FRONTIER CONFLICT AND THE NATIVE MOUNTED POLICE IN QUEENSLAND Member of the Qld Parliament [Role/status/position ] Default Label Member of the Qld Parliament Associated individuals 61 entries Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Balfour, John Station owner Took up Colinton on the Brisbane River with his brothers Charles and Robert in 1841 and Fairnelaw (or (grazier/squatter);Member of the Farrine Law, also Fairnie Law) by 1843 (later sold to Evan Mackenzie). Also took up leases at Cumkillenbar Qld Parliament Station, Darling Downs, and Columba Station, Leichhardt, 1849 to 1862; Partner with GE Forbes in Colinton Station, 1854 to 1862. For more information, see https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1731079898. Bell, Joshua Station owner Took over Jimbour station on the Darling Downs in 1848; also held Ballé on the Maranoa. For more Peter (grazier/squatter);Member of the information see http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/bell-sir-joshua-peter-2969 and Qld Parliament http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1858565022. Bigge, Francis Station owner Along with his brother Frederick, he established and operated Mount Brisbane Station and Mount Esk Edward (grazier/squatter);Member of the Station, 1840 to 1849. Elective member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, 1843 to 1856; NSW Parliament;Member of the Appointed to the Legislative Council of New South Wales, 1 September 1851 to 31 December 1852. For Qld Parliament more information see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3772257526 And https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx? pk=494 Black, Maurice Station owner Owner of the Eagle eld run on the Suttor River and the Cedars sugar plantation near Mackay Hume (grazier/squatter);Member of the (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/black-maurice-hume-3001). For more information, see: Qld Parliament https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2600283805. Brown, Alfred Member of the Qld Brother of Arthur, Walter and Henry Hort Brown. Member for Wide Bay. 'Acquired a cattle station on the Henry Parliament;Station owner north coast; Acquired Gin Gin Station on the Burnett River with his brother in 1851; Sole lessee, Gin Gin (grazier/squatter) Station in 1869; Sold Gin Gin in 1875; Acquired Fairymead and Barolin stations in North Queensland; Owned Antigua sugar mill, Bundaberg' (http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio? id=3440542511). Gave evidence at the 1861 Inquiry into the NMP, and also the 1858 NSW inquiry Byrnes, Member of the Qld Was the Premier of Queensland from 13 April 1898 until 1 October 1898. Thomas Parliament;Government employee/Public servant Cameron, Station owner Managed Roxburgh on the Dawson River in 1864 (Queensland Country Life 1 March 1904, p3). With John (grazier/squatter);Member of the William and James Crombie, took up and managed Barcaldine Downs and Home Creek on the Alice River Qld Parliament also in 1864, Wilby near Aramac and then Vergemont, Minnie Downs, Mount Enniskillen, and Birkhead, as part of the rm Allan and Partners, comprised of J. T. Allan, T. S. Mort, Herbert Garnett, William and James Crombie, and John Cameron. (Queenslander 5 June 1897, p1233) 'Career Jackaroo, New England, 1859; establish Barcaldine Downs, 1864; overseer of Alice Downs; Manager, Wilby property; Purchased Greenhills and Kensington Downs, 1877; Chairman, Moreheads Ltd; Chairman, Queensland Meat Export and Agency Co; Chairman, Alliance Insurance Co; Director, Queensland National Bank; President, Pastoral Employers' Association of Central and Northern Queensland, 1893 to 1908; President, United pastoral Association of Queensland, 1897 to 1908' (https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2780551928) Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Compigné Station owner Uncle of Walter Compigné (NMP o cer). Bought Nindooinbah run on the Logan River from Paul Lawless (also (grazier/squatter);Member of the in 1846 (Daily Mail 16 December 1924, p20). Gave evidence at the 1861 inquiry into the NMP. Compigne), Qld Parliament;Police Magistrate 'Career. Pursued pastoral pursuits, 1846 to 1860; Operated Nindooinbah, Merry Jerry [also given as Murry Alfred William Jerry in 1852 (Moreton Bay Courier 24 April 1852, p2)] and Dungongie [also given as Dungogie in 1852 (Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser 10 March 1852, p1)] stations [both in the Moreton District]; Joined the government service, 1870; Police magistrate, Gayndah, 1871 to 1872; Police magistrate, Tenningering, 1872 to 1874; Police magistrate, Blackall, 1875 to 1879; Police magistrate, Banana and Taroom, 1879 to 1883; Police magistrate, Beenleigh, 1883 to 1890; Police magistrate, Southport, 1890 to 1893' (https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3721397963) 'Mr. Compigne was of French extraction, and came of a family which escaped to England during the persecutions following upon the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He was born as Gosport, England, on the 7th January, 1813, where his father was practising as an advocate, after having resigned a command in this army with which he had been serving in the wars against Napoleon. The subject of this notice came to Australia in the Honduris, a barque of 400 tons register, leaving England in November, 1838, and landing in Sydney on the 30th June, 1839. He brought letters of introduction to Sir George Gipps, the then Governor of New South Wales, and to Mr. Henry Lawson, of Sydney. His rst colonial experience was gained on Mr. Lawson's holding, known as Veteran Hall, in the Parramatta district. He was given a commission in the military force by Governor Gipps, and served for three years in a Dragoon Regiment, having some exciting encounters both with bushrangers and belligerent blacks. For a time Mr. Compigne had the management of Coombooblecoombang station, owned by Mr. Lawson. Early in 1846 he decided upon coming to Queensland, and in August of that year set out from Carcoar, 40 miles beyond Bathurst, with 7000 sheep, a lot of pure merinos, some bullocks, and a large quantity of stores en route for Nindooimbah station, on the Logan, which he had acquired in partnership with a Mr. Jones. This journey covered some 850 miles, and was accomplished in six months. One of the party then with Mr. Compigne was Mr. "Paddy" O'Sullivan, father of the present Attorney General of Queensland. Mr. Compigne followed pastoral pursuits on the Logan for many years, and saw the sheep in that district gradually giving way to cattle. He was chosen a member of the rst Legislative Council of Queens land in 1866, and held that position for several years before he resigned. In 1870 he joined the Government service, and was appointed police-magistrate at Gayndah. He subsequently lled similar positions at Mount Perry, Blackall, Taroom, Banana, Beenleigh, and Southport. His service as a police-magistrate altogether extended over 24 years, and during that time, in addition to his regular duties, he was frequently called upon to act as clerk of petty sessions, gold elds warden, registrar, and coroner. His record in these capacities was an enviable one, and he gained the highest respect and esteem from all with whom his duties brought him into contact. Of late years he had been living in Brisbane. On the 13th June, 1852, Mr. Compigne married the second daughter of the late Captain Collins, of Telemon station, who is still living. He also leaves a daughter, Mrs. Irvine, well known in Brisbane journalistic circles.' (Queensland Country Life 1 July 1909, p47). Cooper, Pope Lawyer;Judge;Member of the Qld 'Cooper .... began to practise as a barrister at Brisbane in June 1874. He became a crown prosecutor in Alexander Parliament;Attorney-General January 1879 and entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as member for Bowen. On 31 December 1880 he joined the rst Thomas McIlwraith ministry as Attorney-General.[1] He resigned this position on 6 January 1883 when he was appointed as a supreme court judge for the northern district of Queensland. His travelling expenses caused some quarrels. In 1895 he became senior puisne judge at Brisbane, and on 21 October 1903 chief justice. He resigned this position 31 March 1922, being succeeded by Thomas McCawley, and died on 30 August 1923.' (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_Cooper) Coxen, Charles Station owner Owner of Jondaryan with his nephew, Henry Coxen. Lessee, Myall Creek (near Dalby) in 1844 and Bindian (grazier/squatter);Member of the stations. For more information, see http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/coxen-charles-3281 and Qld Parliament http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3589157237. Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Crombie, Station owner Took up Barcaldine Downs with John Cameron and his brother William Crombie, also Home Creek in James (grazier/squatter);Member of the 1864. 'Mr. Crombie was born in Kilrenny Crail, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1834, and was, therefore, 64 years of Qld Parliament age. His education was secured at Madras College, St. Andrews. He rst came to Victoria in 1853, and immediately proceeded to the gold elds, where he had fair success. Subsequently he took to farming in that colony, but gave that up in 1862, and left for Queensland. In conjunction with his brother and Mr. D. C. Cameron he took up and stocked Barcaldine Downs station in 1864. He was rst elected to Parliamentary life in 1888, when he was returned for the Mitchell. He continued as its member till 1893, when he was elected for the Warrego, a seat he occupied at the time of his death. He held a number of other important positions, including membership of the Meat and Dairy Board, director of the Royal Bank, director of the Queensland Meat Company, member of the Mitchell Rabbit Board, and treasurer of the United Pastoralists' Association since its formation.' (Brisbane Courier 19 September 1898, p5) For more information, see https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1157775496 Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Dalrymple, Explorer;Member of the Qld Owner, along with the Scott brothers (Arthur and Walter), of the Valley of Lagoons station on the George Parliament;Station owner Burdekin River in 1862. Elphinstone (grazier/squatter) From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by C.G. Austin and Clem Lack (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dalrymple-george-augustus-3357): "George Augustus Frederick Elphinstone Dalrymple (1826-1876), explorer, public servant and politician, was born on 6 May 1826, the tenth son of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Dalrymple Horn Elphinstone of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and his wife Graeme, née Hepburn. He was the younger brother of Ernest Dalrymple. He left Scotland in the 1840s and became a co ee planter in Ceylon. He arrived in Australia between 1856 and 1858 and went to the Darling Downs where he was unable to take up land as he had intended. The unoccupied north attracted him and in February 1859 he published in Brisbane Proposals for the Establishment of a New Pastoral Settlement in North Australia. His proposed syndicate soon attracted subscribers and he organized an expedition to explore the Burdekin River watershed (Kennedy district). His party, including Ernest Henry and Philip Sellheim, set out from near Rockhampton in August and reached the site of Bowen. The Queensland government countermanded the decision to open the new district for settlement in January 1860 and the syndicate's plans to tender for runs were forestalled. In compensation Dalrymple was made commissioner for crown lands in the Kennedy district. In August he went with Lieutenant J. W. Smith in the Spit re to explore the coast and examine Port Denison as a port of access for the Kennedy. As o cer in charge of the proposed settlement of Bowen, Dalrymple then planned the expedition to establish the township and led the overland section. After he arrived Bowen was proclaimed on 11 April 1861. He was soon beset by o cial duties in a frontier town and by problems of administering the new Land Act, but neglected his mounting clerical tasks for more adventurous eld-work. When Dalrymple went south on sick leave he fell out with his superior, Augustus Gregory. In 1862 when several land commissioners, including Dalrymple, were to be replaced by professional surveyors, he resigned rather than accept alternative posts o ered him in Bowen. Early next year with Walter Scott, his brother Arthur and (Sir) Robert Herbert as 'sleeping partner', Dalrymple formed Scott Bros Dalrymple & Co., took up on the Valley of Lagoons run on the Upper Burdekin River, and became its manager. He brought in his large collection of books and pictures but was often absent from the station. At Rockhampton he was drawn into a minor scandal involving a friend's wife; while vindicating his own and his friend's honour Dalrymple assaulted the police magistrate, John Jardine, and was ned £500. In 1864 Dalrymple and Arthur Scott established Cardwell on Rockingham Bay as a port for inland stations north of Bowen. The expedition, initiated by the company but with o cial backing, included James Morrill and John Dallachy. Dalrymple led a small party inland to the Valley of Lagoons and returned, hacking out a dray route to the coast. Dalrymple sold his interests in the company to go into politics. In March 1865 he was elected the rst member for Kennedy in the Legislative Assembly. He was colonial secretary in Herbert's ministry from July to August 1866 but held no other o ce, although as a supporter of the Northern Separation League and its president in 1866 he was favoured as premier for the proposed new colony. He did not contest Kennedy in 1867 but went to Britain to recover his health. He returned to Queensland in 1869 and with A. J. Bogle took up Oxford Downs on the Upper Burdekin. The venture failed, as did his imported traction engine which proved impracticable on northern roads. Insolvent, he was lucky to get a government post as assistant gold commissioner on the Gilbert diggings in October 1871. Next year he had charge of the diggings and was also sent to nd a route for a telegraph over the Sea View Range near Cardwell. In September 1873 he led an o cial exploration of the coast north of Cardwell. They reached the Endeavour River in October, just before Cooktown sprang up as the port for the Palmer gold elds. They returned to Cardwell in December and Dalrymple, sick with fever, went to Brisbane. He hoped to explore the coast north of Cooktown but in 1874 was given charge of the government settlement at Somerset on Cape York. He sailed for Somerset in May but soon after he arrived was incapacitated by fever and a stroke. He was taken south by mail steamer and granted leave in September. After a summer in Scotland he went to St Leonards, Sussex, where he died, unmarried, on 22 January 1876. Dalrymple had been elected a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society in November 1867. He was a successful explorer, a dashing leader, restless, impatient of o cial parsimony and red tape. Through his policy of vigilance and restraint he seldom had trouble with the Aboriginals on his expeditions. Dalrymple's appreciation of natural beauty is amply expressed in his exploration reports. Many features of northern Queensland commemorate his name and many more were named by him." For more information, see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=4229027476 Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Dawson, Member of the Qld Was the Premier of Queensland for just 6 days from 1 December 1899 until 7 December 1899. Anderson Parliament;Government employee/Public servant de Burgh Station owner The owner of Connemara Station in the 1870s when several stockmen were killed by Aboriginal people. Persse, (grazier/squatter);Member of the He was David Thompson Seymour's (Commissioner of Police) cousin (Richards 2005:136) Fitzpatrick Qld Parliament From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by Michael D. De B. Persse (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/de-burgh-persse- tzpatrick-812): "After further experience at Tieryboo on the Condamine, he was appointed in 1864 to manage Tambourine and later Maroon stations for the Bank of Australasia, and was thus led to the Albert River district south of Brisbane, where in 1865 he bought Tabragalba, the station near Beaudesert which became his lifelong home. He was one of the rst in Queensland to inoculate stock for pleuro-pneumonia. Having brought Tabragalba into sound working order, he left in 1870 for Ireland, where on 16 November 1871 he married his cousin Mary Persse, daughter of William Blair, of Cappa, Kilrush, County Clare. In July 1872 they sailed for Queensland, and in the next decade he extended his pastoral interests, after journeys into territory where he was sometimes the rst white man, by founding Palpararra and Connemara on Farrar's Creek, Tally-ho on the Mayne, Buckingham Downs on the Wills and Lake De Burgh. His new properties were stocked with cattle of his own breeding from Tabragalba. Having established these and then sold them to John Costello and others, he acquired four stations in the Burnett, of which Hawkwood passed with Tabragalba to his elder son Charles Dudley (1874-1959), and Eidsvold to his son-in-law Fitzpierce Joyce." '1872 established Palparra, Connemara, Tallyho, Buckingham Downs Stations; Purchased Hawkwood, Yeurilla, Eidsvold [bought from Archer brothers] and Boorgal' (https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2132150725) Dickson, Member of the Qld Was the Premier of Queensland from 1 October 1898 until 1 December 1899. James Parliament;Government employee/Public servant Douglas, John Member of the Qld Took up Talgai on the Darling Downs In 1854 with Thomas Hood, which in 1853 ran 20,900 sheep. Also Parliament;Member of the NSW helped establish the Darling Downs Gazette in 1858. took up 6 pastoral runs in Port Curtis District in Parliament;Station owner 1860. Government Resident on Thursday Island 1885-1904. Was the Premier of Queensland from 8 (grazier/squatter);Government March 1877 until 21 January 1879. employee/Public servant For more information, see: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/douglas-john-3430, https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3719963827 and https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx? pk=587 Dutton, Station owner With his brother Archibald (and possibly also his father, Henry Pellerin) took up Bauhinia Downs on the Charles (grazier/squatter);Member of the Dawson River by 1861, Tambo in 1860 and Goomally. Requested police assistance for his station, Boydell Qld Parliament Bauhinia Downs, in 1862. For full biography, see http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dutton-charles-boydell- 3459 and https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=125473574. Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Eliott, Gilbert Station owner With Arthur Hodgson, took up Eton Vale in 1841; also took up Yenda from 1865 (acquired from Robert (grazier/squatter);Member of the Wilkin). Employer of Jemmy (3) who was shot by the NMP on 17 April 1863. Details of him from the Qld Parliament;Member of the Australian Dictionary of Biography are as follows (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/eliott-gilbert-3476): NSW Parliament "Gilbert Eliott (1796-1871), public servant and politician, was born at Stobs, Roxburghshire, Scotland, the third son of Sir William Eliott, sixth baronet, and his wife Mary, née Russell. He entered the army and as a captain in the Royal Artillery served with the occupation forces in France in 1815 and later elsewhere. At Bedrule, Roxburghshire, on 21 April 1830 he married Isabella Lucy, daughter of Robert Elliot, vicar of Askham, Yorkshire. With his wife and three children he arrived in the Mary at Sydney in November 1839. He became a justice of the peace. On the recommendation of the Earl of Auckland, a near relation, he was appointed police magistrate at Parramatta by Governor Sir George Gipps in June 1842. As visiting justice at the Female Factory he uncovered gross fraud and embezzlement; counter-charges by the superintendent led to an inquiry which found Eliott 'an excellent Public O cer, and a man of unimpeachable integrity'. In 1846 he sought o ce as comptroller-general of convicts in Van Diemen's Land, but was unsuccessful despite strong support from Gipps and Sir Charles FitzRoy. In January 1854 he became chief of the three commissioners of the city of Sydney. Although this appointment was for six years, a select committee criticized the commissioners' administration and they were replaced in 1857. Eliott acquired pastoral leases in the Wide Bay area and represented the Burnett district in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from July to December 1859. His opposition to the separation of Queensland aroused some hostility but in May 1860 he easily won the seat of Wide Bay, a squatter electorate, in the rst Queensland Legislative Assembly. Even the Gympie gold rush from 1867 did not shake his hold on the seat. The new assembly had few members with parliamentary experience and so Eliott was speedily chosen as the rst Speaker, a post which he retained until his retirement in 1870 without missing a single day's sitting. Always benign and courteous, although rm, he was very popular; one member even started a private subscription for a full-length portrait of Eliott to be presented to him; it is still in Parliament House, though cut down in size. Eliott was approached to accept a knighthood but refused, partly because he was already in line of descent of an old Scottish barony, partly because he felt his means were not adequate to support such a distinction. In 1870 he was given a retirement allowance of £400 a year, and appointed to the Legislative Council. He was appointed C.M.G. in 1871. Eliott had remained aloof from political controversy except once when, reporting to his constituents after the session of 1862, he spoke very strongly against the way government business was conducted in the assembly. His speech caused a short stir but was soon forgotten. On his property he lived with a quiet dignity and endeared himself to all his neighbours. His retirement was brief. While visiting his son, Gilbert William, a magistrate at Toowoomba, he died suddenly of angina pectoris on 30 June 1871. He was survived by his wife, son and a daughter Frances Willoughby." See also: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=352354955 and https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx? pk=260 Ferrett, John Station owner Owner of Wallan Station in 1851 when overseer John Harmen was killed by Aboriginal people. Also (grazier/squatter);Member of the established Wooinble Bank, Maranoa, in 1862 and purchased Dulacca Station, 1874 Qld Parliament (https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1872175341). Wrote to Richard Marshall on 12 Feb 1850 requesting him to patrol the Wallann run again. Had an Aboriginal wife: ' ... in 1856 John Ferrett, then joint-owner of Wallan station on the Lower Condamine, was forced to resign as a JP because he regularly took his Aboriginal wife to the new town of Condamine' (Collins 2002:83) Made complaints against Francis Nicoll that were instrumental in the dimissal of latter from the NMP Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Fitz, Henry Station owner 'MR. HENRY BATES FITZ, whose death was announced in yesterday's issue, was a colonist whose career Bates (grazier/squatter);Member of the was closely identi ed with the early history of Queensland. The deceased gentleman was a son of the late Qld Parliament Mr. Robert Fitz, Deputy-Commissary General of New South Wales, and was born in that colony in 1817. He was educated in New South Wales, and at an early age joined Captain Pike in taking up new country on the Darling Downs. The stations of Pikedale and Pike's Creek are at the present time su cient evidence of the judgment exercised by those who rst selected them from the wilderness. Mr. Fitz was thirteen years in partnership with Captain Pike, and then bought from him Pike's Creek station, which proved a successful venture. He also became owner of Pilton and Warra Warra, on the Darling Downs, and subsequently formed several stations in the north, amongst them being Collaroy and Princhester. The rst wool shipped from Rockhampton was from one of Mr. Fitz's stations. Upon the separation of this colony from New South Wales he was one of the rst members called to the Legislative Council by Sir George Bowen, his writ of summons bearing date May 30, 1860.' (Brisbane Courier 30 December 1880, p2) 'Manager, Pikedale Station, Darling Downs, 1843 to 1863; Invested in Collaroy and Princhester stations; Acquired Pike's Creek Station and Warra Warra (Kogan Creek), Breamar Forest, 1859; Acquired freehold for Pilton and Haldon stations, Darling Downs; Appointed Clerk of the Legislative Council, 1876; Appointed Clerk of the Parliament, 28 December 1880' (https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2839529633) Fyfe, Station owner Owner of Wilpend station on the upper Mackenzie. Became insolvent in 1868 (Brisbane Courier 11 Alexander (grazier/squatter);Member of the February 1868, p2). For more information, see https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio? Qld Parliament id=1772360207. Griffith, Member of the Qld Solicitor, Chief Justice and Premier of Queensland. Was the Premier of Queensland on two occasions, Samuel Walker Parliament;Government from 13 November 1883 until 13 June 1888, and again from 12 August 1890 until 27 March 1893. employee/Public servant For more information, see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1987751829 and http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gri th-sir-samuel-walker-445 Haly, Charles Member of the Qld A squatter in the earliest years of the Burnett District. Gave evidence at the 1861 Inquiry into the NMP. Robert Parliament;Station owner (grazier/squatter) From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by M. Carter and A.A. Morrison (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/haly-charles-robert-3699): "Charles Robert Haly (1816-1892), pastoralist, parliamentarian and public servant, was born on 11 April 1816 at Amboise, France, son of Colonel Charles William Haly and his wife Ann, née Hutchings. His father's Irish lineage was documented over 800 years. The family moved to Newfoundland. In 1838 Charles and his brother William sailed from Plymouth in the James Pattison and arrived at Sydney in December. They settled rst on the Hunter River but soon moved to the Gwydir River where they assembled a large party of men and sheep and went north to the Logan district. By 1842 they were seeking land in the Burnett district and were listed in 1846 as the holders of Taabinga, a sheep run of 305 square miles (790 km²). William returned to England in 1859 and died in 1861. Unlike many other squatters Charles soon became aware of the dangers in over-exploiting land and as one of the rst to detect intestinal worms in sheep he advocated remedial measures. In 1853 at Tamrookum in the Logan district he married Rosa Harpur. His homestead at Taabinga re ected spacious ideas, with some walls of two-foot-thick sandstone blocks and the interior woodwork in cedar, both produced on his property. A keen lover of good horse- esh, he imported Arab and English sires and became widely known for the quality of his horses. In 1860 Haly was elected for the Burnett to the rst Queensland Legislative Assembly. With a new forum for advocating protection of the land, he continually recommended the preservation of indigenous grasses and the use of steam-ploughs and irrigation. He supported measures to deal with stock diseases and for supplying the capital with water from the Upper Brisbane River basin, and secured the abolition of the salt duty. Though never outstanding as a parliamentarian he won wide respect for his honesty and consistency; according to the Brisbane Courier, he would vote even against his own interests if the proposal were for the general good. Always cheerful and hearty, he was welcome everywhere. He held his Burnett seat until 1863 and again in 1865-67 and 1869-71, and in 1876-78 he represented Leichhardt. Despite his e orts he experienced much trouble through diseases in his sheep and the rapid spread of speargrass. Forced to sell Taabinga, he became police magistrate at Dalby on 26 April 1882 and on 1 January 1891 also clerk of Petty Sessions. On 26 August 1892 he died in o ce, survived by eleven of his fourteen children." Herbert, Government employee/Public A Qld politician and public servant. The premier of Qld from 10 December 1859 until 1 February 1866 Robert George servant;Member of the Qld (and then again for 18 days from 20 July 1866 until 7 August 1866), and the State's rst Colonial Secretary Wyndham Parliament appointed 30 August 1859, arriving in the colony on 10 December 1859. Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by B. A. Knox (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/herbert-sir-robert-george-wyndham-3757): "Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert (1831-1905), politician and public servant, was born on 12 June 1831 in Brighton, Sussex, England, only son of Algernon Herbert and his wife Marianne, née Lempriere. His father was a barrister, author, antiquarian, sometime fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and fth son of the rst Earl of Carnarvon. Robert was thus second cousin to Henry Herbert, fourth Earl of Carnarvon and his exact contemporary, a connexion of the rst importance in his life. Privately tutored he went in 1844 to Rev. Edward Coleridge's house at Eton where he and Carnarvon were constant companions. Despite reputed laziness at Eton he won the Newcastle scholarship in 1849 and entered Balliol College, Oxford (B.A., 1854; B.C.L., 1856; D.C.L., 1862), taking in 1852 a rst in classical moderations and in 1853 a second in literae humaniores; in 1854, having won literary and legal prizes, he was elected a fellow of All Souls. In December W. E. Gladstone, chancellor of the exchequer, asked Coleridge to recommend a suitable private secretary. Herbert was approached, accepted the post and held it from 1 January 1855 until either the fall of Lord Aberdeen's coalition in February or earlier after an alleged 'divergence of opinions' with his chief. Herbert turned to legal studies. After his father died in June 1855, he inherited the family house and some copyhold property in Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, but the legacy yielded little income for all his father's capital was left to his mother and two younger sisters. He lingered over his legal studies and was not called to the Bar of the Inner Temple until 30 April 1858. Herbert's political and public prospects had been diminished by the fall of the Aberdeen ministry, but hopes revived when the Conservatives were returned in February 1858. Prompted by Carnarvon, under- secretary at the Colonial O ce, Gladstone o ered Herbert a private secretaryship but it carried no salary and was refused. Herbert's career then took a decisive and unusual twist. Sir George Bowen was appointed governor of the new colony of Queensland in June 1859. In July the Duke of Newcastle authorized him to select a private secretary who could also become colonial secretary of Queensland, 'independent of local in uences'. Advised by 'friends in the Colonial O ce', he eventually chose Herbert who accepted because he wanted a public appointment, was not anxious to practise law and no longer had high-placed political friends. Perhaps some of his cousin's new-found interests rubbed o on him. Herbert had been appointed to no sinecure. He was part of a Colonial O ce experiment, for Queensland began as a strict Crown colony with the prospect of immediate responsible government. Commissioned as colonial secretary on 12 December 1859, Herbert was told that he would hold the post only if he secured election to the Legislative Assembly and su cient votes in the House. He had disadvantages: he was young and book-learned, a 'new-chum' and interloper, an aristocrat and careful dresser, who had yet to prove that he could run a government. In his favour he had intellectual strength, great administrative ability and a personality which enabled him to win 'the goodwill of all persons, especially of the ladies'. In the brief Crown colony government he drew on Bowen's experience and personally negotiated the nancial settlement with New South Wales. When parliament met on 22 May 1860 his potential rivals, such as Arthur Macalister, could nd no complaint against him. Since he was already in o ce, warmly approved by the press and known to have the governor's favour, only a candidate with outstanding claims could have challenged him. None existed in Queensland. Herbert's own political strength was shown in his unopposed return for three constituencies. He chose to sit for Leichhardt in the north. Thus Bowen's original Executive Council became the colony's rst responsible ministry. As premier, Herbert cannot be understood without reference to his political ancestry. He was a product … nineteenth-century English conservatism, and a touch of the eighteenth century was manifested in his political methods. The factions and individualism of Queensland politics and parliament and its lack of a party system help to account for Herbert's success. He made no attempt to create a party, although he sedulously fostered conservatism. He relied rst on Bowen's wish to have him as premier, with the necessary corollary that he always emphasized the governor's power of decision. This tactic was eventually noticed and not altogether approved, yet it helped him to command votes in