T h e C o l l e C T e d W o r k s o f J e r e m y B e n T h a m t h e Corresp ondenCe of Jeremy Ben T ham E d i t E d b y t i m o t h y L . S . S p r i g g E v o l u m e 1 1 7 5 2 – 7 6 the collected works of jeremy benth a m General Editor J. H. Burns Correspondence Volume 1 The CORRESPONDENCE of JEREMY BENTHAM Volume 1: 1752– 76 edited by T I M O T H Y L . S . S P R I G G E This edition published in 2017 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT First published in 1968 by The Athlone Press, University of London Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-press Text © The Bentham Committee, UCL A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Timothy L.S. Sprigge (ed.), The Correspondence of Jeremy Bentham . Vol.1: 1752–76. The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham . Edited by J.H.Burns. London, UCL Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781911576037 Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ ISBN: 978–1–911576–05–1 (Hbk) ISBN: 978–1–911576–04–4 (Pbk) ISBN: 978–1–911576–03–7 (PDF) ISBN: 978–1–911576–06–8 (epub) ISBN: 978–1–911576–07–5 (mobi) ISBN: 978–1–911576–08–2 (html) DOI: https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781911576037 v GENER A L PREFACE TO T HE NEW EDITIONS The Bentham Committee was established as a National Commit- tee of University College London in 1959 in order to oversee a new authoritative edition of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham Editorial work was assigned to the Bentham Project, which is now an academic unit in UCL’s Faculty of Laws. In the ‘General Preface’, which appeared at the beginning of the first volume of the Corres pondence (see p. ix below), the Committee estimated that the edi- tion would run to 38 volumes. The basic division in the edition was between Bentham’s correspondence and his works. The initial focus was rightly placed on the correspondence, on the grounds that ‘un- derstanding of [Bentham’s] life and personality has at times been dis- torted by lack of access to the essential biographical data contained in his letters’. The Bentham Committee took the sensible decision to publish letters both to and from Bentham. There is, moreover, no doubt that, given limited resources, the correspondence was the correct place to begin, since it not only incorporates material of his- torical interest, but also sheds light on the formal works that Ben- tham was engaged in writing, in terms of their provenance, history of composition, and subsequent dissemination, and as such may be regarded as the ‘backbone’ of the edition as a whole. In turn, as more of Bentham’s works are edited, we are better able to understand the views and concerns expressed in the letters. The first two volumes of Correspondence were published togeth- er in 1968, the third in 1971, and the fourth and fifth together in 1981. The first three volumes appeared under the General Editor- ship of the late J.H. Burns (UCL History) and the final two under that of the late J.R. Dinwiddy (Royal Holloway History). Burns had been appointed as the first General Editor in 1961, followed in 1978 by the late Dinwiddy and in 1983 by Frederick Rosen (UCL History), with whom I shared the role from 1995 until Professor Rosen’s retirement in 2003, since when I have been sole General Editor. In total, 12 volumes of Bentham’s Correspondence , reproducing Bentham’s letters through to the end of June 1828, have now appeared. One more volume will complete the Correspondence through to Bentham’s death in 1832, while a further volume of indexes and supplementary letters, that is letters discovered since the publi- cation of the relevant volume, will be needed to complete the series. vi G E N E R A L P R E F A C E T O T H E N E W E D I T I O N S At present, the Bentham Project has around 60 such supplementary letters on file for the first five volumes of Corres pondence The Bentham Project has always recognized that, in order to sur- vive, never mind prosper, it has to meet the highest scholarly stan- dards in its textual editing, and to employ innovative techniques and strategies in order to contain costs and maintain productivity. Hence, Professor Rosen ensured that the Project was quick to adopt computer technology. My edition of First Principles preparatory to Constitutional Code , published in 1989, was the first