Digital Video Edited by Floriano De Rango Di gi t a l V i de o Edited by Floriano De Rango Intech Digital Video http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/173 Edited by Floriano De Rango © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2010 The moral rights of the and the author(s) have been asserted. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECH. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECH’s written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECH rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com). Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law. Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. 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Printed in Croatia Legal deposit, Croatia: National and University Library in Zagreb Additional hard and PDF copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Digital Video Edited by Floriano De Rango p. cm. ISBN 978-953-7619-70-1 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-953-51-5489-1 Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact book.department@intechopen.com Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com 4,200+ Open access books available 151 Countries delivered to 12.2% Contributors from top 500 universities Our authors are among the Top 1% most cited scientists 116,000+ International authors and editors 125M+ Downloads We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists Meet the editor Floriano De Rango is Associate Prof. in Telecommunication and Network- ing at DIMES Dept., University of Calabria, ITALY. In October 2000 he got is Master Degree Thesis cum laude in Electrical and Computer Science Engineering at University of Calabria. During his thesis he spent nine months at C.S.E.L.T (Centro Studi e Laboratorio Telecomunicazioni) in Turin where he worked on Access Network of Telecom Operator gaining experience in the management of Network Access Server (NAS) and on the interworking and integration of multi-vendor and multiplatform infra- structures. During this period he worked also on security issues and on Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) architecture in order to offer differentiation and security at access network in Dial-up phase. His Master Degree thesis was titled “Services Differentiation at IP level in Access Network through network management policies. Reliability, functionality and interoperability analysis on multi-vendor platforms“. In 2001 he started his Ph.D in Systems and Information Engineering at DEIS Dept., University of Calabria. In March 2004 he went to Los Angeles at UCLA University where he spent 8 months at Network Research Lab. In February 2005 he got his Ph.D with a thesis titled “Hybrid Location Based Routing Protocols for Scalable Wireless Ad Hoc Networks with Group Motion”. From November 2004 to September 2007 he worked at DEIS Dept. as Research Fellow. He has been also involved in many professional activities and in particular he has been TPC member of many International Conferences such as IEEE VTC, ICC, WCNC, Globecom, Med Hoc Net, SPECTS, WirelessCOM, WinSys and reviewer in many journals such as IEEE Communication Letters, JSAC, IEEE Trans.on Vehicular Technolo- gy, Computer Communication, Eurasip JWCN, WINET etc. In September 2007 he become Assistant Professor at DEIS Dept., University of Calabria, where he teaches Telecommunication Systems, Designing of Advance Cel- lular Networks and Radiomobile Networks II. He is now Associate Prof. in Telecommunication and Networking at DIMES Dept., University of Cal- abria. He was recipient of Young Researcher Award in 2007 for a Project on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) called ATENA (Autoconfiguring inTelligent vEhicular Network for urban Area). He co-authored till now more than 200 papers in International Conferences and Journals. Preface Digital video broadcasting (DVB) interest aroused in recent years and the birth of DVB projects some years ago led to the development of many new technologies and architecture able to deliver video and multimedia traffic over heterogeneous platforms. In the first phase, the DVB projects focused on the development of technical specifications relevant for the more traditional broadcasting of audio and video services by satellite, in cable networks and via terrestrial transmitters. Later and more recently attention has focused on the IP paradigm over DVB networks, solutions for interaction and return channels, the software environment called Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) and the distribution of video and audio over handheld devices and smartphones. This book tries to address different aspects and issues related to video and multimedia distribution over the heterogeneous environment considering broadband satellite networks and general wireless systems where wireless communications and conditions can pose serious problems to the efficient and reliable delivery of contents. In this context, specific chapters of the book have been related to different research topics covering the architectural aspects of the most famous DVB standard (DVB-T, DVB-S/S2, DVB-H etc.), the protocol aspects and the transmission techniques making use of MIMO, hierarchical modulation and lossy compression. In addition to these topics, also research issues related to the application layer and to the content semantic, organization and research on the web have also been addressed in order to give a complete view of the problems. The network technology faced in this book are mainly broadband wireless and satellite networks and the book can be read by intermediate students, researchers, engineers or people with some knowledge or specialization in network