the Legislative Assembly. Just as pertinently, Herbert cultivated a range of groups and individuals. He was also helped by his detachment and 'appearance of polite candour and friendly frankness'. Though long unable to overcome the jealousy of William Henry Walsh, he persuaded the Brisbane lawyer, Macalister, to join his ministry in July 1861, a favour which led the original treasurer, (Sir) Robert Mackenzie, to resign in September 1862. Anxious to retain the support of squatters, Herbert lled the post rst with T. de Lacy Mo at and then (Sir) Joshua Bell. In contrast, when the rst attorney-general, Ratcli e Pring, had to resign for drunkenness in the House, Herbert replaced him with (Sir) Charles Lilley, an urban radical. Political calculation seems to have been absent from Herbert's appointments of such key civil servants as surveyor-general, police magistrates and commissioners of crown lands, but he made rather more justices of the peace than necessary and critics detected political purpose in some of his expenditure on public works. These exercises in political management matched Herbert's performance in parliament. Aware of his reserved, dry manner, he never attempted oratory and never gave anything away. He used mannerisms to disconcert opposing speakers while his own speeches carried into the legislature the Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools administrative ability which was his main strength. Clear, concise and uent, they persuaded by their content rather than by his slightly halting delivery. With a secure majority Herbert favoured strong executive government promoting measures carefully planned and drawing on the warnings and examples of other places; one illustration was his comprehensive land policy of 1860. Despite his conservatism in constitutional matters, he adjusted carefully to progressive public opinion; though a staunch Anglican, he ended state aid to religion and introduced National education against the strong opposition of Bishop Edward Tufnell. He was much concerned, like Peel, for national credit and for economy and e ciency in the civil service. In the absence of income tax, his main source of revenue was the tari while loan funds were devoted to such developmental works as railways, telegraphs and harbours. His leading objects were to extend settlement especially on the north coast, encourage immigration, diversify the economy and establish a rm basis for stable government. He sought to extend Queensland's trade to Asian markets and to introduce 'Malays and other black labour' for plantation work. In all these aims he had some personal as well as public interest for he invested heavily, though not pro tably, in cotton-planting and in the Valley of Lagoons, a large sheep station on the Burdekin. Before Herbert visited England in July 1862 some of his qualities were beginning to lose e ect. In June he had even withdrawn an electoral reform measure for fear of defeat. His conservatism had drawn re from the Courier, Brisbane's most in uential newspaper, and he was deemed too anxious to accommodate opinions in the legislature merely to stay in power. His low view of ordinary colonists caused critics to remind him that he had been appointed to o ce in a very special way and now had to cultivate popular opinion. His ability and integrity were respected, and in London his Australian reputation was enhanced by such things as his public remonstrance against a proposal to renew convict transportation. In his absence Macalister had acted as premier and, though the Courier had found Herbert's colleagues even less acceptable, it suggested to the traveller that he was no longer indispensable. On his return in April 1863 the assembly reproached him for going to England without leave and only his cool tact saved the motion from becoming a censure. Soon afterwards a popular railway bill was passed only by the Speaker's casting vote. The colony's rst parliament was dissolved and at the general election in May a determined attempt was made to defeat him. He sought local credit by standing for North Brisbane and lost, but won the rural electorate of West Moreton after a bitter contest. The new parliament con rmed Herbert's power. He anticipated and received better majorities than ever in the assembly, and the leadership of the Legislative Council went to his friend, (Sir) John Bramston. To Herbert the o cial Opposition, led by Mackenzie and later joined by Walsh, was 'feeble'. He passed the measures he wanted and indulged his preference for the o ce work of government over that of parliament, but by 1865 he was 'weary and sick and disgusted with colonial politics'. For two years he had withdrawn increasingly from colonial society, except for such pastimes as horse-racing, yachting and seabathing. His circle of friends was restricted and when not at his o ce or Government House, where Bowen required him more often than he liked, his greatest pleasure was Herston, his and Bramston's stone house in a well-stocked seventy acres (28 ha) about three miles (4.8 km) from town. He decided that he must have another 'taste of civilization' and in November told his ministers of his decision. In February 1866 he turned the premiership over to Macalister and when parliament met in April he sat as a private member. The pleasure of many members at his 'political decease' and Macalister's rst term in o ce were short. In July a crisis was precipitated by the failure of Agra & Masterman's Bank in London. To replace funds borrowed from this source, the ministry proposed to issue inconvertible government notes, 'greenbacks', but Bowen insisted that his Instructions required him to reserve any such measure for consideration by the British government. Macalister resigned as premier and Bowen instantly recalled Herbert, commissioning him on 20 July a member of the Executive Council without portfolio to avoid any ministerial re-election. In the assembly Herbert steered the legislation for securing loans from local and southern banks to tide the government over its troubles. Both Bowen's Instructions and Herbert's Peelite mind prescribed no more than these 'ordinary remedies'. Macalister had panicked and the mobs were loud in Brisbane, but the governor and his minister imposed orthodoxy with a margin of 18 votes in a House of 32. Herbert's electors in West Moreton sent him a glowing memorial but he resigned on 7 August. He sailed on the 20th with some unfriendly press but also with power of attorney from Macalister's new ministry to supervise the sale of colonial debentures in London. A career in England was always thought in Queensland to be available to Herbert. He was now fairly done with politics and little else remained for him in the colony, even though he told Carnarvon of his probable intention to return 'to look after … sheep and cattle'. Carnarvon, then secretary of state, tried but failed to arrange his cousin's employment in the Colonial O ce. Instead, Herbert accepted an assistant secretaryship at the Board of Trade. In 1870 he became an assistant under-secretary in the Colonial O ce and in May 1871 permanent under-secretary. His experience and aristocratic connexions had Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools served him well. He brought to the Colonial O ce some of the empire-mindedness which Carnarvon was issuing from the opposition side of the House of Lords. With Carnarvon's return to the Colonial O ce in February 1874, there began a remarkable partnership in policy making for the colonies. By seeking to strengthen the upper echelons of the Colonial O ce, by promoting co-operation between Britain and the larger colonies, by attempting to reorganize military relations with those colonies and by asserting British claims to the south-west Paci c, the cousins were responsible in the colonial sphere for earning the label of 'imperialist' for Disraeli's second ministry. Carnarvon's enthusiasms were partially discredited when he fell out with his colleagues in January 1878 and Herbert's reputation su ered also. However, he was a xture in the o ce and carried through into the era when the 'scramble for Africa' transformed the nature of European imperial activity. Although this process was chie y the concern of the Foreign O ce, Herbert constantly advised his chiefs, emphasizing the need for Britain to maintain her or her colonies' supremacy especially in Africa and the Paci c. He retired in 1892. After Carnarvon died in 1890 Herbert undertook the general editorship of his cousin's speeches and writings, including several volumes on colonial and imperial a airs. Among other duties he served in 1893-96 as agent-general for Tasmania, advised the sultan of Johore, chaired meetings of the Royal Colonial Institute and helped to found the British Empire League. He approved Joseph Chamberlain's strong policies and in 1900 he consented to return brie y to the Colonial O ce as permanent under- secretary. In 1903 he accepted the chairmanship of Chamberlain's tari 'Commission' where he exhibited the qualities which had won him the name of 'the perfect civil servant', imperturbable and e cient, with an outwardly gracious manner which, as in Queensland, was tempered by occasional acidity and intolerance of fools. He was made K.C.B. in 1882 and G.C.B. in 1892. He was also chancellor of the order of St Michael and St George. Unmarried he died on 6 May 1905 at Ickleton, his death attended by the comparative obscurity which he had chosen since 1867. Perhaps it was his dedication to the civil service which led the Saturday Review to proclaim him 'a solid rather than a brilliant member of a singularly interesting family'." Hill, Charles Station owner From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by A.A. Morrison (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hill- Lumley (grazier/squatter);Member of the charles-lumley-3768): Qld Parliament 'Charles Lumley Hill (1840-1909), grazier, parliamentarian and cattle-breeder, was born at Tickhill Castle, Yorkshire, England, son of Charles John Hill, colonel of Hussars, and his wife Lady Frances Charlotte Arabella, daughter of Frederick Lumley and granddaughter of the fourth Earl of Scarbrough. Educated at Rossall School, he entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in October 1860 but did not take a degree. He migrated to South Australia in 1863 and had some experience on a station near Port Augusta. In 1864 he moved to Queensland where he soon became manager of Northampton Downs. In 1865 with his Oxford friends, William Holberton and William Thomas Allen, he bought sheep, drove them to the Barcoo River, took up part of Isis Downs and later acquired the runs of Westlands, Avington and Thornleigh. They had much trouble with the Aboriginals and Hill was prominent in measures to suppress them. The stations were sold when his partners returned to England. In 1878 Hill was returned unopposed to the Legislative Assembly for the Gregory district where he had bought a share in Rosebrook station. At rst he supported (Sir) Arthur Palmer and (Sir) Thomas McIlwraith but, disappointed at not receiving a portfolio, he joined Boyd Morehead and Oscar de Satgé in forming a cave within the government ranks. He was further alienated in 1880 when Morehead joined the ministry. McIlwraith's proposal for a transcontinental land-grant railway made Hill and other western graziers fearful of their properties and he strongly opposed the project in the press and public meetings. In 1882 he sold his properties, resigned his seat and sailed for England.' Hodgkinson, Warden;Newspaper Presided over various inquests into deaths of Europeans/others by Aboriginal people on some of the William (Billy) editor;Member of the Qld mineral elds, including that of Manuel Yous at Gilbert River in 1878. In amongst his many endeavours he Oswald Parliament;Police Magistrate may have been a member of the NMP, referred to in a single newspaper article: 'among his multifarious experiences served as a native police o cer (vide his graphic and of course highly historical 'Last Chapter' recently published in the Centennial Magazine) complained of his old companions in arms being gradually dispensed with. Mr. Morehead observed that the black troopers must gradually diminish in sympathy with those for whose 'improvement' that peculiar arm is maintained.' (Darling Downs Gazette, 11 September 1889, p1). The Centennial Magazine story refers to a reprisal by a white man and two troopers on Aboriginal people who had killed a miner at Gilberton and may in fact refer to Hodgkinson's time on the Etheridge as Mining Warden, rather than to the NMP per se. From Australian Dictionary of Biography (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hodgkinson-william-oswald- 3775): "William Oswald Hodgkinson (1835-1900), sailor, explorer, journalist, miner, gold elds warden and politician, was born on 31 March 1835 at Handsworth, Warwick, England, son of William Oswald Hodgkinson, civil engineer, and his wife Harriet, née Brown. Educated at Birmingham Grammar School he early began his varied and energetic career. In 1851 he rst viewed Australia as a midshipman in the Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools mercantile marine. By 1853 he was in government service on the Tarnagulla and Forest Creek gold elds in Victoria, and may have shared in the Eureka a air in 1854. He then returned to England and was a clerk in the War O ce until 1859, when he sailed for Melbourne to join the literary sta of the Age. His reporting brought him into contact with Robert O'Hara Burke, whose expedition he joined in 1860. At one stage he rode to Melbourne and back, over 800 miles (1287 km) in twenty days. He fortunately missed the fatal later half of the expedition, became one of Alfred Howitt's search party and then, requested by the South Australian government, became second-in-command of the 1861 John McKinlay relief party. He claimed that George Goyder taught him surveying to enable him to qualify for the post. This expedition, after nding Gray's grave, discovered the Diamantina, crossed the McKinlay Range to the Leichhardt River, and went through the Burdekin country to Bowen. Hodgkinson became editor of the Rockhampton Morning Bulletin, then founded a short-lived weekly and in 1866 gave Mackay its rst newspaper, the Mercury. He soon sold out, returned to Rockhampton and in 1868 appeared with a crushing battery on the young Ravenswood gold eld. There and at the Cape eld he became well known, oating several companies and joining other mining ventures. In 1870 he moved to the Etheridge gold eld for his rst post as mining warden and police magistrate, his impact winning him election to the Legislative Assembly for the Burke district in 1874. Still restless, he resigned his seat in 1875 to lead a government expedition to examine the area between the Etheridge and Cloncurry elds and new country in the south-west and to report on it for mining, pastoral and agricultural purposes. This last o cially-sponsored expedition in Queensland opened up the last major unexplored area, taking him to the Diamantina, Mulligan and Herbert Rivers, north to Normanton and up the Cloncurry and Flinders Rivers to Brisbane. In January 1876 his friend James Mulligan discovered the river and gold eld which he named after Hodgkinson. In 1878-83 Hodgkinson was mining warden, on the Etheridge to 1881 and then on the Palmer where in 1884 he was temporarily suspended pending investigation of one of his reports. To the select committee of inquiry it more closely resembled a prospectus boosting a mine in which (Sir) Thomas McIlwraith, premier and minister for mines, was interested, and aimed at investment in the eld while glossing over its languishing condition. However, the committee admitted that McIlwraith had asked for a report, and that Hodgkinson had strong faith that untapped reefs would revive this old alluvial eld. But more than scandal was needed to halt Hodgkinson. By 1886 he was warden for Gympie, the premier gold eld, and chosen by the new premier, Sir Samuel Gri th, as special commissioner to examine sites for prospective government-subsidized central sugar-mills and alternative claims for continued coloured labour. On his recommendation two central mills were tried at Mackay but in vain. Hodgkinson had supported McIlwraith, but in 1887 Gri th o ered him the new portfolio of mines and works. Opposition papers in 1888 claimed that this was Gri th's best election card for the north where he was disliked but Hodgkinson was 'deservedly popular with most mining communities'. Requested to stand for six electorates he chose Burke and was successful, but the Gri th government was not. In 1890 he was given the curious portfolio of mines and public instruction under the Gri th-McIlwraith coalition. He initiated several important mining Acts before his defeat by John Hoolan in 1893 when Labor rst began to sweep the mining electorates. Like many other miners Hodgkinson went to Western Australia where he represented an English syndicate and won wide respect as an expert on mining. In 1896 he was in Sydney until appointed in 1899 rst editor of the Queensland Government Mining Journal. He died of in uenza on 23 July 1900, predeceased by his wife Kate, née Robertson, whom he had married in Rockhampton, and survived by three of their four children. Hodgkinson had 'a ready pen and a ready tongue' but his literary style was described as 'chie y distinguished by its great di useness', and to C. A. Bernays he was 'voluble' in parliament. Such a failing was perhaps a safety-valve for his explosive energy. In the politics of the pre-Labor era he called himself a working man's representative. Reputed an admirer of Peter Lalor he supported the miners' stand against Chinese encroachment on the gold elds and later against the employers' attempts to cut wages and employment. In 1890 he linked himself with Thomas Glassey as 'a new power in the House' which was alarming to the more conservative, though he was too far to the right to satisfy the demands of Labor in the 1890s. Exploration was probably his most notable achievement." Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Hodgson, Station owner Took up Eton Vale station on the Darling Downs in 1840 with Gilbert Elliott. For more information see: Arthur (grazier/squatter);Member of the http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hodgson-sir-arthur-1155, Qld Parliament;Member of the https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3782971224 and NSW Parliament https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/members/formermembers/Pages/former-member-details.aspx? pk=473 He employed John Watts by 1856, and subsequently went into partnership with him for a time before returning to England. Hope, Louis Station owner From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by A.A. Morrison (grazier/squatter);Member of the (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hope-louis-3791): Qld Parliament 'Louis Hope (1817-1894), grazier, sugar planter and miller, was born on 29 October 1817, the seventh son of John Hope, fourth Earl of Hopetoun, and his second wife Louisa Dorothea, née Wedderburn. He became a captain in the Coldstream Guards and in 1843 went to New South Wales, moving north to Moreton Bay in 1848. In 1853 at Ormiston he took up land surveyed by James Burnett and with Robert Ramsay as partner bought Kilcoy station which became entirely his in 1863. He served in the Queensland Legislative Council in 1862-82. At Ormiston and Kilcoy Hope lived as a landed aristocrat, building on each station a comfortable colonial house, though with every precaution against marauding Aboriginals. Reputedly he was once invited to attend Governor Sir George Bowen, then visiting Cleveland, but refused, declaring that a mere knight should attend on him as the son of an earl. However, at Ormiston he became a major gure in establishing the colony's sugar industry. Some twenty acres (8 ha) were put under sugar cultivation with Kanaka labour from 1865 onwards. He had a mill built and in 1864 produced three tons (3.04 tonnes) of sugar and fteen cwt (762kg) of molasses. He supplied plants for the several experiments of John Buhôt and cuttings for plantations in the Oxley district. He also advised another sugar pioneer Claudius Whish. In August 1865 the Queensland parliament refused his petition for a grant of at least 2000 acres (809 ha), but in 1867 he was given the right to take up 2560 acres (1036 ha). Of these 1800 (728 ha) were taken up near the mouth of the Coomera River (Hope Island) and 760 acres (308 ha) at Kilcoy. ... On 12 October 1859 he had married Susan Frances Sophia, daughter of William Dumaresq. He was survived by his wife (d.4 December 1901), three sons and ve daughters. When St John's Anglican Cathedral in Brisbane was opened in 1910 the family donated a grey granite pulpit as a memorial to their parents. Ormiston House is now owned by Carmelite Sisters and on the front lawn is a memorial to Hope, erected by the sugar interests in Queensland.' Isaac, Station owner Took up Gowrie on the Darling Downs before 1844 and Emu Creek (Dulacca/Doolachah) station in the Frederick (grazier/squatter);Member of the vicinity of the Condamine River on the Darling Downs in southeast Queensland by 1848; made complaints (Fred) Neville Qld Parliament about Aboriginal attacks on stock and lives in 1848. Originally from Maitland. From https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=286132946: "Arrived in Queensland in 1840 and from Gowrie Station joined Dr Leichhardt on his rst expedition; Began exploring on his own account in 1841 and took up Dulacca Station in 1847; Became a partner in Gowrie in 1852; Elected a member of the Philosophical Society; Appointed magistrate and returning o cer for Western Downs." Jackson, Member of the Qld Purchased the Willows near Tolga, far north Queensland, in 1888 with his brothers James, Thomas and George Parliament;Selector (e.g. John (Cairns Post 1 September 1950, p6; Cairns Post 18 August 1938, p12). Member for Ravenshoe agricultural or other selection) Kennedy, Station owner Took up Tierryboo (sometimes Tieryboo) station in 1841, later to become Condamine. Also took up William (grazier/squatter);Justice of the Bindango near Muckadilla on the Maranoa in 1860: "Bindango Station was the next to be taken up about Francis Peace;Member of the Qld this time [1860] by Mr. W. F. Kennedy of Tieryboo, near Condamine. His manager was Mr. James M. Parliament Gilmour, who lived there [for] some years with his brother, John M. [Gilmour]. James Gilmour was afterwards sub-inspector of Native Police at Thargomindah." (McManus 1913:online) For more information see https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2644163150. Kent, William Station owner William Kent and Edward Wienholt took up Fassifern station in 1848, Rosalie Plains and Cooyar in 1858 (grazier/squatter);Member of the (Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser 27 February 1858, p2), leased the main station Qld Parliament Jondaryan in 1858 and eventually purchased it in 1863. They also took up Goomburra and Degilbo stations (date unknown), as well as many others. For more information see https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2901738855. Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Landsborough, Station owner Brother of John and James Landsborough. William (grazier/squatter);Explorer;Police From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by Gwen Trundle Magistrate;Member of the Qld (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/landsborough-william-3984): Parliament Born in 1825, migrated in 1841 to New South Wales where his elder brothers held two stations in New England. In 1854 he followed his brothers north to Monduran, their station on the Kolan River, and with various partners applied for leases. He explored and named Mount Nebo in 1856 and later leased blocks in the area. He explored around Broad Sound in 1857, the Comet and Nogoa Rivers in 1858 and with Stewart examined the Bonar (Bowen) River in 1859. They reached Torrens Creek and looked carefully for traces of Ludwig Leichhardt. From Rockhampton he then went with Nat Buchanan in search of new pastures, and traced Aramac Creek and the Thomson River. Their food ran out but they found good country. In 1861 Landsborough applied for 15 runs of 100 sq. miles (259 km²) each and with Buchanan and Edward Cornish formed the Landsborough River Co. to stock the new 'Plains of Promise', which he named Bowen Downs. To raise capital he sold all his stations except Glenprairie near Broad Sound. ... In 1861 Landsborough was chosen by the Victorian and Queensland governments to lead a search for Robert O'Hara Burke and William Wills from the Gulf of Carpentaria southwards. ... Landsborough had been nominated for life to the Legislative Council. He took his seat on 2 May 1865 but resigned on the 11th. After a week he was reappointed but resigned again on 23 September. He then became police magistrate and commissioner of crown lands in Carpentaria. See also: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=568021506 Lilley, Charles Government employee/Public Premier of Queensland from 25 November 1867 until 3 May 1870, and a leading lawyer in the edgling servant;Member of the Qld colony. Parliament From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by HJ Gibney (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lilley- sir-charles-4020): "Sir Charles Lilley (1827-1897), politician and judge, was born on 27 August 1827 at Newcastle upon Tyne, son of Thomas Lilley and his wife Jane, née Shipley. Reared by his maternal grandfather and educated at St Nicholas Parish School, he was articled on 2 October 1849 to the Newcastle solicitor, William Lockey Harle, sent to his London o ce, and for two years studied at University College, London. On 3 December 1851 Lilley enlisted in the 1st Royal Dragoons as a private. On duty at Preston, Lancashire, he helped to start a free library and often lectured with moderation on temperance, adult education and industrial relations, but in 1853 he rashly fraternized with workers threatening a major strike. The military authorities thought him dangerous and gave him twenty-eight days in cells, nominally for absence without leave. Enraged, Lilley bought his discharge on 6 February 1854 and returned to the law. Advised in 1855 by James Wilson, founder of the Economist, he decided to migrate and on 6 July 1856 arrived at Sydney. Lilley moved to Brisbane and on 10 November was articled to Robert Little, but soon joined W. C. Belbridge in leasing the Moreton Bay Courier from James Swan. As editor he won popularity by advocating separation from New South Wales, but the paper was not a success and the lease was terminated. However, writing about politics had whetted his taste for participation. In 1859 he was active in forming the Liberal Association, which was widely criticized as a rigid machine geared for his own aggrandizement. On 10 April 1858 he had married Sarah Jane, daughter of Joshua Jeays, an architect with radical political views. To support his growing family Lilley returned to Little's o ce, completed his articles, was admitted to the Bar on 22 November 1861, joined J. F. Garrick as partner, and in December 1865 was appointed Q.C. In May 1860 Lilley had been elected for Fortitude Valley to Queensland's rst Legislative Assembly, defeating a squatter contestant by three votes. Known as 'Lilley of the Valley', his views harmonized with those of his radical constituents, many of whom had been inspired to migrate by J. D. Lang. As an ex- soldier he became an enthusiastic o cer of volunteers and in 1862, allegedly at Governor Sir George Bowen's behest, he introduced a bill for a conscripted militia. The resultant uproar almost ended his parliamentary career. In a public meeting he sought to defend himself but was nearly lynched by his constituents and in June withdrew the bill. From 11 September 1865 to 20 July 1866 Lilley was attorney-general in Macalister's ministry and again from 7 August 1866 to 15 August 1867. From 25 November 1868 to 12 November 1869 he was attorney- general in his own ministry. He was called as premier to solve an impasse caused by the almost equal strength of the parties but was plagued by the worst economic depression in Queensland's history and by his unstable coalition ministry. Lilley's several cabinets included two other Liberals, four squatters, one northern separationist and the mercurial Macalister, and held within themselves all the strains and con icts inherent in Queensland politics. Lilley was more impulsive than diplomatic and found his team di cult to manage. On 25 January Macalister, hoping to upset the government, resigned after a violent quarrel with Lilley and T. H. Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Fitzgerald. Lilley was able to secure Fitzgerald's resignation and persuaded Macalister to rejoin the ministry; James Taylor became secretary for lands, T. B. Stephens colonial treasurer and Arthur Hodgson colonial secretary, but Lilley's credit su ered from the reshu e. In November 1869 when both John Douglas and Hodgson resigned, Ratcli e Pring became attorney-general and Lilley colonial secretary. In these circumstances, his premiership was unimpressive. Only 17 of 39 bills introduced and only 3 of 10 introduced by Lilley were passed. Both his most important measures were lost in the second reading. Ironically, his one success was a comprehensive Pastoral Leases Act. Lilley had resisted the extortionate claims made by the monopolistic Australasian Steam Navigation Co. for increase in its mail subsidies. In 1869 he visited Sydney with the governor and despite objections from his ministers signed a contract for three government steamers, an action which rapidly reduced the company's demands. On 1 January 1870 he abolished fees in government schools by ministerial directive, again without the approval of his colleagues. He was accused of arrogance and his parliamentary support began to evaporate. When the House met in April he had to move his own address-in-reply. In a bitter speech, J. P. Bell moved a no con dence motion and in the division Lilley was supported only by his cabinet and Henry Jordan. The Courier suggested that Lilley was defeated by the machinations of an Ipswich clique opposed to the Brisbane-Ipswich railway and to Bernays he was ahead of his time. His impulsive and domineering leadership of a patchwork cabinet and what the Courier called an unbecoming levity of manner were su cient explanations. When parliament met in November 1870, the new premier, Arthur Palmer, with only sixteen supporters was saved from disaster when Macalister agreed to become Speaker. To Lilley this was treachery and, partly by a personal canvass, he secured Macalister's defeat in June 1871. As leader of the Opposition, Lilley was more e ective than he had been as premier. A master of procedures, he virtually stopped government business from December 1870 to August 1871 by constant libusters and adjournment motions; outside the House, he led public meetings and petitioned the governor for parliamentary reform. In August the administrator, Sir Maurice O'Connell, dissolved parliament and in the following election Palmer secured a majority of six. Lilley refused to accept defeat. He claimed that the election had been won by inequitable electorates and continued the struggle until Palmer had passed his redistribution bill, the rst signi cant reduction in the power of the squatting party. Despite the success of his struggle for democracy Lilley was ambivalent on the subject. Arrogant about his own brilliance, he described manhood su rage as vicious because it allowed any shepherd or labourer to have the same in uence as an educated professional or an employer who contributed heavily to the revenue. Macalister returned to the assembly in June 1872 and soon became leader of the Opposition. Supplanted, Lilley claimed to have been so disgusted with his fellow members in 1870 that nothing would ever drag him back to the treasury. When the Palmer government fell on 8 January 1874, he rejected an invitation to join Macalister's ministry. He promised general support but continued to embarrass Macalister. In July he accepted the o er of an acting seat on the Supreme Court bench. On the retirement of Sir James Cockle in 1879 Lilley became chief justice. For a time he was in uential in liberal councils but gradually drifted into the seclusion of the bench. Lilley's exible interpretation of radicalism was exempli ed on 21 May 1881 when he was o ered a knighthood. At rst he sought permission to decline because the o er recognized not his personal qualities but his o ce. The Colonial O ce believed that he was piqued because his political enemy, Palmer, had been knighted earlier and would thus have precedence, but when pressed, Lilley accepted on 28 October 1881. His principles occasionally caused other di culties. His sentences on the crew of the blackbirder Hopeful, convicted for brutality and murder in 1883, polarized the colony. Advocates of coloured labour argued that the men had behaved in accordance with accepted custom and that the evidence against them was suspect. Their opponents saw Lilley's sentences as a salutary lesson but after a petition in 1888 the Morehead government released the men in spite of Lilley's objections. With advancing age Lilley began to regret his detachment from active politics and to express outspoken support for extreme radical causes, often hinting that he would not stay permanently on the bench. In 1890 he became a hero to the socialist and republican movements by attacking politicians as a class, advocating an Australian republic and decrying the imperial connexion. By cultivating the growing Labor Party, he was invited in March 1891 to lay the foundation stone of the Brisbane Trades Hall and in 1892 he regretfully declined an invitation from the New South Wales Labor Electoral League to a public reception in Sydney. Incautiously, Lilley