volume in the Collected Works to be sent to the Press on disk, duly marked up with a complicated array of codes indicating headings of various kinds, italics, ends of paragraphs, and so forth. In 2010 we established Transcribe Bentham , the pioneering scholarly crowd-sourcing initia- tive which, to date, has seen members of the public transcribe nearly 18,000 pages of Bentham’s manuscript. It is, therefore, entirely fitting that with this UCL Press issue of the first five volumes of Bentham’s Correspondence , originally published by the Athlone Press, we have embraced another pioneering development, namely open access pub- lishing. The volumes have been attractively re-keyed in a typeface that is sympathetic to the original design, and crucially the exact pagination of the original volumes has been retained, so that referen- cing remains stable. The opportunity has been taken, nevertheless, to incorporate the errata printed at the conclusions of volumes III and V and other corrections identified by the Bentham Project. French col- leagues, who are credited in my Preface to each of the volumes, have kindly checked the accuracy of the French material according to the conventions currently adopted in the edition as a whole. In December 2016, Preparatory Principles became the 33rd volume to be published in the edition, which, according to the ini- tial estimate of 38 volumes, suggests that we may be close to com- pleting the edition. The Bentham archive, as research on the edition has proceeded, has yielded such astonishing riches that I now es- timate that, if it is to be completed, the edition will run to at least 80 volumes. The edition will not be completed under my General Editorship, and possibly not for decades to come. The production of the Bentham edition will take longer than the 84 year lifetime of its subject, and several times longer in terms of the person-years effort required. But that is the debt we owe to genius. Philip Schofield General Editor of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham UCL, February 2017 vii PREFACE TO T HE NEW EDITION OF VOLU ME 1 The first volume of Jeremy Bentham’s Correspondence was orig- inally published, together with the second volume, in 1968, under the editorship of the late T.L.S. Sprigge and the General Editorship of the late J.H. Burns, thereby forming the first two volumes to be published in the new authoritative edition of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham . The Correspondence volumes represent the ‘backbone’, so to speak, of the whole edition, giving scholars the orientation that enables them to begin to make sense of Bentham’s published works and the vast collection of his unpublished papers, consisting of around 60,000 folios in UCL Library and 12,500 folios in the British Library. The present volume has been attractively re-keyed in a typeface that is sympathetic to the original design, and crucially the exact pagination of the original volume has been retained, so that referenc- ing remains stable. The opportunity has been taken to incorporate the corrigenda printed at the conclusion of Volume III of the Corres pondence and further corrections identified by the Bentham Project. Dr Malik Bozzo-Rey (Catholic University of Lille) has kindly checked the accuracy of the reproduction of the French material according to the conventions currently adopted in the edition as a whole. In my ‘General Preface’ to the UCL Press edition, I note the recipro- cal relationship between the correspondence and the works. This is illustrated, in relation to the present volume, by the appearance of two volumes of Bentham’s writings in the Collected Works , namely A Comment on the Commentaries and A Fragment on Government , edited by J.H. Burns and H.L.A. Hart, published in 1977, and Prepa ratory Principles , edited by D.G. Long and P. Schofield, published in 2016. The material in these volumes, written in the mid-1770s, com- plements the letters in the final years of the current volume. A Frag ment on Government , which appeared in April 1776 and, apart from a translation of Voltaire’s White Bull , was Bentham’s first published work, was extracted from a larger, unpublished and unfinished (as so many of Bentham’s works remained) work entitled ‘A Comment on the Commentaries’, a critique of William Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England . There is more contemporaneous manuscript viii P R E F A C E T O T H E N E W E D I T I O N awaiting publication in the Collected Works , whereupon we will at last have the fullest picture possible of Bentham’s formative years. This first volume of Correspondence begins with letters exchanged between Bentham’s parents before his birth, and ends with him in his late 20s, having published A Fragment on Government . Bentham’s childhood was not easy. He lost five siblings and his mother by the time he was 11 years old, and was sent off to boarding school at the age of seven and to the University of Oxford at the age of 12, reputedly the youngest person to be admitted there up to that time. His father re- married, bringing two step-brothers into the family. He was teased by the family’s servants, and developed an irrational (as he himself recog- nized) fear of ghosts. He did find some welcome support in his mother’s family, but more particularly in his relationship with his one surviving sibling, his brother Samuel, nearly nine years younger than himself. Two events in Bentham’s young life are crucial to understanding his career. First, in order to take his degree, aged 16, in 1764, he was required to swear to the 39 Articles of the Church of England. By this time he must have already become sceptical of religion, since it was only with great reluctance that he subscribed, and did so because he did not want to disappoint his father, who anticipated a glittering legal career for his precocious son. It was the one occasion in his life that he felt he had compromised his intellectual integrity. The wider point is that Bentham aligned and identified himself with the French Enlightenment, with its scepticism towards organized religion, and not with the orthodox ‘Church-of-Englandism’ and Toryism of his fa- ther. When he referred, as he did on to several occasions in letters to his brother Samuel, to acquaintances as being ‘one of us’, it was presumably this radical outlook that he had in mind. Second, as noted above, Bentham was destined for a career in the law by his ambitious father. He attended Blackstone’s lectures on the laws of England at the University of Oxford, but instead of being convinced of the excellence of his subject-matter by the Vinerian Professor, had been disturbed by what he saw as the ‘pestilential breath of fiction’ that infest- ed it. It was in 1769, having qualified for the bar and experiencing some of the absurdities of English legal procedure for himself, that he asked himself whether he had a ‘genius’ for legislation, by which he meant the invention of new laws, and ‘fearfully and tremblingly’ gave the answer ‘Yes’. Hence, he began his long career as a philosopher and reformer. Philip Schofield General Editor of The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham UCL, February 2017 ix GENER AL PREFACE Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), leader of the Utilitarian reformers who became known as the Philosophical Radicals, was a major figure in the history of ideas, of law, and of social policy in the nineteenth century. Even today his influence survives in many fields. Yet there has been no modern critical edition of his works. This situation— in striking contrast with the editorial treatment of writers like Jefferson, Ricardo, and Coleridge— is in part ex- plained by the very nature of Bentham’s work. He wrote so voluminously on so many subjects that no single editor, no group of editors from any single field of scholarship, could undertake to present his work as a whole in acceptable critical form. The huge mass of manuscript material left by Bentham at his death reflected his dwindling concern, as his long life advanced, for the eventual published form of what he wrote. The task of reducing to order the uncoordinated statements and restatements of his thought he left to his ‘disciples and editors’. And in fact the French redactions by Etienne Dumont which first made Bentham’s ideas widely known, and the version of Utilitarianism developed by John Stuart Mill largely took the place of Bentham’s own writings for most readers. The consequence has been an impoverished and at times a false picture of Bentham’s thought. For those seeking Bentham’s own writings the principal resource has inevitably been the collected edition completed in 