topics. All chapters have been written individually by different authors and this allows for each chapter to be read independently from the other chapters of the book. We decided to adopt this approach to permit researchers, students or engineers to select the arguments of major interest and that fall in the expertise area of any reader that is interested in the video distribution topic with the possibility to understand the approaches proposed by the authors without being forced to read the entire book. Obviously, in order to go deeply into the video distribution and multimedia transmission topic over broadband networks such as Satellite, overall reading of the book is suggested. In the following, brief snapshots of the single chapters are presented in order to give the reader the opportunity to select the chapters that better fall in the area of interest. Chapter 1: Multimedia Traffic over Wireless and Satellite Networks The rapid growth of multimedia applications and the development of advanced digital mobile terminals able to connect to multiple network segments lead to the proposal and X design of novel network architectures and protocols where video distribution, IPTV, audio transmission and multimedia traffic in general can be supported. Multiple technologies such as satellite DVB, 3G networks, wireless systems and so on can converge in an overall framework and architectures where fixed and mobile users can transparently communicate maintaining a good quality of service (QoS). Chapter 2: Adaptive Video Transmission over Wireless MIMO System Multimedia transmission and, in particular, video transmission that needs variable bit rate support can be obtained through advanced transmission techniques and technologies such as MIMO systems and source channel coding that permits an increase of channel capacity and diversity. In this context, adaptive video transmission and scalable video coding become an important issue to be addressed in order to allow video transmission over wireless networks. Chapter 3: Transmission Optimization of Digital Compressed Video in Wireless Systems The transmission of multimedia streams over wireless networks determines new issues to be addressed considering the variable nature of wireless channels and the possibility of user movements. New compression techniques able to reduce the network requirements or data rate to be supported consents the maintaining of acceptable QoS requirements also over wireless channels. Thus, compressed multimedia transmission together with dynamic optimized bandwidth assignment strategies and rate based and channel condition based scheduling algorithms can become essential to support and respect QoS constraints of multimedia traffic. Chapter 4: Resilient Digital Video Transmission over Wireless Channels using Pixel- Level Artefact Detection Mechanisms In order to support a resilient digital video transmission over noisy wireless channels advanced video coding techniques and machine learning algorithms to offer robust signal detection are suitable. Also Support Vector Machines (SVM) techniques can increase the capability of the decoder in detecting visual distorted region,s increasing the QoS in the video transmission and its robustness. Chapter 5: Digital Video Broadcasting via Satellite – Challenge on IPTV Distribution Recent satellite technologies and in particular Digital Video Broadcasting via Satellite (DVB-S) penetrated the market in recent years and it has allowed the delivery of high quality digital video. With this technology it can be interesting to see how the new IPTV distribution paradigm can be mapped over Satellite architecture in order to obtain a fully integrated IP network where video distribution can be delivered to the end users. Chapter 6: The Deployment of Intelligent Transport Services by using DVB-based Mobile Video Technologies Mobile video technologies are becoming so popular and useful that a possible use for new Intelligent Transport Services (ITS) is creating interest. The capability to warn drivers in time to avoid collision or the detection of the exact accident location can offer useful information for road traffic management and to reduce further incident risks. Novel standards such as Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), GPRS, WiMAX and UMTS networks and broadcast technologies such as RDS, DAB and DVB specifications (DVB-T, DVB-S, DVB-H etc) can be integrated in order to offer a ubiquitous ITS service. In this context, DVBH and DVB-SH are examined to focus on the support of novel services on handheld devices and on the possibility of integrating these broadcast technologies with heterogeneous systems to realize a general ITS framework. XI Chapter 7: A New Waveform based on Linear Prediction Multicarrier Modulation for Future Digital Video Broadcasting Systems The OFDM technique represents an efficient scheme of transmission for propagation over multiple channels and, for this reason, it has been adopted in different standards relative to Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). The success of this technique is in the capacity of subdividing the single channel into parallel free sub-channels and then to rebuild the signal using the reverse Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) at the transmitter and FFT at the receiver. In order to reduce the overhead associated with the standard OFDM technique a linear pre-coding based on OFDM modulation is considered in this chapter. Chapter 8: Performance Analysis of DVB-T/H OFDM, Hierarchical Modulation in Impulse Noise Environment This chapter regards DVB-T/H, introducing basic DVB characteristics and modulation techniques. The hierarchical modulation and the COFDM proposed