left himself open to attack from those who objected to his views. The Supreme Court successes of his barrister son, Edwyn, became so frequent that they were once ascribed ippantly to 'the light of the son'. Because clients were quick to take advantage, Edwyn was said to receive more briefs than three other leading barristers together. The subject reached parliament in July 1890 when M. B. Gannon, a McIlwraith supporter, introduced the justices prevention bill to bar Edwyn from the Supreme Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Court, but the bill was opposed by legal members and vanished from the notice paper in November. In 1891 Edwyn appeared for the Queensland Investment and Land Mortgage Co. of London in an action for fraud against its local directors including Sir Thomas McIlwraith and Sir Arthur Palmer. After thirty- seven days of hearing, he was permitted by his father to amend the pleadings and soon afterwards the chief justice decided to discharge the jury. He argued that no judge could accept a verdict against his own conscience and when the hearings closed after fty- ve days, he reserved judgment on 23 July 1892. Meanwhile Gannon had moved on 31 March in the House that no judge should sit alone or in chambers in any matter in which his son was counsel. Because the case was sub judice, the motion was deferred several times but on 21 July it was passed by 40 to 4. Lilley's judgment on 17 August gave substantial damages to the plainti and caused immediate uproar. McIlwraith is said to have sworn vengeance, and for the appeal in October a special arrangement was made with New South Wales for Sir William Windeyer to replace Lilley on the bench. The Full Court reversed Lilley's judgment. For some time Lilley had contemplated retirement but announced it on 24 October and McIlwraith was rumoured to have had his revenge. Lilley immediately visited New Zealand on leave and returned to retire on 13 February 1893. In other colonies his views made him an embarrassing visitor to be practically ignored. The apparent partisanship of Lilley's judicial swan song endeared him to the Labor Party. He saw a chance for a political comeback which would counterbalance his ignominious departure from the bench and at the same time injure those whom he saw as lineal descendants of old enemies. Rejecting invitations from republican supporters to contest northern seats, he announced in April 1893 his candidature for North Brisbane against McIlwraith. His running mate for the two-member seat was Thomas Glassey, the Labor leader. His thirteen point programme included repeal of the Land Grant Railway Act, abolition of coloured labour, a White Australia policy, radical electoral reform and a progressive land tax, but he foolishly insisted on his independence of the Labor machine. With an almost uniformly hostile press, Lilley and Glassey polled just over half the combined vote for McIlwraith and Kingsbury. Lilley died at his Brisbane home on 20 August 1897, survived by his wife, eight sons and ve daughters. After his knighthood, few Queenslanders could take Lilley's exaggerated radicalism seriously. Their distrust was reinforced by his rigid refusal to commit himself fully to the Labor Party. Rejected by his social equals, he was never quite accepted by those whom he sought to woo. He was more successful in his consistent pursuit of an educational ideal. Stimulated by the atmosphere of University College, London, he was instrumental before 1860 in establishing the Brisbane School of Arts and in 1869 helped to found the Brisbane Grammar School, serving later as its chairman of trustees. In 1870 his government fell partly over free education and in 1874 he chaired a royal commission which led to a free and secular education policy. This achieved, he began a campaign for a university and in 1891 chaired a royal commission on university establishment, but did not live to see it founded in 1909." Little, William Butcher;Member of the Qld With his brother John Duke Little and John Jones Byers ran several butchering establishments, including Clancy Parliament;Prospector/miner on the Hodgkinson and Palmer (at Byerstown) and had cattle paddocks on the Upper Laura and the Walsh River. 'The Little brothers included 'Billy' Little, who was an identity on the Palmer, the Etheridge, and the Hodgkinson, and was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.' (Northern Herald 23 January 1924, p32) For more information see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2666893043 Macalister, Government employee/Public Premier of Qld from1 February 1866 until 20 July 1866, again from 7 August 1866 until 15 August 1867, Arthur servant;Member of the Qld and again fro 8 January 1874 until 5 June 1876. Parliament Macdonald, Station owner Brother of John Graham and Charles. 'He did a lot of exploring work, and was with the party which Peter Fitzallan (grazier/squatter);Member of the avenged the Wills' massacre. He settled at Yaamba and owned numerous properties‚Fernlees, Qld Parliament Marmadilla, and others He also speculated largely in downs properties, and had extensive interests in Rockhampton. He represented Blackall from 1873 to 1878, but one session of Parliament proved enough for him.' (Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts 21 June 1919, p5) 'Career Proprietor, Rockhampton's Daily Northern Argus; Overseer, Geelong Run, 1851 to 1854. Manager, Geelong Run, 1857. Lessee at Yaamba, Waverley, Columbra, Fernlees, Glendarrawill, Marmadilla and Lake Learmonth Stations' (https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=624661065) Mackenzie, Station owner In partnership with George Pearce Serocold in Cockatoo station. Premier of Queensland from 15 August Robert (grazier/squatter);Member of the 1967 until 25 November 1868. Ramsay Qld Parliament Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by R.B. Joyce: 'Sir Robert Ramsay Mackenzie (1811-1873), squatter and politician, was born on 21 July 1811 at Coul, Ross-shire, Scotland, the fourth son of Sir George Steuart Mackenzie, 7th baronet, and his wife Mary, fth daughter of Donald Macleod of Geanies, Ross-shire. With £750 Mackenzie arrived in the Wave at Sydney in April 1832 and joined his brother James. He soon paid H. H. Macarthur £500 for sheep which he depastured at Riddlesdale, near Dungog, and the brothers began to speculate in land. In 1837 Mackenzie bought Salisbury station in the New England district and separated from his brother, promising him £3000. By 1839 he was heavily in debt and borrowed £8000 from his family in Scotland. He continued to buy stock and take up runs in New England; at di erent times he held Bolivia, Furracabad, Ballindean, Turracabal and Tenter eld stations, which were left in the charge of managers while he lived in Sydney. By December 1840 he was £19,000 in debt, but claimed that he 'could work it out'. He sold Salisbury to M. H. Marsh and Bolivia to S. A. Donaldson with whom he had a kind of partnership. In April 1841 under the Insolvency Act he took out a letter of licence and his a airs were put in the hands of Donaldson & Dawes as agents. His accounts failed to improve and in 1844 he became bankrupt with debts of over £27,000. An absentee squatter who allegedly lived extravagantly in Sydney, Mackenzie's nancial methods were slipshod and he kept 'no book of accounts showing … receipts of the wool'. His speculations were deliberately obscure and his creditors suspected that people held sheep and properties for him. After the crash he managed Tenter eld for Donaldson. In 1846 Mackenzie got his certi cate of discharge and married Louisa Alexandrina (d.1906), daughter of Richard Jones. In 1847 he was appointed a magistrate and lived at Clifton, New England. In 1856 Mackenzie was part-lessee of fty-two runs with a total area of 1536 sq. miles (3978 km²) in the Leichhardt and Burnett Districts, on the upper Dawson River, in the Carnarvon and Expedition Ranges and on Barambah Creek. His average tenure was about three years, but this time his transactions were pro table and he had disposed of all his interests by the depression of 1867. He was a trustee of the Trust and Agency Co. of Australasia and lived in New Farm, Brisbane. On the separation of Queensland Mackenzie entered politics. He was chosen on 18 December 1859 by Governor Sir George Bowen, who described him as a pastoralist 'of high honour and integrity, of methodical habits of business', as colonial treasurer in Herbert's rst ministry. From May 1860 to April 1869 he represented the Burnett in the Legislative Assembly. While treasurer he described G. E. Dalrymple's proposed expedition to the Burdekin as land speculation and in uenced the government to countermand the proclamation opening the Kennedy district. From December 1859 he had served on the Board of National Education and as chairman of the Board of General Education set up under the 1860 Act, but resigned in 1861 after being rebuked in parliament for his opposition to subsidies for denominational schools and left the board in 1862. Mackenzie resigned as treasurer when Arthur Macalister was preferred as acting head of the administration when Herbert went to England in 1862. Bitterly disappointed, Mackenzie published in the Guardian his correspondence with Herbert, interpreting it as a promise of succession. He put even more blame on Macalister and joined those who opposed him. However, the o er of the colonial secretaryship induced Mackenzie in February 1866 to serve under Macalister, who resigned on 18 July in the nancial crisis. After Herbert's brief premiership, Macalister formed another ministry but without Mackenzie whom he alleged had made a written o er to join him. Mackenzie led the attacks on Macalister, partly on the extent of free selection envisaged in a land bill. He defended the alienation of land to squatters and asserted that 'a great deal of balderdash had been talked about squatters and “cormorants”.' Macalister resigned on 15 August 1867 and Mackenzie formed the next government as premier and colonial treasurer. His ministry, dominated by squatting members including Arthur Palmer, passed land legislation guaranteeing graziers in the settled areas ten-year leases of half their existing runs with extensive rights of pre-emption, and in the outside areas twenty-one-year leases. Mackenzie's Crown Land Alienation Act seemed to encourage agriculture but led to much dummying and speculation by the squatters. His ministry passed forty-eight measures, including several innocuous legal bills, but his position as leader was never assured. Though defeated by two votes in August 1868 during the address-in-reply debate, his resignation was refused by Governor Blackall who granted him a dissolution. When parliament met in November he won the vote on the address-in-reply only by the casting vote of the Speaker and resigned. On 21 December 1868 his brother William died and Mackenzie succeeded as 10th baronet. Despite his organizing ability he did not seek re-election in 1869. In 1871 he returned to Scotland where he died on 19 September 1873, survived his wife, a son and four daughters, two of whom married into the Archer family of Queensland.' Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Macrossan, Member of the Qld Parliament Served as Secretary for Public Works and Mines from 1879 until 1883, Secretary for Public Works and John Murtagh Mines from 1888 until 1890 and Colonial Secretary and Secretary for Mines in 1890. For more information see https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2685191799 and http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/macrossan-john-murtagh-4138 McIlwraith, Member of the Qld Took up runs on the Maranoa in the early 1860s, including a block near Wamallila East in 1862 and Thomas Parliament;Colonial subsequently Merrivale, near the head of the Maranoa River (McManus 1903:online). Was the Premier of Secretary;Station owner Queensland during three terms, from 21 January 1879 until 13 November 1883, again from 13 June 1888 (grazier/squatter);Government until 30 November 1888, and a short third time from 26 March 1893 until 27 October 1893. employee/Public servant From Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by Don Dignan (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mcilwraith-sir-thomas-4099): "Sir Thomas McIlwraith (1835-1900), premier and capitalist, was born on 17 May 1835 at Ayr, Scotland, brother of John McIlwraith. Thomas's education was fuller than that of John and included a term in arts at the University of Glasgow. He had intended to enter a learned profession but John's success in Melbourne persuaded him to migrate to Victoria in 1854. After mining at Bendigo he was a partner in Cornish & Bruce and pro ted from the Melbourne-Bendigo railway. In the railway department he worked as a surveyor and engineer on the Melbourne-Port and Geelong-Ballarat lines. In 1860 he was engaged by the contractor, J. V. A. Bruce, on the Melbourne-Bendigo railway which included the Big Hill tunnel. In a dispute with the Victorian government he represented his employers and attracted public attention. In 1864 he contested the Sandhurst seat in the Victorian Legislative Assembly but won few votes as a free trader. Meanwhile he had taken up eight runs in the Maranoa district of Queensland with his lifelong managing partner, Joseph C. Smyth. Thomas retained close relations with John, invested £3000 in John's business and on 6 June 1863 married Margaret Whannell, sister of John's wife. When Thomas nally settled in Queensland, Margaret was reluctant to live on Merivale station far from Brisbane. In 1871 she visited Merivale with her two daughters but soon returned to Melbourne for the birth of a third. In 1874 they decided to live in Brisbane but Thomas found that his wife was drinking heavily and sent her to Scotland. Her daughters, Jessie (b.1866) and Mary (b.1868), went to expensive boarding schools in Edinburgh, but Blanche (b.1872) lived with her mother. McIlwraith tried to separate his wife from her children but his father rejected the proposal because, despite her bitterness, Margaret's behaviour had been exemplary. She died at Maxwelltown, Dumfriesshire, Scotland on 14 October 1877. McIlwraith's ethics displayed the harsh double standards of many Calvinists. He once reproached a politician for reading a newspaper on Sunday although he himself drank to excess, fathered an illegitimate daughter in Victoria and did not emerge blameless from the three largest nancial scandals in Queensland history. Despite his success in Victoria and assets of £11,543 19s. 5d., the easy land terms o ered by Queensland attracted him and at 28 he diverted his capital and energy to the new colony. Though at rst he lived only partly in Queensland, the threat to his new investments from nancial depression and pastoral recession in 1866-75 helped to commit him fully to the colony. The collapse of an English nancial house ended the reckless expansion of 1860-66 and while southern ocks expanded Queensland's sheep numbers fell by 15 per cent by 1878. McIlwraith & Smyth, troubled by drought, breeding problems and low prices, lost some of their runs. In April 1869 his father urged him to transfer his investments to the family shipping business, but McIlwraith preferred to solve his problems by exchanging his sheep stations for cattle runs and by seeking more British and Melbourne capital. In 1870 he declared his faith in the meat producing potential of Queensland and, encouraged by his father, saw a major market developing among British workers. It was thus no accident that McIlwraith in 1879-80 provided some of the capital for the Strathleven experiment in shipping refrigerated meat and butter to Britain, or that the ship was chartered by his brother Andrew of McIlwraith McEacharn Ltd. McIlwraith's nal departure from Victoria in the early 1870s was dictated by the need to supervise his Queensland investments and his entry into Queensland politics. He advocated developmental railways and in 1869 told a sceptical audience in Roma that the west could not prosper without a railway to Roma. He was returned for Warrego in January 1870 in a by-election, resigned on 9 September 1871 because of business problems and was returned again for Maranoa on 25 November 1873. His campaign for a trunk railway to Roma led to his appointment as secretary for public works and mines on 8 January 1874. Soon afterwards Samuel Gri th became attorney-general; their disagreement about railway, land and education policies foreshadowed a rivalry which dominated Queensland politics till 1892. The parliament that McIlwraith entered was still divided between a squatter majority and a minority of Liberal townsmen. Cutting across this division were changing factions designed to secure expenditure in Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools particular areas. He found his cherished line to Roma blocked by a combination of Ipswich townsmen and West Moreton squatters, both objecting to the cost of extended railways. At