1843 under the supervision of his executor, John Bowring. This has long been out of print; and even when accessible its eleven volumes of small type in daunting double columns (two volumes comprising what Leslie Stephen called ‘one of the worst biographies in the language’ — Bowring’s Memoirs of Bentham ) are defective in content as well as discouraging in form. Bowring excluded Bentham’s anti- clerical writings, and for many works the texts in his edition derive at least as much from Dumont’s French versions as from Bentham’s own manuscripts. For half a century after 1843 these manuscripts lay neglected; and even now, despite the valuable work during the present century of such scholars as Elie Halévy, C. W. Everett, C. K. Ogden, and W. Stark, relatively little has been done to remedy these defects. When Bentham is known at all today at first hand, he is known largely from reprints of his Fragment on Government x and Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation — both dating from the first decade of an active career of over sixty years. The present edition is an attempt to present definitive versions of Bentham’s writings based, wherever possible, on the original manuscripts. The greatest single collection of Bentham papers is of course that which has been in the custody of University College London since the middle of the nineteenth century. Second only to this in importance is the large group of manuscripts— including a large part of Bentham’s correspondence— acquired by the Brit- ish Museum in 1889. A third source of great importance lies in the collection of the papers of Etienne Dumont now in the Biblio- thèque Publique et Universitaire at Geneva. Other papers and letters, together with the various editions of Bentham’s writings, will also form part of the foundation upon which the edition is built. The edition is intended to be comprehensive in scope as well as definitive in text. All the works included by Bowring and his associate editors will be included here (though not always in the same form). Works omitted or overlooked by Bowring, but pub- lished either during Bentham’s lifetime or since his death, will also be included. To these will be added any work, large or small, which exists in reasonably complete and coherent form in the manu- scripts, together with any fragments judged by the editors to be of particular interest and importance. The straightforward policy of printing everything Bentham wrote is ruled out by Bentham’s own method of working, his constant rehandling of the same themes and reshaping of earlier materials. But much of what he wrote, both in familiar and in unfamiliar or unknown works, will now for the first time be made available in Bentham’s authentic words. An important— indeed a fundamental— part of the edition will comprise the first comprehensive presentation of Bentham’s ex- tensive correspondence. If knowledge of Bentham’s thought has been limited by the factors indicated above, understanding of his life and personality has at times been distorted by lack of access to the essential biographical data contained in his letters. Reflect- ing as they do the evolution of a man and his world over a period of three- quarters of a century, the volumes of Bentham’s correspon- dence may well be among the most important, as they can hardly fail to be among the most readable, parts of the edition. The edition is sponsored by a National Committee set up in 1959 on the initiative of University College London, and since 1961 the G E N E R A L P R E F A C E xi detailed planning and supervision of the work has been in the hands of Professor J. H. Burns as General Editor. Cooperative scholar- ship on a large scale over many years will undoubtedly be required before the edition is completed, each volume or group of volumes being entrusted to a scholar in the appropriate field. Editorial problems must vary widely in character from volume to volume; but in every case the introduction will indicate the basis of the texts presented, their historical context, and their mutual relation- ships. The whole project will, it is estimated, require some thirty- eight volumes for its completion, though further exploration of the materials may naturally impose some revision of this estimate. The structure of the edition has been based on an attempt to classify Bentham’s writings, so