Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 67 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D .C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG- Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Ilya Talev Some Problems of the Second South Slavic Influence in Russia Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access S l a v i s t i c h e B e i t r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HENRIK BIRNBAUM UND JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN REDAKTION: PETER REHDER Band 67 Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access ÜUÛ47407 ILYA TA LEV SOME PROBLEMS OF THE SECOND SOUTH SLAVIC INFLUENCE IN RUSSIA VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1973 Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access A P h D dissertation, o rig in a lly e ntitled: "T h e Im pact of Middle Bulgarian o n the R ussian Literary L a n g u a g e (Post- Kievan Period)” , defended o n January 5 , 1 9 7 2 at the University of California, L o s A ngeles before the following C om m ittee: • Professor D e a n S W orth, C h a irm a n Professor Henrik B irn b a u m Professor T h o m a s E e k m a n Professor Richard Hovannisian Professor R a im o A n ttila Bayeriscbo Staatsbibliothek München ISBN 3 87690 O 76 X Copyright by Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1973 Abteilung der Firma Kubon und Sagner, München Druck: Alexander Großmann 8 München 19, Ysenburgstraße 7 Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 T ABL E O F CONTENTS Table of Contents V Abbreviations X Chapter O n e : T h e S e c o n d S outh Slavic Influence o n R ussian 1 1.1.1• Study of the problem since A I . Sobolevskij1 s report in 1 8 9 4 2 1.1.2. Ties b e tw e e n the m edieval Bulgarian a n d Serbian literatures a n d lite ra ry languages 4 1.2. Sobolevskij■ s concept of the revision of the Middle Bulgarian language 1 2 1.2.1. T h e s e c o n d S outh Slavic influence o n the R ussian s c r i p t . 1 4 1.3. T h e s e c o n d S outh Slavic influence o n the R u ssian art of manuscript illumination .. 1 6 1.3.1. S urvey of the surviving M iddle Bulgarian illuminated manuscripts 1 9 1.3.2. T h e question of characteristic national features in the Bulgarian M S illuminations 2 5 1.3.3. T h e question of 14th-century Bulgarian influence o n the R ussian art of M S illu m in a tio n . 3 1 1.4. T h e n e w style in the R ussian lite ra tu re of the late 14th - 15th centuries 3 2 1.4.1. Criticism of Lixacev's view o n styles in the Middle Bulgarian lite ra tu re 3 3 1.4.2. R e a s o n s for s t y lis t ic innovation in m edieval Bulgarian lite ra tu re 3 7 1.4.3. T h e style of the m edieval Bulgarian lite ra tu re 4 2 1.4.4. T h e role of the H esychasts in the introduction of the n e w style in Bulgarian lite ra tu re 5 8 V Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 C hapter T w o : T h e Importation of the M iddle Bulgarian Literary L a n g u a g e into R ussia 6 0 2.1.1• Middle Bulgarian orthographic peculiarities in the R ussian writings of late 14th - 15th centuries (Sobolevskij' s view) .. 6 0 2.1.2. Reflections of the Middle Bulgarian phonological syste m in the R u ssian orthography (Sobolevskij' s view ) 6 2 2.1.3. T h e influence of the Middle Bulgarian grammatical syste m o n R ussian (Sobolevskij' s view) 6 3 2.2. T h e medieval Bulgarian lite ra tu re brought to R ussia 6 6 2.3. V ie w s o n the w a y s in w hich M iddle Bulgarian influenced R ussian. Criticism . . . . 