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Cite as: Rampelotto, P.H. Extremophiles and Extreme Environments. Life 2013 , 3 , 482-485. Over the last decades, scientists have been intrigued by the fascinating organisms that inhabit extreme environments. Such organisms, known as extremophiles, thrive in habitats which for other terrestrial life-forms are intolerably hostile or even lethal. They thrive in extreme hot niches, ice, and salt solutions, as well as acid and alkaline conditions; some may grow in toxic waste, organic solvents, heavy metals, or in several other habitats that were previously considered inhospitable for life. Extremophiles have been found depths of 6.7 km inside the Earth’s crust, more than 10 km deep inside the ocean—at pressures of up to 110 MPa; from extreme acid (pH 0) to extreme basic conditions (pH 12.8); and from hydrothermal vents at 122 °C to frozen sea water, at í 20 °C. For every extreme environmental condition investigated, a variety of organisms have shown that they not only can tolerate these conditions, but that they also often require those conditions for survival. They are classified according to the conditions in which they grow: As thermophiles and hyperthermophiles (organisms growing at high or very high temperatures, respectively), psychrophiles (organisms that grow best at low temperatures), acidophiles and alkaliphiles (organisms optimally adapted to acidic or basic pH values, respectively), barophiles (organisms that grow best under pressure), and halophiles (organisms that require NaCl for growth). In addition, these organisms are normally polyextremophiles, being adapted to live in habitats where various physicochemical parameters reach extreme values. For example, many hot springs are acid or alkaline at the same time, and usually rich in metal content; the deep ocean is generally cold, oligotrophic (very low nutrient content), and exposed to high pressure; and several hypersaline lakes are very alkaline. Extremophiles may be divided into two broad categories: extremophilic organisms which require one or more extreme conditions in order to grow, and extremotolerant organisms which can tolerate extreme values of one or more physicochemical parameters though growing optimally at “normal” conditions. Extremophiles include members of all three domains of life, i.e. , bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. Most extremophiles are microorganisms (and a high proportion of these are archaea), but this group also includes eukaryotes such as protists (e.g., algae, fungi and protozoa) and multicellular organisms. Archaea is the main group to thrive in extreme environments. Although members of this group are generally less versatile than bacteria and eukaryotes, they are generally quite skilled in adapting to different extreme conditions, holding frequently extremophily records. Some archaea are among the most hyperthermophilic, acidophilic, alkaliphilic, and halophilic microorganisms known. For example, the archaeal Methanopyrus kandleri strain 116 grows at 122 °C (252 °F, the highest recorded temperature), while the genus Picrophilus (e.g., Picrophilus torridus ) include the most acidophilic organisms currently known, with the ability to grow at a pH of 0.06.