in different digital standard proposals are considered to learn about the capability to modulate in a single bit- stream separate and multiple bit-streams. Moreover, the overall system performance in the presence of impulse noise, and not only Gaussian noise, is also evaluated. Chapter 9: IP Datacast (IPDC) over DVB-H and the Repair Costs of the IPDC File Repair Mechanism This chapter briefly introduces the DVB technology and the transmission systems adopted by mobile terminals (DVB-Handhead). Then, the IP datacast architecture (IPDC) and the protocols used in the DVB-H are also applied focusing mainly on data transmission and error signaling mechanisms in the reception phase. Chapter 10: DVB-T2: New Signal Processing Algorithm for a Challenging Digital Video Broadcasting Standard The novel standard DVB-T2 is introduced focusing also on the difference between DVB- T and DVB-T2 and the new possibility to increase the transmission data rate.. De-mapping, iterative decoding, and antenna diversity etc. are the main characteristics of DVB-T2 able to increase its performance in comparison with DVB-T. Chapter 11: Passive Radar using COFDM (DB or DVB-T) Broadcaster as Opportunistic Illuminator In this chapter the advantages and benefits of COFDM in broadcast transmission are introduced. At the beginning the main concepts of COFDM are provided and later two stop filters used for the COFDM signal transmission are explained. Many of the results of this chapter have been experimentally obtained. Chapter 12: Reliable and Repeatable Power Measurement in DVB-T System In this chapter, after briefly introducing the DVB technique, measurement approaches and methodologies to apply on this broadcast technology are explained such as bandwidth and power measurements. The specific instrumentations and techniques such as specified by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) are described. Chapter 13: MidField: An Adaptive Middleware System for Multipoint Digital Video Communication In order to support digital video transmission through multiple intermediate nodes, it is necessary to design and implement a novel middleware level called MidField. In particular, in this chapter the routing of multiple streams among intermediate nodes for the delivery of Digital Video (DV) and High Definition Video (HDV) are introduced and described. Architectures, protocols and the working of MidField, communication modalities and streaming modules are also described. XII Chapter 14: Video Content Description using Fuzzy Spatio-Temporal Relation Sometimes, it can be interesting to find video content on the basis of some description of the video track. With this regard, to obtain the task of an efficient research of video contents novel techniques based on Fuzzy logic and the spatio-temporal relation is explained and proposed. Chapter 15: Trick play on Audiovisual Information for Tape Disk and Solid – State based Digital Recording System This chapter is dedicated to the storage techniques to memorize video content in an efficient manner in order to speed up the video content research. A solution called Digital Consumer Storage Standard is described and in addition storage and compression techniques for different physical supports are also provided. Chapter 16: Video Quality Metrics Compression and transmission techniques are two basic aspects in video transmission. However, in order to know how much a video content can be compressed offering good quality perception to the end user, it is very important to define good video quality metrics. It is possible to define subjective and objective video metrics that are able to correlate the network characteristics with human perception. In this chapter a brief description of the Human Visual System and the most important video quality metrics will be provided. Chapter 17: Video Analysis and Indexing In recent years, the increasing number of applications and traffic based on video content are leading to a particular interest in the design of (semi) automatic ways to describe, organize, and manage video data with greater understanding of its semantic contents. With this regard, the design of efficient databases, storing techniques, indexing, semantic extraction by video content and time-efficient query can become essential in video management and they will be object of this chapter. Chapter 18: Video Editing based on Situation awareness from Voice Information and Face Emotion Since video camera systems are becoming ever more popular in the home environment and many other places, it is important to record different types of events during thecourse of daily life. In this context, in order to automatize the recording process and to capture significant events, it is possible to design recording strategies that make use of voice detection and face recognition to capture and zoom situations of particular interest. In this chapter, the authors, after describing a video editing system based on audio and face emotion, describe the specific techniques adopted in their system concerning voice and voice direction detection and facial emotion recognition algorithms. Chapter 19: Combined Source and Channel Strategies for Optimized Video Communications In the context of Universal Media Access (UMA), one of the main challenges is to flexibly deliver video content with the best perceived image quality for end-users having different available resources, access technologies and terminal capabilities. This chapter will introduce different coding and compression techniques managed on the basis of the channel condition in order to improve efficiency in video and multimedia distribution. The first part of the chapter will describe the MPEG-2 and H.264/AVC standard