6 6 2.3.1. T h e connection b e tw e e n the Turkish conquest of Bulgaria a n d Serbia a n d the seco n d S outh Slavic influence; the question of S outh Slavic "immigrants1 1 in R ussia 6 7 2.3.2. Kiprian's role, a s M uscovite Metropolitan, in the reform of the R ussian language 8 2 2.3.3. C a m b lak*s role, a s R ussian ־ Lithuanian Metropolitan, in the reform of the R ussian language 9 3 2.3.4. A revised view of the reasons for the se co n d S outh Slavic influence, i t s m e ch a n ism s, a n d the role of the monasteries of M t. Athos a n d Constantinople 97 2.4. P roblem s in establishing the national o rig in of a C h u rch Slavic text 1 1 5 2.4.1. Sobolevskij,s c r ite r ia for establishing the national origin of C h u rch Slavic translations 1 1 7 2.4.2. N e w view o n the national origin of the Slavic translation of Akir the W ise? the u s e of co m b in e d diagnostic features 1 2 0 2.4.3. T h e impossibility of defining the exact extent of the se co n d S outh Slavic influence in Russia. 1 2 7 C hapter Three: O n the So-Called Revision of the Middle Bulgarian L a n g u a g e a n d Literature 1 3 0 3.1. T h e term "Middle Bulgarian"; the national boundaries of the people w h o wrote in the Bulgarian lite ra ry language of the 14th century 1 3 0 VI Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 3.1.1. T h e northern boundary of Bulgarian population in the 14th 1 5 th־ centuries 1 3 7 3.1.2. T h e southern boundary of Bulgarian population in the 14th 1 5 th־ centuries 1 4 0 3.1.3. T h e northwestern boundary of Bulgarian population in the 14th - 17th centuries? the problem of transitional dialects b e tw e e n Bulgarian a n d Serbian, a n d the status of the lite ra tu re of the 14th ־ century Vidin kin g d o m 1 4 1 3.1.4. T h e southwestern boundary of Bulgarian population in the 14th century . . . . 1 4 8 3.1.5. T h e question of the existence of a "Middle M a ce d o n ia n " language 1 5 1 3.2. T h e tra d itio n a l view o n the revision of the Middle Bulgarian language a s a "reform" b y Patriarch E uthym ius 1 6 1 3.2.1. C am blak's testimony to a reform b y E uthym ius of Т эгпоѵо 1 6 3 3.2.2. Exam ination of the r e lia b ilit y of C am blak's testimony 1 6 4 3.2.3. Interpretations, in the lite ra tu re , of Konstantin Kostenečki's writing about E uthym ius? analysis of Konstantin's text . . . . 1 6 5 3.2.4. T h e problem of the existence of a lin g u is tic reform b y E uthym ius in Bulgaria .. 1 7 4 3.3. A re-examination of the role of the H esychasts in Middle Bulgarian lite ra tu re a n d in the normalization of the language . . . . 1 8 4 3.3.1. T h e question of the existence of a Slavic Pre-R enaissance 1 8 5 3.3.2. O n the term "Slavia O rthodoxa" 1 8 9 3.3.3. T h e role of the international Balkan monasteries in the revival of the m edieval Bulgarian a n d Serbian literatures 1 9 1 3.4. T h e grouping of m edieval Bulgarian manuscripts according to their lin g u is tic peculiarities? revisions of old translations from G re e k 1 9 4 3.4.1. T h e revised translation of the Four G ospels in 1 3 5 5 /5 6 for King loan Aleksander of Ternovo 1 9 7 3.4.2. Studies of the language of King loan Aleksander's Four G o sp e ls (IA G ) 2 0 3 C h a p te r F o u r: Spelling a n d P h o n o lo g y , G ra m m a tic a l a n d Lexical In no va tion s in th e R e v is e d Edition of th e F o u r G o s p e ls ( IA G ) 2 0 6 V I I Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 4.1• O n the tra d itio n a l distinction of orthographic schools in m edieval Bulgaria . . . 2 0 6 4.1.1• B C onev's distinction of spelling schools 2 0 6 4.1.2. T h e letters of the Slavic alphabet according to Černorizec Xrabsr's treatise "O n the Letters” 2 0 8 4.1.3. O n the relation b e tw e e n letters a n d p h o n e m e s in Middle Bulgarian 2 1 1 4.1.4. T h e alphabet a n d the vow el p h o n e m e s in Middle Bulgarian 2 1 2 4.1.5• A n ap proach to the study of the relationship b e tw e e n the orthographic a n d phonological syste m s of Middle Bulgarian, a s reflected in IAG 2 1 2 4.1.6. P ro b le m s in the ide n tifica tio n of the m o rp h o n e m e s of the lite ra ry language . . . . 