the same time northern members sought extension of the short Rockhampton railway which hardly paid for its axle grease. McIlwraith vainly advocated an overall plan in which railways would bring the maximum tra c to the best port in the cheapest way. Parliamentary log-rolling and opposition to these piecemeal programmes encouraged him to stress electoral redistribution and payment of members. While approving liberal plans for government-sponsored immigration and railways to develop closer settlement he maintained that a franchise based on population and the voting strength of settled areas could inhibit works expenditure needed in the interior. The colony's vacant lands were, he believed, a sacred trust from the imperial government to be used for accommodating the surplus population of Britain. Taught by his Liberal father, he believed that parliamentarians should have su cient pay to devote all their time to politics but he feared the professional politician who thought more about the needs of his constituents than those of the whole colony. In his maiden speech McIlwraith had explained that he was not one to describe squatters as necessarily unprogressive; indeed, they were among the most enterprising colonists. Since the policies of the Palmer ministry represented the static and sentimental side of squatting, McIlwraith sat at rst with the Liberals, but despite his faith in heavy immigration and land settlement he never shared the Liberal dream of the interior as a cornucopia of smallholders like the American mid-west. What later became the sacred cow of a living area was anathema to McIlwraith who claimed that closer settlement without increased production was an illusion. He saw no con ict between grazing and agriculture since both used di erent types of land and each must be put to its most pro table use. To him squatting was a business enterprise, not a way of life, and squatters must retire before closer settlement. In the early 1880s he incorporated all but one of his many stations in the Darling Downs and Western Land Co., the North Australian Pastoral Co. and the Queensland Investment and Land Mortgage Co. to live as a nancier and deploy his capital more exibly. McIlwraith rst proposed a land-grant railway from Roma to the Gulf of Carpentaria when minister for works in the 1874 Macalister government and elaborated it when premier in 1881. The rst enabled Gri th to force him out of o ce and the second antagonized his squatting supporters who preferred the secure perpetual leases and extended government railways o ered by Gri th to dispossession by land- grant companies. McIlwraith also underestimated the political power of the northern electorates whose seaport residents objected to their hinterlands being drained into Brisbane, while working-class voters feared that land-grant railways would be built by coolies. McIlwraith's ideas on public nance were adopted within ve years but he lost the works portfolio in 1874. In the Opposition he campaigned for an overall plan of major public works and for a comprehensive local government bill which would relieve the central government of responsibility for roads and bridges, thereby minimizing log-rolling and regional factions. Supported by many businessmen attracted from the Liberal party by this policy, McIlwraith was able in 1875-78 to establish the rst cohesive political party in Queensland. The squatters, their power broken by the redistribution of 1876, preferred his policies to the run-busting legislation of the Liberals. All McIlwraith's economic theories depended on massive intakes of overseas capital either by government loans or land-grant railways. In 1871 he startled the Legislative Assembly by advocating a £3,000,000 loan in London, thus leading the colony into one of the highest per capita debts in the empire. To avoid loan charges he wanted to use the land-grant principle but admitted that this meant alienating large tracts of land before the building of the railway had realized their potential value. He argued, however, that the land-grant principle was not primarily a means of building railways but of promoting land settlement. In the general election of November 1878 McIlwraith won the new seat of Mulgrave and as colonial treasurer formed his rst government on 21 January 1879. He promised to raise capital for trunk lines west from Brisbane, Rockhampton and Townsville. In January 1882 when Palmer resigned as colonial secretary, McIlwraith passed the Treasury to Archibald Archer and became colonial secretary himself. His Divisional Boards Act of 1879, the most comprehensive in Australia, gave local governments unparalleled autonomy but forced rural areas to assume the nancial burden of local works. When critics complained that western graziers had government railways while the agricultural community had to nance its transport through heavy rates, he was forced to build some uneconomic branch lines in agricultural areas. However, his railway policy meant that Queensland built more trunk lines than any other colony. These developments, pursued both by the government and the adventurous Queensland National Bank in which McIlwraith was deeply involved, helped to attract £12,500,000 of private investment as well as large government loans and 26,685 immigrants in 1883. Even the seasons smiled on him and when he visited London from October 1879 to June 1880 he was lionized. His objects were to investigate the agent- general's o ce, to x a loan gure, to negotiate with a cable company and to nalize railway and shipping Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools contracts. Early in 1880 a select committee investigated allegations by William Hemmant of corrupt dealing between McIlwraith and his brother Andrew in some of the contracts. In 1881 a travelling royal commission examined the charge in England and exonerated the McIlwraiths but suspicion remained. He was appointed K.C.M.G. in 1882 and his repute revived in the nationalist fervour generated by his abortive annexation of eastern New Guinea in 1883. At the height of his popularity and success McIlwraith committed political suicide. He lost his squatting supporters in the 1883 election by insisting on a land-grant railway from Charleville to the Gulf of Carpentaria and antagonized the working class by proposing to introduce Indian coolies for sugar plantations. His following was reduced to eighteen and Gri th became premier in November. McIlwraith then revisited England. In his absence the boom generated by his development policies began to collapse. The primary staples were again su ering from successive droughts and the downward trend in world prices while McIlwraith and a host of imitators had turned to speculation in real estate and mining. Faced by temporary business di culties, he retired from politics in June 1886. At the general election of May 1888 McIlwraith won North Brisbane and led a new National party to victory. He sought in vain to discredit the rst Labor member, Thomas Glassey, and in September emerged victorious from a constitutional battle with Governor Musgrave over the prerogative of mercy. By November ill health had forced him to resign the premiership to B. D. Morehead. After a trip to Japan he quarrelled with his colleagues about William Pattison's undue in uence and on 14 September 1889 resigned from the ministry. Unable to remain long on the back benches, he astounded everyone in August 1890 by joining his old enemy Gri th as colonial treasurer in what was called 'the Gri lwraith' coalition. His in uence became obvious when Gri th, the erstwhile champion of white labour, broke the great strike of 1891 by military force and in 1892 revoked his 1885 prohibition of Kanaka recruitment for the sugar industry. Even the land-grant principle received legislative endorsement although no concessionaire could be found to use it. McIlwraith represented Queensland at the National Convention in 1891 but he favoured only a limited form of Federation and in 1900 advised Queensland without success to abstain. McIlwraith's Queensland Investment and Land Mortgage Co. was already in di culties. Since 1888 the London directors had complained that the local board made advances not only on imsy security but on illegal titles secured by dummying. In 1892 they charged McIlwraith, Palmer and two others with fraud. After fty- ve days in the Supreme Court the chief justice, Sir Charles Lilley, discharged the jury and gave judgment for the plainti s. An appeal reversed the judgment and McIlwraith was alleged to have applied pressures which forced Lilley to resign. Gri th took his place and McIlwraith became premier in March 1893. He resigned in October and served as chief secretary and secretary for railways until 29 March 1895 although he had left for England on 15 January. McIlwraith ended his political career under a cloud. Despite his absence and lack of a seat, he was appointed minister without portfolio in the hope that his health would permit his return, but his nancial position was already insecure. Until 1879 he had been a director of the Queensland National Bank and had used its resources for his large speculations in 1884-90. In 1893 the bank had been saved from collapse only by government assistance. After the Queensland National Bank Agreement Act was passed in 1896, a committee investigated its a airs. The report, delayed for three months by McIlwraith's refusal because of ill health to return for examination, revealed a degree of mismanagement amounting almost to corruption. He was alleged to have debts to the bank of over £251,000, covered by security of only £60,700 while a further £77,000 owed by him had been written o as irrecoverable. He claimed that he and E. R. Drury had been partners in speculation but asserted that many of his apparent debts were incurred as an agent of the bank. He complained bitterly that the report had been published without his defence but his nancial repute was ruined and even the conservative Brisbane Courier condemned him. On 25 November 1897 the Labor Party with government support succeeded in passing a resolution that he should retire from the ministry. On 9 December he resigned from the Executive Council. He died in London on 17 July 1900 and was buried at Ayr. His second wife Harriette Ann, née Mosman, whom he had married in 1879, was Palmer's sister-in-law; she survived him with a fourth legitimate daughter born in 1881. Although McIlwraith's economic ideas grew with experience they remained remarkably consistent throughout his career but by the 1890s they made him almost an anachronism. In 1918 T. A. Coghlan wrote that by 1893 the peculiar liberalism of Gri th had expunged any impression made by McIlwraith. Francis Adams saw him as 'the only public man in Australia who, by any stretch of imagination, one could call great'. More practical, Sir William MacGregor saw him as 'an able bully with a face like a dugong and a temper like a bu alo'. Nevertheless McIlwraith certainly had a vision of Queensland outrivalling her neighbours and a grand political style appropriate to his physical stature." Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools For more information, see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1086314255 Meston, Journalist;Protector of Editor of the Cairns Chronicle in 1885 and manager for Brownsmead & Co, Barron River. Archibald Aborigines;Member of the Qld From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by SE Stephens Parliament (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/meston-archibald-4191): "Archibald Meston (1851-1924), journalist, civil servant and explorer, was born at Donside, Aberdeen, Scotland, son of Alexander Meston and his wife Margaret, née Clark. In the Saldhana he went with his parents to Sydney in 1859 and lived at Ulmarra on the Clarence River where his father taught him the rudiments of farming. At 19 he spent six months in Queensland rambling through the country districts; he returned to New South Wales and at Sydney married Margaret Frances Prowse Shaw. They went to the Clarence River district and in 1874 to Queensland where he managed the Pearlwell plantation of Dr Waugh on the Brisbane River. From December 1875 he was editor of the Ipswich Observer until 1881 when its o ce was moved to Brisbane as the Daily Observer and East Moreton Advocate. From November 1878 to July 1882 Meston represented Rosewood in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, serving for two years as party whip. The German settlers in his electorate supported him but he was censured by the Nord Australische Zeitung for defecting from his party in the 'steel rails' controversy. He contested the seat of Cook in 1907 without success. From February to August 1881 Meston edited the Townsville Herald but became insolvent in November and was not discharged until 1885. By then he had moved to Cairns where he managed the sugar cane plantation of Horace Brinsmead & Co. on the Barron River until 1889. He also served on the Cairns Divisional Board and was its chairman from February 1883 to July 1884. Involved with the Cairns Railway League, he advocated that port as the coastal terminus of the proposed line to the western mines. Rival leagues claimed Port Douglas and Mourilyan but Cairns was chosen. Early interested in exploration, Meston had climbed Mount Kosciusko in 1860. This pastime brought him into contact with the Aborigines whose customs, habits and languages he studied. An observer of natural history, he led a government party in January 1889 to the Bellenden Ker Range and explored its summit, nding a new plant of the mangosteen family; it was named Garcinia mestonii in his honour. The report on this exploration was published and his successful journey led to other o cial engagements. In 1894 he was commissioned by Horace Tozer, colonial secretary in the Nelson ministry, to prepare plans for improving the lot of Queensland Aboriginals. His proposals were embodied in the Aboriginals Protection Act of 1897. He was made a justice of the peace and from January 1898 to December 1903 was protector of Aboriginals for southern Queensland which later included the central division. In 1910 Meston was appointed director of the Queensland Government Tourist Bureau in Sydney and continued free-lance journalism. A picturesque gure, he was caricatured by Will Donald in the Bulletin. On retiring from the public service he returned to Brisbane. His writings on early Queensland and on the Aboriginals and their lore were very readable although embellished with rhetoric. A student of Greek mythology, he was reputed to keep parliamentary reporters in turmoil with obscure legendary references. In 1895 his Geographic History of Queensland had been published in Brisbane. Meston had some success in such sports as swimming, running, rowing, boxing, hammer-throwing and weight-lifting. He was also a good marksman and learned to throw the spear and boomerang from his Aboriginal acquaintances. Aged 73 he died at the Brisbane General Hospital on 11 March 1924, survived by his wife and by four sons and one daughter of their seven children.". Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Moffatt, Station owner From Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by Beverley Kingston Thomas de (grazier/squatter);Member of the (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mo att-thomas-de-lacy-4216): Lacy Qld Parliament 'Thomas de Lacy Mo att (1826-1864), squatter and politician, was born at Athlone, County Westmeath, Ireland, son of James Robert Mo att, rector of Athlone, and his wife Elizabeth, née Kellett. Educated in Athlone, he went to Sydney in 1844 to gain experience with his uncle, Captain R. G. Mo att, at Parramatta. In 1846 he joined the squatters moving north and took up Callandoon station on the Darling Downs; he sold the station in 1849 and settled at Drayton. At Parramatta in 1850 he married Mary Isabella, widowed daughter of Thomas Bell. With his brother-in-law, J. P. Bell, Mo att became a partner in Cumkillenbar run near Dalby. He also leased two other runs, Wyanga and Goondiwindi, but continued to live at Drayton until 1861 when he moved his family to Ipswich. On 9 May 1860 he had been elected for Eastern Downs in Queensland's rst Legislative Assembly. On 4 August 1862 he succeeded R. R. Mackenzie as colonial treasurer. His policy in o ce was not specially noteworthy, although a minor crisis over the auditing procedures of his department made changes necessary. Aged 38 he died at Waterstown, Ipswich, on 2 October 1864. He was buried in Ipswich with an Anglican ceremony, survived by his wife and two sons and two daughters of their eight children. Of Mo att it had been said that 'whatever his principles may be … they give him little trouble'. He had won repute as the 'heaviest and best got up man in the Assembly', the 'Queensland Chester eld' and for the kind of pragmatism which seemed to characterize the successful squatters of the 1850s in Queensland.' For more information, see https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3370872235 Morehead, Member of the Qld Was the Premier of Queensland from 20 November 1888 until 12 August 1890. Boyd Dunlop Parliament;Government employee/Public servant 'After acquiring pastoral experience on several stations he was manager of the Scottish Australian Investment Co.'s Bowen Downs in 1866-81, often acting as an inspector of the company's other stations. In 1870 a thousand cattle were stolen from Bowen Downs and driven to South Australia. Morehead went to Adelaide to recover them and trace the thieves who were later indicted in Queensland without success. With A. B. Buchanan in 1873 he founded B. D. Morehead & Co. which had two branches: a mercantile and trading business, and a stock and station agency. By 1877 he had thirteen stations in the Mitchell District.' For more information, see: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/morehead-boyd-dunlop-4240 and https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1290859296 Morgan, Member of the Qld Was the Premier of Queensland from 17 September 1903 until 19 January 1906. Arthur Parliament;Government employee/Public servant Nelson, Hugh Member of the Qld Was the Premier of Queensland from 27 October 1893 until 13 April 1898. Parliament;Government employee/Public servant Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools O'Connell, Member of the Qld Government Resident at Gladstone in the 1850s. Gave evidence to the 1857 Select Committee of the Maurice Parliament;Commissioner of Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, and also to the 1861 Inquiry into the NMP. Was Commissioner Charles Crown Lands of Crown Lands for the District of Port Curtis in the 1850s/1860s. From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by H.J Gibney (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oconnell-sir-maurice-charles-4313): "Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell (1812-1879), soldier, public servant and politician, was born on 13 January 1812 in Sydney, son of Maurice Charles Philip O'Connell and his wife Mary, daughter of Governor William Bligh. He left for Ceylon with his parents in 1814 and in 1819 was sent to Europe for schooling. In 1828 he joined the 73rd Regiment at Gibraltar and Malta but in 1835 raised and led a regiment of Irish volunteers in the Spanish Carlist wars, rising to general of brigade in the British Auxiliary Legion. Before embarking for Spain he married Eliza Emily le Geyt at Jersey. When the legion was disbanded O'Connell returned to England with several Spanish decorations and in June 1838 purchased a captaincy in the 28th Regiment. In that year his father was appointed to command the troops in New South Wales and on 6 December O'Connell junior arrived in the Fairlie as an assistant military secretary to his father. After the regiment sailed to India in 1842 he stayed in New South Wales and sold his commission in 1844. He failed in a rst attempt to win a seat in the Legislative Council but represented Port Phillip from August 1845 to June 1848 and then became commissioner of crown lands for the Burnett District. Early in 1854 O'Connell became government resident at the new Port Curtis settlement. In August 1855 the appointment was criticized in the Legislative Council and a select committee chaired by Henry Parkes decided that the o ce was unduly expensive, that a police magistrate would have done as well and that O'Connell was not particularly suited for such a post. The o ce was abolished and he again became commissioner of crown lands. He nanced a party which found gold near Port Curtis and was reappointed as government resident to cope with the rush, allegedly created by his own too optimistic reports. While in Gladstone he acquired several squatting properties and developed a small copper-mine but in February 1860 his o ce was again abolished. He refused reappointment as commissioner of crown lands and for ve years vainly pursued a campaign for compensation as far as the Colonial O ce. When the colony of Queensland was created in 1859 O'Connell was given command of the volunteers. He was also one of the rst nominees to the Legislative Council and acted as minister without portfolio in the rst Herbert ministry. When Sir Charles Nicholson resigned in August 1860 O'Connell became president of the council. He held the post until 1879 and acted ex o cio as deputy to the governor four times. Knighthood had been proposed for him in 1864 but was not granted until 1868 when as administrator of the government he was host to the Duke of Edinburgh. He died of cancer in Parliament House on 23 March 1879 leaving no children. His widow received a government pension." Palmer, Arthur Member of the Qld Took up runs on the Peak Downs/Belyando (Craven and Peak Vale) in the early 1860s, and bought Hunter Parliament;Station Cambridge Downs on the Flinders River in the 1880s. manager;Station owner Was the Premier of Queensland from 3 May 1870 until 8 January 1874. (grazier/squatter);Colonial Secretary;Government From Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by J.X. Jobson (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/palmer-sir- employee/Public servant arthur-hunter-794): "Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer (1819-1898), pastoralist and politician, was born on 28 December 1819 in Armagh, Ireland, son of Arthur Palmer, naval lieutenant, and his wife Emily, née Hunter, of Dublin and Downpatrick. Educated at Youghal Grammar School and by a private tutor in Dublin, Palmer sailed in the City of Edinburgh and arrived at Sydney in 1838. In 1839 he worked on a property in the Illawarra district, probably as a jackeroo, and in 1840 became manager of the New England pastoral holdings of Henry Dangar. Increasingly involved in the a airs of the family, Palmer was entrusted with the care of all their properties and a airs while Dangar and his wife visited England in 1852. More than once Palmer mediated in disagreements between Dangar and his children. On his return in 1856 an agreement was drawn up making Palmer general manager of all the Dangar holdings, thereby enabling him to accumulate much capital and stock. Despite his worth to the family they refused him permission to marry Margaret Dangar in 1857. He did not press his claims and continued to manage the Dangar a airs until 1863 when the conditions of the agreement were ful lled. From the pro ts Palmer had by then begun his own pastoral endeavours in Queensland. After failing to obtain suitable land in the Mitchell District, Palmer leased thirteen runs totalling 900 sq. miles (2331km²) near the Belyando River in the South Kennedy District in 1863; he called his station Beaufort. According to C. A. Bernays, Palmer gained his earliest experience in Queensland as a bullock- driver. This seems very unlikely; he did own bullock drays but only for use on his holdings and as a business enterprise. To improve his stock he bought rams at the Darling Downs Sheep Show in July 1864. Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Over the years he expanded Beaufort and speculated in other land holdings, but with the succession of nancial crises, the application of land Acts to large stations and Palmer's troubles as a director of the Queensland National Bank, Beaufort passed from his possession in 1897. Once established as a successful pastoralist, Palmer began to take an active part in local politics. In 1865 he acted as a magistrate in the Port Curtis District. By then he felt secure enough to contemplate marriage. He sought the hand of Cecilia, daughter of a close associate, Archibald Mosman, for whose wife's marriage settlement in 1847 Palmer had been a trustee. Though he proposed to Cecilia in December 1863 and received parental approval, they were not married until 8 June 1865 in Sydney. In 1866 Palmer was elected for Port Curtis to the Legislative Assembly and as expected aligned himself with the squatter party. After the Macalister government fell in 1867, Palmer became colonial secretary and secretary for public works under R. R. Mackenzie. In this 'political apprenticeship' Palmer proved his worth as an administrator. The ministry had come to power in di cult times, and Palmer initiated stringent economies in the government departments. Because of his a liation with the squatter party and his retrenchment policy, he was bitterly criticized by the liberal faction, odium that he was to carry long into the next decade. The Mackenzie ministry fell in November 1868 and Palmer joined the Opposition. When Charles Lilley's ministry fell in May 1870 Governor Blackall asked Palmer to take the reins of government. This request came as a complete surprise for he had arranged to retire from politics and leave Brisbane. The party he gathered around him was the best-organized and cohesive group that the colony had hitherto seen. Palmer was colonial secretary and premier, holding o ce until January 1874. Even though his supporters were well integrated, Palmer cannot be said to have been instrumental in producing much legislation. The colony had no tradition of self-government and little awareness of parliamentary procedure. On the other hand, what members lacked in experience they made up with zeal. Since the party system had not developed any close discipline, regionalism and private interest were rife. During his premiership general elections were held in September 1870, September 1871 and December 1873. The tactics adopted by the Liberal opposition made proceedings di cult for the government; public meetings, petitions to the governor, persistent attacks through the Brisbane press and deliberate absence from the House were among the methods employed by the Opposition. Because of the depressed economy in 1870 Palmer again adopted a retrenchment policy, an action far from popular with city dwellers. In 1871 the most signi cant issue was railway extension. The Opposition sought the completion of the Brisbane-Ipswich line while the government wanted to extend the railway to north Queensland. Later that year attention turned to electoral reform. However, by August 1872 a working compromise had been reached and important bills were passed. Most signi cant for Palmer was the Electoral Redistribution Act which divided the colony according to the proportion of adult males and allowed one member for each electorate, although it was probably responsible for shattering Palmer's majority in the next general election. Other successful bills dealt with the Brisbane-Ipswich railway, stimulus to European immigration, and a Homestead Areas Act which provided for the resumption of runs in the Darling Downs and the Moreton District to permit the increase of small-scale settlement on the land, then the most liberal land regulation in Australia. Permission was granted for oating a loan in England for public works and other government projects. During the parliamentary recess from August 1872 to May 1873 Palmer revealed his growing liberalism by working on a bill for the complete reform of state education. Strangely enough, he was at one with Lilley, his staunchest political opponent, both believing that state education was the only form which government expenditure should support. He collaborated with Lilley in drafting the bill and as a private member introduced it on 3 June 1873. It recommended only one class of schools and one system of primary education, the administration of which was to be directly responsible to parliament under a ministry for education. The principle of free education was vital to Palmer. In this bill he proposed that, after free primary education, the students who passed examinations could proceed to free grammar schools and even to a free university. For Palmer, free education was also to be compulsory; 'he looked upon it as the rst duty of the State—particularly in a colony like this, where every male adult possessed such large political privileges—to educate the inhabitants so that they might know how to value and avail themselves of these privileges'. This liberal stance lost Palmer much favour from his own party members, who preferred the church school system with state aid. The Roman Catholics and Anglicans vigorously opposed this system as they stood to lose all nancial support from the state and no provision was made in the bill for religious instruction during school hours. It failed at the second reading with most of Palmer's colleagues voting against it and he resigned. The governor dissolved parliament to allow an enlarged House to be elected on the broader basis of the new Electoral Act. The election resulted in leaving Palmer's party very much in the minority. When parliament assembled on 6 January 1874 Palmer was defeated and became leader of the Opposition. In 1875 Gri th introduced an Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools education bill which Palmer claimed to be a con ation of the two bills he had prepared. He associated more and more with Thomas McIlwraith, who increased control of Palmer's political party. In 1878 he retired as leader of the Opposition in favour of McIlwraith and was elected for North Brisbane; McIlwraith became premier and in January 1879 Palmer was appointed colonial secretary, secretary for public instruction and president of the Executive Council. In 1879 their a airs became further intermeshed by McIlwraith's marriage to Harriette Ann, sister of Palmer's wife. For a time in 1879-80 Palmer acted as premier while McIlwraith was in England negotiating an ambitious loan of £3 million for public works. This close association was to bring Palmer certain misfortunes when, for example, in 1880 Gri th accused Palmer and McIlwraith of owning shares in the shipping rm of McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co. which had been granted the contract to ship steel rails for Queensland railway construction. Both were exonerated from this scandal by a royal commission in 1881. Palmer was appointed K.C.M.G. In December he resigned from the assembly and was called to the Legislative Council. From 2 May to 6 November 1883 and from 9 October 1888 to 1 May 1889 he acted as administrator of the colony in the absence of the governor and from 15 November 1895 to 9 April 1896 was the rst lieutenant-governor of the colony. In 1885 his wife had died, leaving three sons and two of their four daughters. Palmer's last years were not easy. He had poor health and su ered much from arthritis. He was also involved in nancial scandals in association with McIlwraith. Perhaps the most dramatic was the result of his directorship of the Queensland National Bank. Through a policy of careless loans and mismanagement E. R. Drury, the general manager, over-extended the resources of the bank and in the nancial crises of the early 1890s was forced to suspend payments. The new manager, Walter Vardon Ralston, discovered the extent of the bank's insolvency, but in McIlwraith's absence Palmer had to face the public outcry as one of the old directors. The Supreme Court found Palmer and the other directors not guilty of collusion and they were acquitted of the charges. This decision cleared his name but was issued after he died on 20 March 1898 … his home, Easton Gray, Toowong, Brisbane. He left an estate of £23,900." For more information, see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1872729953 Palmer, Station owner Owner of Canobie Station in northwest Queensland, which he stocked with sheep and cattle in 1864. His Edward (grazier/squatter);Member of the original partner was a Mr Shewring, who died within 12 months of them taking up the station. John Qld Parliament Stevenson came in as a partner in the 1880s. Palmer was a naturalist who published on topics such as Aboriginal uses of plants, and Canobie Station was said to have been a safe haven for Aboriginal people (Black nd:79), though by Palmer's own account he did have some con ict with Aboriginal people in which he insinuates he shot Aboriginal men. By 1876 he had left the northwest, and was living in Parramatta. He later took up Gamboola with John Stevenson and Walter Reid in 1879. He served for a period as the member for the Burke District. "Mr. Palmer was a native of Wollongong, in New South Wales, and came to Queensland in 1857. He took up and formed his well-known station, Conobie, on the western bank of the Cloncurry River, situated about midway between Normanton and Cloncurry, in 1864, rst with sheep, but subsequently, like most of the Gulf squatters, he substituted cattle therefor, which by the year 1893 had grown into a magni cent herd. Mr. Palmer also took part in the political life of Queensland, representing his district, then known as the Burke, but afterwards as Carpentaria, until the general election of 1893, when he retired in favour of Mr. G. Phillips, C.E., who held the seat for three years. ... he died in harness at Rockhampton on the 4th day of May, 1899. Edward Palmer was essentially a lovable man, kind-hearted and genial, a great lover of Nature, as his poems prove, a true comrade, and a right loyal