far as possible, according to subject matter. The working plan outlined below does not seek to be com- prehensive but merely to list some of the main items within each section heading. i . c o r r e s p o n d e n c e i i . p r i n c i p l e s o f l e g i s l a t i o n Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation; Of Laws in General; Essay on the Influence of Time and Place in Matters of Legisla- tion; Essay on Indirect Legislation; General View of a Complete Code of Laws; Pannomial Fragments; Codification Proposal; Nomography; Comment on the Commentaries; Fragment on Government. i i i . p e n o l o g y a n d c r i m i n a l l aw Principles of Penal Law; Penal Code; Letters to Count Toreno; View of the Hard Labour Bill; Theory of Punishment; Panopticon. i v . c i v i l l aw Principles of the Civil Code; Letters on Law Reform. v . c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l aw Constitutional Code; Three Tracts relating to Spanish and Portuguese Affairs; On the Liberty of the Press and Public Discussion; Securities against Misrule; Jeremy Bentham to his Fellow Citizens of France; Jeremy Bentham to the Belgic Nation. v i . p o l i t i c a l w r i t i n g s Essay on Political Tactics; Anarchical Fallacies; Book of Fallacies; Parliamentary Reform; Defence of the People against Lord Erskine; G E N E R A L P R E F A C E xii Radicalism not Dangerous; Principles of International Law; Letters of Anti-Machiavel; Junctiana Proposal. v i i . j u d i c i a l p r o c e d u r e Principles of Judicial Procedure; Draught of a Code for Judicial Estab- lishment in France; Scotch Reform; Equity Dispatch Court Proposal; Jury Analysed; Elements of the Art of Packing; ‘Swear not at all’; Lord Brougham Displayed; Rationale of Judicial Evidence. v i i i . e c o n o m i c s a n d s o c i e t y Defence of Usury; Institute of Political Economy; The True Alarm; Defence of a Maximum; Manual of Political Economy; Rationale of Reward; Emancipate your Colonies!; Rid Yourselves of Ultramaria; Pauper Management Improved; Observations on the Poor Bill. i x . p h i l o s o p h y a n d e d u c a t i o n Essays on Language, Logic, Universal Grammar, and Ontology; Deontology; Table of the Springs of Action; Chrestomathia. x . r e l i g i o n a n d t h e c h u r c h Analysis of the Influence of Natural Religion; Not Paul but Jesus; Church of Englandism and its Catechism Examined. The thanks of the Bentham Committee are due to the following bodies for financial assistance towards the cost of the editorial work on Volumes 1 and 2 of the Correspondence: The Rockefeller Foundation The Pilgrim Trust The British Academy G E N E R A L P R E F A C E xiii preface The thanks of the Bentham Committee are due to the following for access to and permission to print Mss. in their possession as well as for assistance afforded to the General Editor and the editor of the two volumes now published: The Trustees of the British Museum; The Librarian, University College London; The Provost and Fellows of King’s College, Cambridge; The Free Library of Philadelphia; The Most Hon. the Marquess of Lansdowne; Miss Lloyd Baker, Hardwicke Court, Gloucester. As editor I also wish to express my gratitude to the following for their assistance in the work of preparing these two volumes: Professor C. W. Everett of Columbia University, from whose pro- jected volume of selections from Bentham’s correspondence the present comprehensive enterprise took its origin, and under whose supervision the early work on the volumes was carried out; the late Mr W. D. Hogarth, Secretary of the Athlone Press of the University of London, whose close interest in the edition through- out its formative stages was a great source of encouragement and whose practical advice was invaluable; Professor J. H. Burns, who as General Editor of the edition as a whole since 1961 has become more and more closely associated with the work on these volumes, more especially with the annotation of the letters; Mrs. Hilary P. Evans, now of the Library staff at University College London, who as editorial assistant from 1959 to 1965 played an active and essential part throughout the preparation of the volumes; Mr J. W. Scott, Librarian of University College London, who apart from his indispensable official aid as custodian of the largest single collection of Bentham papers, and his