2 1 3 4.2. T h e graphic expression of voiced / unvoiced consonantal m o rp h o n e m e s in IA G 2 1 6 4.2.1. Graphic expression of neutralization in voicing in word-final position 2 1 6 4.2.2. G raphic expression of neutralization in voicing at m o rp h e m e boundaries 2 1 8 4.2.3. O n the m o rp h o n e m ic status of (Ѳ )2 4 9 . . . . ־ 4.2.4. O n the m o rp h o n e m ic status of {s} . . . . 2 5 3 4.2.5. Spellings with double consonant le tte rs 2 5 9 4.2.6. U s e of single letters representing consonantal clusters 2 6 5 4.2.7. Graphic expression of {v| in foreign borrowings 2 6 6 4.2.8. Simplification of the cluster /-zdn־ ־ / in the spelling 2 6 7 4.2.9. T h e spelling of epenthetic / 1 , / 2 6 9 4.2.10. Other peculiarities in the spelling of the consonants 2 7 1 4.2.11. Later corrections in the spelling of s o m e w o rd s in IA G 2 7 2 4.3. O n the p h o n e m ic softening of the consonants; the vow el system 2 7 3 4.3.1. T h e m o rp h o n e m e { i] a n d it s graphic expression in IA G 2 7 4 4.3.2. T h e m o rp h o n e m e |u| a n d it s graphic expression in IA G 2 8 3 4.3.3. T h e m o rp h o n e m e {o} a n d i t s graphic expression in IA G 2 8 9 4.3.4. T h e m o rp h o n e m e {a) a n d it s graphic expression in IA G 3 0 1 V I I I Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 0047407 4.3.5. T h e nasal-vowel m o rp h o n e m e {V }and it s graphic expression in IA G 3 2 2 • 4.3.6. T h e vowel/zero alternation a n d the graphic expression of the vocalized o u tc o m e of the m o rp h o n e m e {#}; the function of the jer letters in IA G 3 3 8 4.4. O n the gram m atical archaism a n d innovation in IAG. 3 4 3 4.4.1. Morphological innovations 3 4 6 4.4.2. Syntactic B alkanism s ־ double object 3 4 6 4.5. Lexical c h a n g e s in IAG. 3 5 4 4.5.1. R e p la ce m e n t of foreign borrowings . . . 3 5 5 4.5.2. R e p la ce m e n t of Slavic archaism s a n d dialectisms 3 5 7 4.5.3. O ther lexical c h a n g e s in IA G 3 5 9 Conclusions 3 6 4 A ppendices 3 7 2 Bibliography 3 7 9 Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 A B B R E V I A T I O N S AfS lP h - Archiv für slavische Philologie, Vienna-Berlin. A IP H O S - Annuaire d e 11 In s titu t d e Philologie et d'histoire orientales et slaves, B russels-N ew York. A nnals U A A S U ־ S A nnals of the Ukrainian A c a d e m y of Arts a n d S ciences in the United States, C hicago. A N S S S ־ R A kadēm ija N a u k, S S S R B A I - BOlgarski Arxeologiőeski In s titu t. B A N - Bułgarska A kadēm ija n a Naukite. Bgrd. - B e o g ra d Library co p y of Akir the W ise. B a lg E z - Bułgarski ezik. O rg a n n a In s titu ta z a bułgarski ezik p ri B A N , Sofia. BglqlstBibl ־ В algars k a istoričeska biblioteka (S SlavŽev, ed.), Sofia. C S P - C a nad ian Slavonic P apers, Toronto. E L - Ezik i lite ra tu ra . O rg a n ± izdanie n a družestvoto n a f ilo lo z ite - s la v is ti v Bulgārijā, Sofia. G B - G osudarstvennaja biblioteka S S S R im eni V I . Lenina, M o s c o w G o d S U - Godišnik n a Sofi j s k i ja universitet, Sofia. G o d S U , F ilo sof. i s t . f ak.- G odižfnik n a Sofi j s k i ja u n iv e rs ite t, filo s o fsko-istoričeski fa k u lte t, Sofia. G o d S U , I s t . f i l . f a k • ־ G odiŠnik n a S o fijs k ija u n ive rsite t, is to r ik o - filologičeski fa k u lte t, Sofia. G P ־ B G osudarstvennaja publicnaja biblioteka, Leningrad. X Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access IA G - K ing loan Aleksandôr's Four G ospels of 1355-1356. A microfilm from the original manuscript, kept in the B ritish M u s e u m under the n u m b e r 3 9 6 2 7 (P a rh a m Collection, M S X LV )• IB E - Institut p o bułgarski ezik, B A N IB ־ L Institut z a b u łg a rs k a literatura, B A N II ־ Institut z a istorija, B A N IJa - In s titu t jazykoznanija, A N S S S R IJ S L P - International Journal of Slavic Linguistics a n d Poetics, H a g u e IS ־ In s titu t slavjanovedenija, A N S S S R ISSt - Indiana Slavic Studies, Bloom ington. IstPr ־ Istoričeski pregled, Sofia. IzvBAI ־ Izvestija n a Balgarskija arxeologičeski i n s t i t u t , B A N , S ofia. IzvIBE ־ Izvestija n a In s titu ta p o bułgarski ezik, B A N , Sofia. IzvIBL - Izvestija n a In s titu ta z a bułgarska lite r a tu r a , B A N , Sofia. I z v il ־ Izvestija n a In s titu ta z a i s t o r i j a , B A N , Sofia. IzvO L Ja - Izvestija Otdelenija lite ra tu ry i_ jazyka A N S S S R , M o s c o w Iz v O R J a S - Izvestija Otdelenija russkogo jazyka i sloves- nosti A N S S S R (Russia) , Leningrad (St. Petersburg, Petrograd). J F - Južfnoslovenski filo lo g , B eograd. 17407 XI Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 М а г. - C o d e x Marianus. Published b y V Jagić as: Quattuor evangeliorum versionis palaeoslovenicae C o d e x M arianus glagoliticus (Mariinskoe četveroevangelie s primečanijami i p rilo že n ijami) , Berlin - St. Petersburg, 1 8 8 3 (Photoreprint: G raz, 1960), X X X + 6 0 7 pp. M S F L - Matica srpska z a f ilo lo ģ iju i lin g v is tik u , Novi S a d O D R ־ L Otdel drevnerusskoj lite ra tu ry In stitu ta russkoj lite ra tu ry A N S S S R (PuŠkinskij d o m ). O L J a ־ Otdelenie lite r a tu ry i jazyka A N S S S R O R J a S ־ Otdelenie russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti A N S S S R (Russia). O S IP ־ Oxford Slavonic Papers, Oxford. Ostr. ־ Ostromir Gospel. Published b y A Vostokov as: Ostromirovo evangelie 1 0 5 6 -1 0 5 7 g _ j> priloženiem greceskogo teksta evangelij i^ s gram matičeskim i ob1 1 jasnenijami, St. Petersburg, 1 8 4 3 (Photoedi- tion: W iesbaden, 1964), v i i i + 2 9 4 + 3 2 0 pp. P a m D P I ־ Pamjatniki drevnej p is 'mennosti i iskusstva, St. Petersburg. P e riod .S p B A N - Periodičesko spisanie n a B»lgarskata A ka ״ dem ija n a Naukite, Sofia. R E ־ S R e v u e d e s E tudes Slaves, Paris. R F ־ V Russkij f ilo lo g ič e s k ij vestnik, W a rs a w R J a S ־ Russkij jazyk v žkole, M o s c o w S a v. ־ Sawina kniga. Published by V Š čepkin as: X I I Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access S aw ina k n ig a (P am jatniki staroslavja n s k o g o jazy- 00047407 ka, I , 2), St. Petersburg, 1 9 0 3 (Photoreprint: G raz, 1959), v i i + 2 3 5 pp. S b B A N - Sbornik n a B91garskata Akadēm ija n a Naukite, Sofia. S b N U N K - Sbornik z a narodni u r n o tvoreni j a , n a uka i knižnina. Sofia. S b O R J a S - Sbornik Otdelenija russkogo jazyka i slovesnosti A N S S S R (Russia) , Leningrad (St. Petersburg, Petrograd). S E E ־ J Slavic a n d E a s t E u ro p e a n Journal, B lo o m in g to n , In d a n d M a d is o n , W is S E E R - Slavic a n d E a s t E u ro p e a n R e v ie w , L o n d o n Slavia - Slavia. Č asopis pro slovanskou f i l o l o g i i , P rague. S lM o ־ v Slov1 jans'ke m o v o z n a v s tv o , K ie v. S R e v ־ Slavic R eview A m erican Quarterly of Soviet a n d East E u ro p e a n Studies, Seattle. Solov. - Soloveckij M onastery copy of Akir the W ise. S p B A ־ N Spisanie n a Bąlgarskata Akadēm ija n a Naukite / Sofia. Supr. ־ C o d e x Suprasliensis. Published b y S Sever*janov as: Supraśl1 skaja rukopis1 (= Pamjatniki staroslavjan- s k o g o jazyka, I I ) , St. Petersburg, 1 9 0 4 (Photo- edition: G raz, 1956), iv + 5 7 0 pp. Trudy G P B - Trudy G osudarstvennoj publiČnoj b ib lio t e k i, Leningrad. Trudy IJa - Trudy In s titu ta jazykoznanija A N S S S R , M o s c o w Trudy O D R L - Trudy Otdela drevnerusskoj lite r a tu r y In s titu ta X I I I Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access russkoj lite ra tu ry A N S S S R (Puškinskij dom ), Leningrad. U č Z a p IS ־ U č e n y e zapiski