citizen of Queensland, which he loved so well, and which, in the truest sense of the word, he helped to found. GEO. PHILLIPS. Brisbane, February 12, 1903.' (Palmer 1903. Introductory note) "Pastoral experience with Father Ellerslide 1876; 1857 arrives in Queensland; Pastoral pursuits Eureka Station, Wide Bay; Explored Gulf Country; 1864 Part-proprietor Canobie, Flinders River; Wiped out c. 1894; 1898 Appointed divisional inspector Stock, Central District." (https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2376603515) Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Palmer, Henry Merchant/storekeeper;Member "Mr. Henry Palmer came out to Australia from Ireland in 1840, being then about 19 years of age. He went of the Qld rst to Victoria, and followed pastoral pursuits, which led to his journeying to the Upper Burnett district in Parliament;Publican/innkeeper 1846. His connection with Maryborough, where he was destined to spend the remainder of his life, began in 1848. In that year he was travelling with sheep, accompanied by his brother (the late Mr. R. E. Palmer), proceeding from the south through Nanango, Kilkivan, and thence down the Mary (River. On this trip he met a small party led by the late Mr. E. T. Aldridge, and together they crossed the Mary River and landed at the spot now known as Baddow, where Mr. Aldridge subsequently built the rst white man's residence, the beginning of the Old Township and therefore of Maryborough as we know it to-day. The site of the city was then a dense mass of scrub and forest, and teemed with aborigines, who gave the early pioneers considerable trouble, and Mr Palmer himself had some exciting experiences with them. He gradually acquired important pastoral interests in the district and when the Government of New South Wales surveyed the town of Maryborough he was one of the largest purchasers of town allotments, many of which he retained possession of till his death. Some time in the fties he built the house, The Park, facing the river in Lower Kent street, in which he had resided ever since and in which he passed away yesterday. Meanwhile he saw the town growing up out of the bush and contributed greatly to its growth being a highly public-spirited man, and always willing to give of his best to public services of all kinds. He also entered the mercantile world, and greatly facilitated 'the trade of the town and district by erecting the old two-storied brick building at the corner of Wharf and March streets opposite the Grand Hotel, it being at the time and Ior some years afterwards the most imposing business premises in the town. When Maryborough was made a municipality in 1861 his fellow townsmen sought out Mr. Palmer and bestowed upon him the honour of being the rst Mayor of the town. He resigned the same year, but was re elected in 1864, and held the position till 1866. The les of the 'Chronicle' (which was established in 1860) bear abundant testimony of the public activities of Mr. Palmer in those days. He took a hand in every good public movement for the advancement of the town, and he was well advanced in years before he nally withdrew into the comparative seclusion which he had observed for some years past. In the eighties before the days of payment of members Mr. Palmer successfully contested the Maryborough seat in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, and was our member for several years. He might also fairly claim to have been the founder of the Maryborough General Hospital, beginning with the slab hut, which still stands in Ferry street, and he was largely instrumental in securing for the town not only the two-storey brick building, since pulled down, which for so many years did duty on the site of the military drilling grounds, but worked hard and successfully for the present ne institution in Walker street. He was a member of the Hospital Committee for something like 30 years and President most of the time, until his retirement, which took place shortly after the new Hospital was opened. At various times and for long periods he was a member of numerous other public bodies of the town. When the sugar industry started in this district Mr. Palmer invested largely therein and probably lost much money, but was also successful in some of his ventures in this direction, notably in the Bundaberg district, where he owned Sharon and other sugar properties. Amongst other business and residential buildings in the city he owned the handsome premises of Finney, Isles and Co. Probably no one in the town was a trustee of so many things as Mr. Palmer. In his younger days he was a very active supporter of the Church of England. and gave valuable assistance to the late Rev. Thomas Holme in the building of the present St. Paul's Church.' (Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser 20 July 1916, p5) See also https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=192904600. Philip, Robert Member of the Qld Was the Premier of Queensland from 7 December 1899 until 17 September 1903. Parliament;Government employee/Public servant Pring, Ratcliffe Lawyer;Member of the Qld Lawyer, politician and rst Attorney-General for Queensland. Also served as the Commissioner for Gold Parliament elds and as a Supreme Court judge. For more information see http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pring- ratcli e-4416; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratcli e_Pring#Political_life; and https://www.sclqld.org.au/judicial-papers/judicial-pro les/pro les/rpring. Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Ramsay, Station owner From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by D.B. Waterson Robert (grazier/squatter);Member of the (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ramsay-robert-4447): Qld Parliament 'After pastoral experience in New South Wales and Queensland he took up Rosalie Plains on the Darling Downs in April 1848. In July he was joined by Louis Hope and they acquired Cooyar, Lagoon Creek Downs, Kilcoy and other stations in the Burnett District. The partnership was dissolved in 1866 when Ramsay bought a share in Hodgson's Eton Vale run near Toowoomba.' From his Wikipedia entry (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ramsay_Queensland_politician): 'By 1846 he had left Sydney to run stock on Rosalie Plains, an area of 64,000 acres on the Darling Downs that was then still "beyond location". Having acquired the lease over Rosalie Plains on 15 June 1847, Ramsay went into partnership with Louis Hope in April 1848 and with him acquired Lagoon Creek Downs in October 1848, Cooyar station in August 1849, Kilcoy on 11 September 1854, East Esmond and East Crinum in November 1854 and at least two other stations in the Burnett area, Upper Crinum and Lower Crinum, at about the same time. Robert Ramsay's licence to depasture Rosalie Plains was transferred to the new partnership on 2 August 1848. Between 1848 and February 1866 when the partnership was dissolved, Hope & Ramsay invested huge amounts of money and time into the development of numerous pastoral properties on and close to the Darling Downs. Their holdings also included the pastoral interests at Mundubbera of Ramsay's younger brother Marmaduke following his death by drowning while crossing the Dawson River on 20 September 1865.[3] An advertisement in the Brisbane Courier on 6 April 1866 reveals that the runs of M[armaduke] Ramsay and representatives of [his former business partner] the late A[lexander] Jopp, who had also died by drowning, were transferred to Louis Hope and Marmaduke's brother Robert Ramsay on 1 April 1865. They included Hawkwood and Oaky Creek.[4] On 9 January 1858, Mort & Co, on behalf of Hope & Ramsay, placed an advertisement in the Sydney Morning Herald about the forthcoming auction of their agship stations at Rosalie Plains and Cooyar. Hope & Ramsay reportedly sold the stations to William Kent & Edward Wienholt. However, some reports say that the deal, worth £41,000 including 37,500 sheep and 1200 cattle, fell through and that Hope and Ramsay continued to lease the properties until they were transferred to the Queensland Lands Department in 1870. In June 1859, con dent that his pastoral interests were being properly looked after by paid managers, Ramsay went to England and Scotland for an extended holiday. He didn't return to Australia until 1865. Soon after his return, he entered into partnership with his good friend Arthur Hodgson, later Sir Arthur Hodgson, by buying former station manager John Watts' share of Eton Vale, a substantial station on the eastern Darling Downs that Hodgson and his brother Christopher had established 25 years earlier, and which had only recently been secured against selection by use of the pre-emptive right and provisions of the Leasing Act of 1866. Following the formal dissolution in February 1866 of his partnership with Louis Hope, who was by then actively involved in Australia's burgeoning sugar industry, Ramsay and his family moved into the Eton Vale homestead from where he took over the day-to-day management of the station.' See also: http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=1279076158 Sandeman, Station owner A wealthy Sydney merchant who took up runs on the upper Dawson (Lower Palm Tree Creek and Gordon (grazier/squatter);Member of the Onnaberry) in 1854 (New South Wales Government Gazette 7 April 1855, p1061). Took over Qld Parliament;Member of the Burrandowan station from Henry Stuart Russell. Said by Cryle (189:12) to have been the early architect of NSW Parliament using Chinese shepherds in the district, and a "rabid political spokesman for the outside districts both before and after Separation". Brother of Alfred Sandeman and brother-in-law of Oscar de Satge. William Parry-Okeden managed stations for Sandeman in the 1860s (Telegraph 19 July 1937, p12) Co-owner with de Satge of runs on Peak Downs (from 1861), including Wolfang, and stocked outstations of Gordon Downs, Crinum Creek and Malvern Downs. Crinum, Capella, Belcong, Laguna Retro, Colinsby, Abor, Gordon Downs and Peak Downs were all acquired from the Archer brothers (Russell 2001:106, Colonial Frontiers. Indigenous-European Encounters in Settler Societies). Acquired Burenda Station near Charleville in 1864 from his brother-in-law Oscar de Satge; Sold Gordon Downs, Crinum Creek, Huntley, Malvern Downs, Capella Downs and Retro Downs in 1865-67. For more information see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Sandeman; http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/Parlment/Members.nsf/0/7a250d3bd28a5f80ca256e58000f0f15? OpenDocument and http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=2999359140 Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Satge, Oscar Station owner With Gordon Sandeman (his brother-in-law), owned leases on Peak Downs (from 1861), including de (grazier/squatter);Member of the Wolfang. Also took up Coreena, near Aramac (1872), Carandotta station (1881) and Augustus Downs on Qld Parliament the Leichhardt River. For more information see: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/de-satge-oscar-john- 3403 and https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=206429479. Sheaffe, Roger Station owner Took up Marathon, Telemon (Hughenden) and Fort Constantine (Cloncurry) stations, 1863; partner in Hale (grazier/squatter);Member of the Normanton Copper investments, 1866 and invested in Normanton Quartz Crushing Company, 1866. Qld Parliament Partner with Alexander Kennedy in several properties in western Queensland, including Devoncourt, Bushy Park, Parkside and Calton Hills. For more information, see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3858534917. Thorn (also Station owner Father of Henry and Charles Thorn. Owner of a station on the Normanby Plains in 1848 when one of his Thorne), (grazier/squatter);Member of the workers, a man named Sutherland ( rst name unknown), shot and killed an unnamed Aboriginal man George Qld Parliament;Government who was robbing the hut. Was the Premier of Queensland from 5 June 1876 until 8 March 1877. employee/Public servant From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by Helen Haenke (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/thorn-george-4719): 'In 1838 Thorn was sent to Moreton Bay and, on 20 July 1839 with salary of £60 and quarters, was put in charge of the Limestone Hill penal settlement with control of all government stock. He resigned when the establishment closed in 1839, kept the Queen's Arms Hotel and in 1847 sold it and set up a store. His purchase of Ipswich town lots at the rst sale in 1843 began an accumulation of land that included Rosebrook, Nukienda and Warra Warra stations totalling 58,000 acres (23,472 ha), and allotments in Toowoomba, Mogill and Cleveland. In 1859-60 he returned brie y to England. Thorn was a member for West Moreton in 1860-63 in the Legislative Assembly. His main interest was in Ipswich, where he was an alderman in 1862-65 and helped establish the Anglican church, School of Arts, hospital, Grammar School, Botanic Gardens, North Australian Club, racing club and the Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Society. When he died on 28 April 1876 he left a reputation for 'larky humour', thoroughness and integrity. Of his nine surviving children, Henry, John and William represented Dalby, Fassifern and Aubigny respectively in the Legislative Assembly, while Jane married the merchant George Harris and became grandmother to Governor-General Lord Casey.' Tozer, Horace Member of the Qld Solicitor, politician and mining lease owner, who also served as Colonial Secretary. For more information, Parliament;Lawyer;Colonial see: https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=423284286 and Secretary http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tozer-sir-horace-8837 Walsh, William Station owner One of the earliest European settlers in Queensland, took up Degilbo, a property of some 900 square Henry (grazier/squatter);Member of the kilometres on behalf of Sunday rm of Gri th, Fanning and Co. Made complaints against the NMP in NSW Parliament;Member of the contemporary newspapers and was called to provide evidence to the 1861 House committee. Refused to Qld Parliament travel the 200 km necessary to do so, much to the consternation of the House. From his Australian Dictionary of Biography entry by David Denholm and H.J. Gibbney (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/walsh-william-henry-4795): '[William Henry Walsh] gained colonial experience with David Perrier of Bathurst and in 1847 opened a station for him on the Macintyre River, Moreton Bay. He took a Perrier ock through oods to open another station on the Burnett River, then took up Degilbo near Gayndah for (G. R.) Gri ths, (W.) Fanning & Co. of Sydney. He later acquired the property himself. In August 1850 Walsh joined M. C. O'Connell, W. Forster and others in punishing Aboriginals for the murder of Gregory Blaxland junior. A subsequent bitter feud led to the dismissal of native police commandant F. Walker and was followed by public quarrels with Edward Deas Thomson, A. G. Maclean, Sir George Bowen and A. E. Halloran; the con ict revealed Walsh as gauche, nasty, devious, highly egocentric and prone to strident appeals to English tradition.' White, William Member of the Qld Parliament Cousin of Joseph Phelps Robinson and manager for him on Beaudesert station by 1845. White later Duckett bought Beaudesert from Robinson. 'By 1869 he held Tubber, Pimpama, Murryjerry, Beaudesert, Nindooinbah, Tweed Heads and Moreton, as well as town lands in Southport and Beenleigh. In 1855 he began building a house at Manly, Moreton Bay, called Lota after his wife's home in Ireland, and settled there in 1863.' (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/white-william-duckett-4841). Name Role/Status/Position Notes Tools Wienholt (also Station owner Brother of Arthur. spelt (grazier/squatter);Member of the William Kent and Edward Wienholt took up Fassifern station in 1848, Rosalie Plains and Cooyar in 1858 Weinholt), Qld Parliament (Armidale Express and New England General Advertiser 27 February 1858, p2), leased the main station Edward Jondaryan in 1858 and eventually purchased it in 1863. They also took up Goomburra and Degilbo stations (formerly Stanton Harcourt) (c1886), as well as many others. Wienholt was M.L.A. for Western Downs in 1870-73 and Darling Downs in 1873-75. Owned Warenda, Hamilton River, and Goodwood, Burke River (near Boulia) by 1886. For more information see: http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wienholt-edward-4956 and https://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=3461050315. Yaldwyn, Station owner Took up Taroom station on the Dawson River, as well as Barfold, Kyneton and other Queensland stations. William Henry (grazier/squatter);Member of the For more information see: http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/members/former/bio?id=557126073. Qld Parliament
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