 2028 - 2035 As the c limate crisis begins to moderate , the risk of overstepping ecosystem tipping points decline s 2040 - 2050 GHG neutrality is achieved 2035 - 2100 Over a trillion tons of CO2eq GHG are removed from the atmosphere and oceans. Most DCC is gradually reduced and ended, consistent with a well - regulated global atmosphere as temperature increases are sust ained well under 1°C. Global civilization and ecosystems thrive as temperatures and GHG concentrations reach levels prevailing in the mid - 20th century or earlier. A more just, ecologically minded, and sustainable society emerges. 14 | Page Links to References and Resources: American Meteorological Society https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/about - ams/ams - statements/st atements - of - the - ams - in - force/climate - intervention/ Brookings Institution https://ww w.brookings.edu/research/preparing - the - united - states - for - security - and - governance - in - a - geoengineering - future/ Center for Climate Repair, Cambridge University https:// www.climaterepair.cam.ac.uk/ Climate Crisis Advisory Group https://www.ccag.earth/ Climate Foundation https://www.climatefoundation.org/ Climate Overshoot Commission https://www.overshootcommission.org/ Council on Foreign Relations https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/Patrick - CSR93 - web.pdf Foundation for Climate Restoration Foundationforclimaterestoration.org Healthy Planet Action Coalition The Case for Urgent Climate Cooling Preprint National Academy of Science, Engineering and Medicine https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25762/reflecting - sunlight - recommendations - for - solar - geoengineering - research - and - research - governance Planetary Restoration Action Group https://planetaryrestoration.net/ SilverLining SilverLining.ngo/ The Paris Agreement https://unfccc.int/process - and - meetings/ the - paris - agreement/the - paris - agreement UN Environment Programme Emissions Gap Report https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions - gap - report - 2021 UN Net Zero Coalition https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/net - zero - coalition White House Office of Science and Technology Policy https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/legal/ 15 | Page About the Authors Herb Simmens has been a city manager, county administrator, chief planner for the state of New Jersey, and on the faculty of two universities. He is the author of A Climate Vocabulary of the Future He holds degrees from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and the School of Public and International Affairs of Princeton University, and also studied at the London School of Economics. He lives in Silver Spring, Maryland. Herb is an HPAC co - founder and Steering Circle member. Suzanne Reed was a Chie f of Staff in the California State Legislature, 2001 - 2006 and 2009 - 2016. In 2007 and 2008, she was California Policy Director for the Washington DC based Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP). She was Senior Energy Advisor in the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research when, in 1977, Governor Jerry Brown appointed her to the California Energy Commission. There she championed alternative energy and residential and commercial building energy conservation. Before relocating to California in 1976, Suzanne was a professional staff member on the US Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee (now Energy and Natural Resources) and a Legislative Aide to Senator Joe Biden (D - DE). She holds a BA from Smith College and a master’s degree from Yale University School o f Forestry and Environmental Studies (now School of the Environment). Suzanne is an HPAC co - founder and Steering Circle member. Ron Baiman is an Associate Professor of Economics at Benedictine University in Lisle, IL outside of Chicago. He a founding memb er of the Chicago Political Economy Group (CPEG) where preprints of his latest papers (published in the Review of Radical Political Economy ) including: “Our Two Climate Crises Challenge” (2022), “In Support of a Renewable Energy and Materials Economy” (2021), can be found. Ron Baiman holds a Ph.D., and an M.A. with Honors, both in Economics from the New School for Social Research in New York City, did graduate work in Mathematics at the UC, Berkeley, and graduated Magna Cum Laude with a B.Sc. in Mathematics and Physics from Hebrew University, Israel. Ron is an HPAC co - founder and Steering Circle member. Michael MacCracken has been serving on a pro bono basis as Chief Scientist for Climate Change Programs with the Climate Institute since his retirement in 2002. An alum of Princeton (B.S.E., 1964) and the University of California Davis (Ph.D., 1968), he led climate change stu dies at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 1968 - 93 and then served as senior scientist with the interagency Office of the U.S. Global Change Research Program from 1993 - 2002 and successively as the executive director of t he Office from 1993 - 97 and executive director of the first US national assessment coordination office from 1997 - 2001. From 2003 - 07, he served as president of the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences. Michael is an HPAC Steering Circle ad hoc member. Robert Tulip has a Master of Arts Honours Degree from Macquarie University in ontology and ethics and a Graduate Diploma in Foreign Affairs and Trade from Monash University. He worked for thirty years in the Australian Public Servic e in international development, including policy and program management across a number of different sectors and countries, especially in Papua New Guinea. He has been working in climate engineering since 2007, when his work on forests and climate led him to see large scale ocean - based algae production as a decisive technology for climate stability. Robert is an HPAC Steering Circle member. Dr Brian von Herzen is the founder and Executive Director of the Climate Foundation, an organization focused on developing nature - based global food security solutions and associated regeneration of ecosystem services and measuring carbon export of these regenerative processe s in seas and soils. Over the past few years, the Climate Foundation has pioneered the development of XPRIZE - winning Marine Permaculture deepwater irrigation systems to restore natural upwelling, kelp forests, coral reefs and seaweed forests, regenerating fisheries and the ocean’s ability to fix carbon scalably. Brian has a PhD from Caltech in planetary sciences and engineering, and a Physics degree, magna cum laude, from Princeton University. An inventor with over 30 patents issued, he is applying three d ecades experience designing systems to develop a chip in Silicon Valley to be used with regenerative Marine Permaculture vessels. He is an HPAC Steering Circle Member. Dr. Leslie Field is the founder of the Bright Ice Initiative. An inventor with over 60 i ssued patents, She holds BS & MS degrees in Chemical Engineering from MIT, MS & PhD degrees In EECS from UC Berkeley, and has taught for 12 years on climate and engineering at Stanford University. Dr. Field is deeply committed to innovation, inclusive collaboration and perseverance applied to the challenges of restoring a habitable world. She received the inaugural Mark Shannon Grand Challenges Award from the Transducers Research Foundation for her long - term work addressing humanity’s urgent challenges. Bright Ice Initiative is evaluating localized and low - impact approaches to increase the reflectivity of glacial ice and snow to slow their melt. The Initiative seeks to work via close collaboration with Indigenous and local communities, universities, students, scientists, non - profits, and governmental groups with expertise in local conditions and cultures, glaciology, meteorology, and climate. Their aim is to co - develop and evaluate local solutions that work for each community’s conditions and challenges. Dr. Field is an a d h oc member of the HPAC Steering Circle.