In stitu ta s1 avj anovedeni j a A N S S S R , M oscow -Leningrad. V J a z - V oprosy jazykoznanija, M o s c o w W o rd - W o rd Journal of the Linguistic Circle of N e w Y o rk , N e w York. Z b M S F L - Zbornik Matice srpske z a f ilo lo ģ iju i_ lin g v is tik u , N ovi S a d Zogr. ־ C o d e x Zographensis. Published b y V Jagić as: Quattuor evangeliorum co d e x glagoliticus olim Zographensis n u n c Petropolitanus, characteribus c y r i l l i c i s transcriptum notis c r i t i c i s prolego״ m e n is appendicibus auctum , Berlin, 1 8 7 9 (P h o to ־* reprint: G raz, 1954), xlv + 1 7 5 + i i i p p Z M N P - Zurnal Ministerstva n a ro d n o g o prosveščenija , St. Petersburg. 00047407 XIV Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access CC047407 C h a p t e r One T H E S E C O N D S O U T H S L A V I C I N F L U E N C E O N R U S S I A N 1.1. In M a y , 1 8 9 4 , at the annual m eeting of the Archeological In s titu te in Saint Petersburg, the R ussian Slāvist A I . Sobolevskij delivered a report entitled: Ju Ž n o - slavjanskoe v i i janié n a russkuju pis'mennost1 v X IV - X V vekax1. S o m e sixty years la te r, in S eptem ber, 1 9 5 8 , an- other fa m o u s R ussian scholar, a lite ra ry historian, m edie- v a lis t a n d p hilolo gist, D S Lixaíev, delivered to the Fourth International C o n g re ss of Slāvists in M o s c o w a report entitled Nekotorye za d a Č i izučenija vtorogo juŽnoslavjan- sko g o v i i janija v Rossii^. T h e s e tw o papers stand alone in the history of Slavistics, since n o other w orks o n the subject, before or after th e m , c a n approach th e m in s c o p e a n d seriousness. Sobolevskij1 s w ork "in certain respects 1 This report w a s s o o n afterward published a s a separate brochure, Južno- slavjanskoe v i i janié n a russkuju pis'mennost1 v X IV - X V vekax. R e C , tfitannaja n a g o d iü n o m akté A rxeolocfT geskogo in s titu ta £ m a ja 1 8 9 4 g o d a prof. A I . Sobolevskim , N ine years later the text w a s incorporated (with n e w bibliographical materials o n the subject) a s C hapter O n e of Sobolevskij,s book, Perevodnaja lite ra tu ra M oskovskoj R usi X IV - XVII vekov (BibliografiCeskie materiały) , St. Petersbūrg, 1^03, p. 1-37. 2. D S LixaCev, N ekotorye zadaČ i izuSenija vtorogo južnoslavjanskogo v i i ja n ija v Rossii, Issledovanija p o slavjanskom u literaturovedeniju i f o l 1 k lo ris tik e (D oklady Sovetskix ufienyx n a IV M e ž c T u n a r o č tn o m s"ezde slavistov), M o s c o w , 1 960 , p. 95-151. - 1 - Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 m erely stated this influence, rather than studied it " ^ • Lixacev su m m a rize d the extant know ledge about c h a n g e s in the R ussian culture of the late 14th a n d entire 15th cen- turies, a n d attempted to explain these c h a n g e s in term s of the influence of the tw o Balkan Slavic high cultures of the 14th century - the Bulgarian a n d the Serbian• 1.1.1. In com paring the reports of Sobolevskij a n d Lixacev, o n e rem arks h o w l i t t l e factual information o n the subject of lin g u is tic c h a n g e in the R ussian langu ag e w a s gained b y Slāvists over the sixty years separating th e m Lixacev1 s fin a l conclusions take the form of four broadly-defined tasks set for future Slāvists: F irs t, to study the extent of the S o u th Slavic influence, i t s depth of penetration in d iffe re n t cultural areas. S e co n d , to study the ideological content of that in te lle c tu a l m o v e m e n t w hich w e h a v e tenta- tiv e ly id e n tifie d a s the Byzanto-Slavic P re-R en- aissance. Third, to study precisely that style w hich w a s connected with the se co n d S o u th Slavic in f lu - e n e e Fourth, to conduct textological analyses of lite r a ry w orks translated a n d brought to