work as Secretary of the Bentham Committee from its inception until 1966, took through- out a most helpful interest in the work and was of particular assistance in the editing of Bentham’s letters in Latin and Greek; Mr R. H. Elvery of the Department of Civil and Municipal Engineering, and Mr K. J. Wass of the Department of Geography, University College London, who made the drawings for the repro- duction of the at times somewhat baffling technical diagrams in certain of the letters; Mrs Sandra Hole for preparing the indexes. Among the members of the Bentham Committee, I should like to express my particular thanks to Lord Evans, Provost xiv of University College London from 1951 to 1966, and to Professor R. A. Humphreys, for their encouragement. These two volumes consisting mainly of Bentham’s own words and much of the editorial work having been a co- operative ven- ture, it is not for me to make a formal dedication of them. How- ever, I should like to dedicate my share in their production to the memory of my mother, a great reader of history, who lived to read them through in typescript, but not in print. It remains to add a note on additional letters discovered since the main work on the volumes was completed. Wherever possible these have been inserted in their proper places in the series. In the case of letters located too late for this to be possible publica- tion will be delayed until they can be collected in an appendix to the final volume of correspondence in the present edition. Informa- tion about relevant letters will be welcomed by the General Editor. University of Sussex T. L. S. S. P R E F A C E contents List of Letters in Volume 1 xvi Introduction to Volumes 1 and 2 xxiii 1. The Letters xxiii 2. Method of Editing xxv 3. Outline of Bentham’s life to 1780 xxvii Appendix. Notes on the History of the Bentham Family xxxix Key to Symbols and Abbreviations xliv the correspondence 1752– 76 1 Index 371 xv xvi l ist of let ters in volu me 1 Letter Page 1 Jeremiah Bentham to Alicia Whitehorn 24 August 1745 1 2 Alicia Bentham to Jeremiah Bentham Autumn 1745 4 3 Jeremiah Bentham to Alicia Bentham 26 April 1750 6 4 Jeremy Bentham to Rebecca Bentham 3 January 1752 7 5 To Jeremiah Bentham 20 December 1758 8 6 To Jeremiah Bentham 10 July 1760 10 7 To Jeremiah Bentham 9 August 1760 12 8 To Jeremiah Bentham 30 August 1760 13 9 Jeremiah Bentham to Charles Cooper 13 October 1760 15 10 Jeremy Bentham to Jeremiah Bentham 29 October 1760 17 11 To Jeremiah Bentham 6 November 1760 20 12 John Lind to Jeremiah Bentham 17 November 1760 22 13 Jeremy Bentham to Jeremiah Bentham 21 November 1760 24 14 To Jeremiah Bentham 26 November 1760 26 15 To Jeremiah Bentham 4 December 1760 28 16 To Jeremiah Bentham 16 December 1760 30 17 To Jeremiah Bentham 21 December 1760 32 18 To Jeremiah Bentham 3 February 1761 32 19 To Jeremiah Bentham 15 February 1761 34 20 To Jeremiah Bentham 4 March 1761 35 21 To Jeremiah Bentham 8 March 1761 37 22 To Jeremiah Bentham 15 March 1761 38 23 To Jeremiah Bentham 25 March 1761 39 24 To Jeremiah Bentham 29 March 1761 40 25 To Jeremiah Bentham 29 March 1761 42 26 To Jeremiah Bentham 22 April 1761 42 27 To Jeremiah Bentham 25 May 1761 44 28 To Jeremiah Bentham 12 June 1761 45 29 Sperne Voluptates, Nocet Empta Dolore Voluptas 27 June 1761 47 30 To Jeremiah Bentham 30 June 1761 49 31 To Jeremiah Bentham 6 July 1761 51 32 To Jeremiah Bentham 13 September 1761 52 xvi L I S T O F L E T T E R S I N V O L U M E 1 xvii 33 To Jeremiah Bentham 21 November 1761 53 34 To Jeremiah Bentham 6 December 1761 54 35 To Jeremiah Bentham 12 December 1761 55 36 To Jeremiah Bentham 21 December 1761 56 37 To Jeremiah Bentham 12 January 1762 57 38 To Jeremiah Bentham 5 February 1762 57 39 To Jeremiah Bentham 1 March 1762 58 40 To Jeremiah Bentham 10 March 1762 59 41 To Jeremiah Bentham 1 April 1762 60 42 To Jeremiah Bentham 7 April 1762 61 43 To Jeremiah Bentham 21 April 1762 63 44 To Jeremiah Bentham 15 July 1762 64 45 To Jeremiah Bentham 24 January 1763 65 46 To Jeremiah Bentham 15 March 1763 66 47 To Jeremiah Bentham 24 March 1763 67 48 To Jeremiah Bentham 4 April 1763 69 49 To Jeremiah Bentham 18 April 1763 70 50 To Jeremiah Bentham 6 May 1763 71 51 To Jeremiah Bentham 22 May 1763 74 52 To Jeremiah Bentham 2 June 1763 74 53 To Jeremiah Bentham 19 June 1763 76 54 To Jeremiah Bentham 22 June 1763 77 55 To Jeremiah