with subjective and objective quality metrics. In the second part of the chapter, instead, channel coding and error control techniques in video distribution, scalable video transmission and hierarchical modulation are discussed. XIII Chapter 20: Amplitude Phase Shift Keying Constellation Design and Its Applications to Satellite Digital Video Broadcasting This chapter focuses on the Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) and M-APSK applied to Digital Video Broadcasting and in particular to DVB-S2 and DVB-SH. This modulation technique and its extension to multidimensional modulation (M-APSK) present higher spectral efficiency and a higher data rate providing good support for multimedia and video distribution. Chapter 21: Non-Photo Realistic Rendering for Digital Video Intaglio In recent years, rendering algorithms have been introduced to mimic various classic art forms, ranging from pen-and-ink illustrations and line art drawings to expressive paintings. In this context, non photo realistic (NPR) rendering techniques can become an important instrument to consider and this chapter will give an idea of NPR techniques proposed in literature, focusing later on an innovative approach proposed by the authors. Chapter 22: Building Principles and Application of Multifunctional Video Information System In this chapter structural principles of perspective television system, video informational system (VIS) for multipurpose application or multifunctional video informational system (MFVIS) are described. Editor Floriano De Rango Associate Prof. at DEIS Dept., University of Calabria, Italy Contents Preface IX 1. Multimedia Traffic over Wireless and Satellite Networks 001 Floriano De Rango, Mauro Tropea and Peppino Fazio 2. Adaptive Video Transmission over Wireless MIMO System 031 Jia-Chyi Wu, Chi-Min Li, and Kuo-Hsean Chen 3. Transmission Optimization of Digital Compressed Video in Wireless Systems 045 Pietro Camarda and Domenico Striccoli 4. Resilient Digital Video Transmission over Wireless Channels using Pixel-Level Artefact Detection Mechanisms 071 Reuben A. Farrugia and Carl James Debono 5. Digital Videos Broadcasting via Satellite – Challenge on IPTV Distribution 097 I Made Murwantara, Pujianto Yugopuspito, Arnold Aribowo and Samuel Lukas 6. The Deployment of Intelligent Transport Services by using DVB-Based Mobile Video Technologies 111 Vandenberghe, Leroux, De Turck, Moerman and Demeester 7. A New Waveform based on Linear Precoded Multicarrier Modulation for Future Digital Video Broadcasting Systems 125 Oudomsack Pierre Pasquero, Matthieu Crussière, Youssef Nasser, Eddy Cholet and Jean-François Hélard 8. Performance Analysis of DVB-T/H OFDM Hierarchical Modulation in Impulse Noise Environment 145 Tamgnoue Valéry, Véronique Moeyaert, Sébastien Bette and Patrice Mégret XVI 9. IP Datacast and the Cost Effectiveness of its File Repair Mechanism 163 Bernhard Hechenleitner 10. DVB-T2: New Signal Processing Algorithms for a Challenging Digital Video Broadcasting Standard 185 Mikel Mendicute, Iker Sobrón, Lorena Martínez and Pello Ochandiano 11. Passive Radar using COFDM (DAB or DVB-T) Broadcasters as Opportunistic Illuminators 207 Poullin Dominique 12. Reliable and Repeatable Power Measurements in DVB-T Systems 229 Leopoldo Angrisani, Domenico Capriglione, Luigi Ferrigno and Gianfranco Miele 13. MidField: An Adaptive Middleware System for Multipoint Digital Video Communication 263 Koji Hashimoto and Yoshitaka Shibata 14. Video Content Description Using Fuzzy Spatio-Temporal Relations 285 Archana M. Rajurkar, R.C. Joshi, Santanu Chaudhary and Ramchandra Manthalkar 15. Trick play on Audiovisual Information for Tape, Disk and Solid-State based Digital Recording Systems 303 O. Eerenberg and P.H.N. de With 16. Video Quality Metrics 329 Mylène C. Q. Farias 17. Video Analysis and Indexing 359 Hui Ding, Wei Pan and Yong Guan 18. Video Editing Based on Situation Awareness from Voice Information and Face Emotion 381 Tetsuya Takiguchi, Jun Adachi and Yasuo Ariki 19. Combined Source and Channel Strategies for Optimized Video Communications 397 François-Xavier Coudoux, Patrick Corlay, Marie Zwingelstein-Colin, Mohamed Gharbi, Charlène Mouton-Goudemand, and Marc-Georges Gazalet XVII 20. Amplitude Phase Shift Keying Constellation Design and its Applications to Satellite Digital Video Broadcasting 425 Konstantinos P. Liolis, Riccardo De Gaudenzi, Nader Alagha, Alfonso Martinez, and Albert Guillén i Fàbregas 21. Non-Photo Realistic Rendering for Digital Video Intaglio 453 Kil-Sang Yoo, Jae-Joon Cho and Ok-Hue Cho 22. Building Principles and Application of Multifunctional Video Information System 463 Mahmudov Ergash B. and Fedosov Andrew A. 23. Digital Video Image Quality 487 Tomáš Kratochvíl and Martin Slanina 1 Multimedia Traffic over Wireless and Satellite Networks Floriano De Rango, Mauro Tropea and Peppino Fazio DEIS Dept., University of Calabria, Italy 1. Introduction The rapid growth of multimedia application together with advanced development in digital technology and with the increased use of mobile terminal has pushed the research toward new network technologies and standards for wireless environment. Moreover, ever- increasing computing power, memory, and high-end graphic functionalities have accelerated the development of new and exciting wireless services. Personal video recorders, video on demand, multiplication of program offerings, interactivity, mobile telephony, and media streaming have enabled viewers to personalize the content they want to watch and express their preferences to broadcasters. Viewers can now watch television at home or in a vehicle during transit using various kinds of handheld terminals, including mobile phones, laptops computers, and