Russia. T h e textological study of 14th a n d 15th century lite r a ry m o n u m e n ts a n d th e ir copies w i l l s h e d lig h t o n the route of concrete penetration into Russia, of S outh Slavic a n d Byzantine influence, o n the degree a n d character of a r t is t ic re-work- ing; i t w i l l assist in the study of the origin of particular lite r a r y borrowings in style, contents, etc. 4 A s far a s the structural ch a n g e s in the language 3 D • S LixaSev, op. c i t • , p. 9 6 4 D S Lixacev, o p • c i t . , p. 1 5 0 - 2 - Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access of late 14th- a n d 15th-century Muscovite Russia are con- cerned, the scholar of today m ust s t i l l re ly mainly o n ob- servations m a d e e arlie r b y Sobolevskij: a ) a com parison of the R ussian manuscripts of the f i r s t half of the 14th century with those of the middle of the 15th century reveals a sig n ifica n t difference with re- spect to the language^; b ) the language of the R ussian manuscripts of the middle of the 15th century re fle cts particular features of the Middle Bulgarian lite r a r y language^; c) b e tw e e n the middle of the 14th a n d the middle of the 15th century, the R ussian language a n d lite ra tu re c a m e under the very strong influence of the S outh Slavic languages a n d lite ra tu re s, a n d in the e n d b e c a m e completely s u b m e rg e d b y th e m 7. I t is interesting to note that a l l Russian au- thors, discussing the problem of the overall c u ltu ra l in f lu - e n e e in 14th- a n d 15th-century Russia, refer to th is a s the S outh Slavic influence, a n d s t i l l em p hasize the leading role of the Middle Bulgarian lite r a r y language• S o fa r, n o o n e h a s b e e n able to distinguish clearly w here the Bui- garian elem ent e n d s a n d the Serbian begins, or vice versa• T h e reasons for this lie in the h is to ric a l developm ent of 5 • A I . Sobolevskij, op, c i t , f p• 1 6 A 1 • Sobolevskij, o p • c i t • , p. 6 7. A I . Sobolevskij, ibid• 47407 - 3 - Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access the Bulgarian a n d Serbian languages• T h e history of the lite r a r y languages of these tw o Balkan Slavic states is closely related to that of the tw o nations, involving the com plex relationships b e tw e e n nationality a n d nation-state organization, a n d b e tw e e n regional dialects a n d lite r a ry languages, a s well a s the m utual influence of the Serbian a n d Bulgarian cultures of the 14th century. 1.1.2• T h e e n o rm o u s t e r r it o r ia l expansion of the Bulgarian state in the 13th century, during the reign of the Tornovo king loan A s ë n I I (1218-1241)8 did not immediately Q bring about the flowering of Bulgarian lite ra tu re T h e Bulgarian culture reached the p e a k of it s developm ent in the time of Bulgaria's greatest t e r r it o r ia l losses, during the reign of the Т эгпоѵо king loan Alexander (1331-1371)e But the cultural expansion in Т эгпоѵо h a d it s roots in the enlarged em pire of the 13th-century Bulgarian kings, w h o g a v e vast wealth to the C h u rch a n d the monasteries a l l over th e ir newly-acquired te rrito rie s . T h e only surviving evi- d e n ce from the time of King loan A s ë n I I of s u c h h e a vy in- 8. V Zlatarski, I s t o r ija n a balgarskata daržava prez srednite vekove, I I I , Sofia, 1 9 4 0 , p. ?23-324. I . Dujčev, C a r Ivan-Asen I I , Sofia, 1 9 4 1 , p. 1- 5 3 , Prinosi кэт is to r ija ta n a Ivan-Asenja I I , S p B A N , LXVI, 1 9 4 3 , v. 3, p. 168-169. 9 P Dinekov, L ite ra tu rn ija t 2ivot prez X III v. , I s t o r i ja n a balgarskata lite r a tu r a . I , Sofia, 1 9 6 3 , p. 2 5 4 1 0 Ju. Trifonov, D espot Ivan-Aleksandar i položenieto n a Balgarija sled Velbaždkata bitka, S p B A N , X L III, 19 30 , p. 61-91. 