Bentham 29 June 1763 79 56 To Jeremiah Bentham 28 August 1763 80 57 To Jeremiah Bentham 5 December 1763 80 58 Edward Cranmer to Jeremy Bentham 19 April 1764 82 59 Jeremy Bentham to Jeremiah Bentham 9 December 1764 83 60 To Jeremiah Bentham 30 April 1765 85 61 To Charles Coleman Early May 1765 88 62 To Richard Clark 14 May 1765 90 63 To Jeremiah Bentham 9 August 1765 92 64 To Jeremiah Bentham 10 October 1765 93 65 To Jeremiah Bentham 20 October 1765 95 66 To Jeremiah Bentham 24 August 1766 96 67 Jeremiah Bentham to Jeremy Bentham 7 October 1766 98 68 Jeremy Bentham to Jeremiah Bentham 16 October 1766 102 69 To Samuel Ray Early 1767 104 70 To Jeremiah Bentham 22 February 1767 106 71 To Jeremiah Bentham 4 March 1767 107 72 To Richard Clark 26 March 1767 109 73 To Jeremiah Bentham 27 March 1767 111 Letter Page L I S T O F L E T T E R S I N V O L U M E 1 xviii 74 To Richard Clark 2 April 1767 112 75 To Thomas Gwatkin 7 April 1767 113 76 To Richard Clark 5 August 1767 118 77 To Richard Clark 28 August 1767 119 78 To Jeremiah Bentham 26 September 1767 120 79 To Jeremiah Bentham 12 July 1768 122 80 To Jeremiah Bentham 21 July 1768 125 81 To Richard Clark 26 July 1768 127 82 To Jeremiah Bentham 26 July 1768 129 83 To Richard Clark 16 August 1768 130 84 To Richard Clark 29– 30 August 1768 132 84a Will of Jeremy Bentham 24 August 1769 134 85 To Samuel Bentham 14 September 1769 136 86 To Jeremiah Bentham 15 September 1770 138 87 To Richard Clark 16 September 1770 140 88 To Richard Clark 1 October 1770 142 89 To Richard Clark 8 October 1770 144 90 To Jeremiah Bentham 18 October 1770 147 91 To Jeremiah Bentham 5 November 1770 148 92 To Jeremiah Bentham 3 September 1771 149 93 To Jeremiah Bentham 21 September 1771 152 94 To Jeremiah Bentham 29 September 1772 153 95 To Jeremiah Bentham 14 October 1772 154 96 To Samuel Bentham 25 November 1772 156 97 To Jeremiah Bentham 15 May 1773 158 98 To Samuel Bentham 20–26 August 1773 158 99 To Jeremiah Bentham 15 September 1773 160 100 To Granville Sharp 28 October 1773 163 101 To Samuel Bentham 4 November 1773 164 102 Samuel Bentham to Jeremy Bentham 6 November 1773 170 103 Jeremy Bentham to Samuel Bentham November 1773 171 104 To Samuel Bentham 4 December 1773 173 105 To Samuel Bentham 28 January 1774 175 106 To Samuel Bentham 4 March 1774 177 107 To Samuel Bentham 5 April 1774 179 108 To Samuel Bentham 19 April 1774 181 109 To Samuel Bentham 25 April 1774 182 110 To Samuel Bentham 8 June 1774 183 111 To Samuel Bentham July 1774 186 112 To Samuel Bentham 19–20 July 1774 187 113 Pseudo-Voltaire (John Lind) to Jeremy Bentham 20 July 1774 189 114 Jeremy Bentham to Letitia Lind Early August 1774 190 Letter Page L I S T O F L E T T E R S I N V O L U M E 1 xix 115 To Samuel Bentham 5– 9 Sept. 1774 193 116 To Samuel Bentham 16 September 1774 196 117 To Jeremiah Bentham 17 September 1774 197 118 To Samuel Bentham 19 September 1774 199 119 To Samuel Bentham 19 September 1774 200 120 To Samuel Bentham 20 September 1774 202 121 To John Lind? 1 October 1774 203 122 To John Lind 5 October 1774 204 123 To Joseph Priestley November (?) 1774 208 124 To Joseph Priestley November (?) 1774 210 125 To Samuel Bentham 14 November 1774 216 126 To Samuel Bentham 6 December 1774 218 127 To Samuel Bentham 9 December 1774 220 128 To Samuel Bentham 9–14 December 1774 223 129 Joseph Priestley to Jeremy Bentham 16 December 1774 225 130 Jermy Bentham to Samuel Bentham 8 April 1775 226 131 To Samuel Bentham 10–11 April 1775 228 132 To Samuel Bentham (date unknown) 231 133 To Samuel Bentham (not sent) and Mary Dunkley 30 April– 3 May 1775 232 134 To Samuel Bentham 18 May 1775 234 135 To Samuel Bentham 27 May 1775 236 136 To Samuel Bentham 8 June 1775 237 137 To Samuel Bentham 17 June 1775 238 138 To Jeremiah Bentham 27 August– 5 September 1775 239 139 To John Lind 11 September 1775 248 140 To Samuel Bentham 12 September 1775 251 141 To Jeremiah Bentham 22 September 1775 257 142 To Samuel Bentham 25–26 September 1775 260 143 To Samuel Bentham 1– 3 October 1775 266 144 To Samuel Bentham 5– 6 October 1775 273 144a To Godefroi Early October 1775 281 145 To Jeremiah Bentham 6 October 1775 284 146 To Samuel Bentham 14 November 1775 288 147 To Samuel Bentham 17 November 1775 289 148 To John Lind 9 December 1775 289 149 To Samuel Bentham 8– 9 February 1776 290 150 To Samuel Bentham 15 February 1776 293 Letter Page