in-car devices. The concept of providing television- like services on a handheld device has generated much enthusiasm. Mobile telecom operators are already providing video-streaming services using their third-generation cellular networks. Simultaneous delivery of large amounts of consumer multimedia content to vast numbers of wireless devices is technically feasible over today’s existing networks, such as third-generation (3G) networks. As conventional analog television services end, broadcasters will exploit the capacity and flexibility offered by digital systems. Broadcasters will provide quality improvements, such as high-definition television (HDTV), which offer many more interactive features and permit robust reception to receivers on the move in vehicles and portable handhelds. Mobile TV systems deliver a rich variety of content choice to consumers while efficiently utilizing spectrum as well as effectively managing capital and operating expenses for the service provider. Mobile TV standards support efficient and economical distribution of the same multimedia content to millions of wireless subscribers simultaneously. Mobile TV standards reduce the cost of delivering multimedia content and enhance the user experience, allowing consumers to surf channels of content on a mobile receiver. Mobile TV standards address key challenges involved in the wireless delivery of multimedia content to mass consumers and offer better performance for mobility and spectral efficiency with minimal power consumption. An important aspect of multimedia delivery contest is the possibility of make integration between different networks in order to be able of reaching users every-time every-where. Then, it is possible to use a multi-layer hierarchic platform that use satellite [1] segment together with wireless network based on 802.11 standard [2,3,4] and with cellular network in order to have an ubiquitous coverage. In Digital Video 2 order to grapple with the continuously increasing demand on multimedia traffic over high speed wireless broadband networks it is also necessary to make network able to deal with the QoS constraints required by users. In order to provide quality of service to user applications, networks need optimal and optimized scheduling and connection admission control algorithm. These mechanisms help to manage multimedia traffic guaranteeing QoS to calls already admitted in the system and providing QoS to the new connection. In order to evaluate the quality of video traffic with the mobility it is important to examining the quality assessment techniques: Subjective and Objective quality assessment. 2. Video quality in multimedia broadcasting In the last few years multimedia applications are grew very fast in all networks typologies and in particular in wireless networks that are acquiring a big market slice in the telecommunication field. This trend of applications has pushed the researchers to perform a lot of studies in the video applications and in particular in the compression field in order to be able of transporting this information in the network with a low impact in the system resources. In literature a lot of studies exist on video compression and new standard of compression are proposed in order to be able to transmit video traffic on different network technologies that often have resource problem in terms of bandwidth capacity and, then, a very performance compression algorithm can give a great support to network service provider in respecting the quality constrains otherwise nor achievable. The ubiquitous nature of all multimedia services and their use in overall telecommunications networks requires the integration of a lot of technologies that aim to improve the quality of the applications received by the users. First of all, it is clear that the traditional concept of best effort paradigm in the delivery of multimedia contents is not possible to adopt because it does not match with the users requirements. This type of approach try to do its best but it is unable of guaranteeing any form of users requirements. In order to address this type of problem, recently different Quality of Services architectures have been proposed capable of guaranteeing to the multimedia streams the users constrains. The most famous architectures are Integrated Services and Differentiated Services that manage different class of services in order to allow a traffic differentiation able to discriminate also a cost differentiation for the customers. It is easy to understand that this new type of applications is based on a constantly reliable reception of information that it is possible to have only through an appropriate network management. The new end users are always more quality aware and then they are more exigent and accordingly networks have to guarantee always more capacity in order to satisfy their users. As a consequence, there is a continuous and extensive research effort, by both industry and academia, to find solutions for improving the quality of multimedia content delivered to the users; as well, international standards bodies, such as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), are renewing their effort on the standardization of multimedia technologies. There are very different directions in which research has attempted to find solutions in order to improve the quality of the rich media content delivered over various network types [5,6,7,8,9]. Moreover, it is very important to determine efficient quality assessment. It is really important to know how the network behaves in terms of parameters of service for end users in order to take the correct decisions during the development, evaluation, construction and operation of network services.