00047407 - 4 - Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access vestm ents in the cultural a n d s p iritu a l l i f e of Bulgaria is the C h u rch of the Forty Holy Martyrs in Тэгпоѵо. But, a s c a n b e s e e n from th e ir gram oty, later kings, especially those of the 14th century, g a v e m o st generously to the C h u rch a n d i t s in s titu tio n s ^ . T h e tw o centuries (11th 1 2 th־ ) of Byzantine secular administration in the B alkan peninsula deprived the Slavic culture of a n y sponsorship from the central authori- tie s . T he n, in the 13th century, w h e n Bulgaria e x p a n d e d again under the S e c o n d E m pire to e n c o m p a s s almost the entire peninsula, Bulgarians a n d Serbians w orked together in the monasteries a n d other centers of culture to reshape the Slavic lite ra tu re a n d lite ra ry language. A similar unity appeared la te r, in the rise of the Serbian culture of the late 14th a n d early 15th centuries: from the battle of Velbažd (today's Kjustendil) o n J u n e 28, 13 30, to the fa ta l defeat b y the Turks at Č e rn o m e n (near Adrianopolis) o n S e p te m b e r 26, 1 3 7 1 , half of the Bulgarian lands w e re part of the Serbian kin g d o m of Stefan Dečanski, his s o n Stefan 1 1 A n e xa m p le of su ch generosity to the C hurch is the "Virgino G ra m o ta " of King Konstantin A s ë n (before 1 2 7 7 ) to the m onastery of St. G e o rg e G orgos. For d e ta ils, s e e : G A I I v in s k ij, G ra m o ty bolqarskix ca re j, M o s c o w , 1 9 1 1 (photoreprint: L o n d on , 1970), pp. 7-8, 14-21. G Balasčev, SaŠtinski l i e xrisovulat n a car Konstantin Tix (1258-1277)?, Minalo, I I , Sofia, v. 5-6, 19 11 , p. 178-179. P Petrov, Кэт vaprosa z a avtenti6nostta n a Virginskata gram ota i dostovernostta n a sadarZaštite s e v neja svedenija, G S U F i l . - i s t . fak., v. I , 2, Sofia, 19 58 , p. 171-175. Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access 00047407 D u š a n (1331-1351) a n d th e ir h e ir s ^ . ! n the centers of learning a n d lite r a r y production of King D u š a n *s Serbia, both Bulgarians a n d Serbians m ust h a ve taken almost equal part• T h e favorable treatment of Bulgarian scholars in Serbia m u st h a v e b e e n assured after 1 3 3 2 b y the presence in the palace of a q u e e n of Bulgarian royal origin - K ing D u ša n 's wife Elena w a s the siste r of the Т эгпоѵо king, loan Aleksand 3 r ^ . O f h o w l i t t l e importance w e re national differences a m o n g the Balkan peoples of the se c o n d half of the 14th century, m a y b e judged from a n e xa m p le in the Vatican copy of the M a n a s s e s Chronicle: During the reign of th is King Constantine [Constantine IV of Byzantium , 668-685], the Bulgarians crossed the D a n u b e and, after defeating the G reeks, took from th e m the land w h e re they are s t i l l liv in g today. E arlie r, the n a m e of this land w a s M oesia. But b e ca u se they w e re multiply n u m e ro u s ( s ic !) , they f i l l e d not only (the land o n ) this side of the D a n u b e , but also (the land) a l l the w a y to D rač [today*s D ures] a n d e v e n further d o w n , for the Wallachians. Serbians a n d the rest are a l l o n e a n d the sam elš. W hile there m ust h a ve b e e n d is tin c t structural differences b e tw e e n the sp o ke n language of the Bulgarians 12. I . Dujčev, Bolgarskie licevye rukopisi X IV veka, Bolgarskaja miniatjura X IV veka (M V ščepkina, e d .), M o s c o w , 1 9 6 3 , p. 8 1 3 Balgarska Akadēm ija n a Naukite, I s t o r i ja n a Balgarij a , v. I , Sofia, 1961, p. 22 3 1 4 I . Dujčev, ed., Letopista n a Konstantin M anasi, Sofia, 1963, p. 2 4 9 - 6 - Ilya Talev - 9783954793341 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:10:29AM via free access