SAMARTHYA FURNITURE DESIGN Project report Project Duration: 17 August 2022 to 20 November 2022 Submitted by : Mishika Gupta In partial Fulfilment of: B.Des Interior Design (Batch 2020-2024) Project Guide: Mr. Rajat Vashishtha and Mrs. Charu Thukral 2 DECLARATION BY THE STUDENT I Mishika Gupta, a student in 4 BDES in the Interior design program in furniture design, studying at Arch College of Design and Business, Jaipur hereby declares that this project report titled “An Indoor Bench” submitted in partial fulfillment of furniture design project is the original work conducted by me. The information and data given in the report are authentic to the best of my knowledge and belief. Name of the student: Mishika Gupta Date: 24th Feb 2023 Place: Jaipur Signature- 3 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the furniture design project report titled ”An indoor Bench” is a bonafide work carried out Mishika Gupta, of BDES interior design programme in furniture design (2020-2024) in partial fulfillment of a furniture design project and an international competition (Andreu World Competition) held in Spain. Director Course Coordinator Guide (Archana Surana) (Ronak Dhagra) (Rajat Vashishtha) (Charu Thukral) Date: 24th feb 2023 Place - Jaipur 4 ABOUT ARCH COLLEGE Necessity is at the source of every creation, and ARCH College of Design and Business also started off with a deep necessity for a DESIGN based education. ARCH was set up in 2000 under the aegis of ARCH Educational Society, to reform and transform the quality of education for design aspirants across the globe. Spread across 80,000 sq,feet in the heart of the Pink City-Jaipur, ARCH is equipped with cutting-edge technology and online pedagogical infrastructure to offer students premium education and learning experiences! The industry - oriented emphasis on learning at ARCH provides students with the means to grow as sensitive, creative designers and practitioners of craft with clear goals to contribute towards culture and society through synergizing traditional knowledge and skills with the contemporary methodologies. 5 CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................03 2. PREFACE..................................................................04 3. WOOD.......................................................................07 a. What is wood.........................................................08 b. Parts of wood........................................................09 c. Felling and debarking of woods.................................10 d. Different types of sawing wood logs...........................13 g. Wood seasoning....................................................18 h. Types of seasoning.................................................19 i. Qualities of seasoned wood......................................21 j. Seasoning defects..................................................22 k. Types of rots .........................................................24 l. classification of wood..............................................25 m. Difference between hardwood and softwood................26 n. Identification of wood .............................................27 a. Density of some common woods...............................28 b. Composition of hardwood and softwood......................30 c. Artificial wood........................................................31 d. Measurements in lumber..........................................40 e. Certification of lumber purchase.................................41 4. CLASSIFICATION OF FURNITURE.................................42 5. HASTKALA INDUSTRY VISIT........................................43 6. HANS WAGNER..........................................................45 CONTENT 7. VICO MAGISTRETTI...................................................48 8. TRENDING FURNITURE..............................................52 9. FIRST DESIGN BRIEF.................................................58 10. PURPOSE OF A BENCH...............................................59 11. TYPES OF BENCH.......................................................60 12. BENCH STYLES..........................................................63 13. COUNTRY STYLE FURNITURE.....................................67 14. DIFFERENT BENCHES................................................68 15. TYPES OF WOODEN JOINERY.....................................74 16. WOOD CARVING........................................................77 17. WOOD TURNING........................................................78 18. MOOD BOARDS.........................................................79 19. RE-DEFINED BRIEF....................................................90 20. DESIGN STATEMENT..................................................91 21. MATERIAL CHART......................................................92 22. BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................93 WOOD 8 WHAT IS WOOD? Wood is the principal strengthening and nutrient-conducting tissue of trees and other plants and one of the most abundant and versatile natural materials. As a material, wood has been in service since humans appeared on Earth. Today, in spite of technological advancement and competition from metals, plastics, cement, and other materials, wood maintains a place in most of its traditional roles 9 PARTS OF WOOD 10 FELLING AND DEBARKING OF TREES 11 HARVESTING In this, the person cutting down the trees is known as feller while the machine used in cutting trees is known as feller buncher. The process of felling of timber is as follows: (i) A cut is made at the lowest possible point of the trunk and it is extended beyond the centre of gravity of cross- section of tree. (ii) Another parallel cut is made above the first cut in the opposite direction. (iii) The top of tree is then tied with ropes on all the four diametrically opposite sides. (iv) The rope on the side the tree is to be felled is pulled and at the same time, the rope on the opposite side is slowly loosened. 12 SAWING SAWING: Sawn timber is timber that is cut from logs into different shapes and sizes. Sawn timber is generally cut into varying rectangular widths and lengths, but may also be wedge shaped. Common sawn timber products include solid timber beams and more rectangular timber sections. RE-SAWING: Resawing is one of the fundamental ways to cut wood. For any given board, there are three possible types of cuts - rip cuts, cross cuts and resaw cuts. The difference between these cuts is the direction the grain is facing during the cut. 13 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SAWING WOOD LOGS 14 PLAIN SAWING - The plain sawing method is the most common. It consists of sawing boards off the log in strips parallel to the pith. These boards are then sawn lengthwise again. Every board sawn this way has a unique appearance. Floors made with plain sawn boards have greater color and pattern variations than floors made with boards sawn using other methods. Characteristics of Plain Sawn timber – The grain of the timber is very consistent with a straight, vertical orientation. This type of woodcut produces good patterns ideal for large surface work like dining table tops, doors, and flooring. Advantages of Plain Sawn -Aesthetically pleasing finish on both sides; more contrasting colors in select woods. – Great for longboards, large pieces that are needed and desired It- More economical in cost because it has minimal waste. – Stronger finished product as there is less chance for gaps to form between them when glued together due to lack of knots within the timber. 15 Characteristics of Quarter sawn timber A quarter sawed timber has a wavy grain pattern along its surface making them fantastic at resisting twisting and moisture problems over time.They have a long straight line going through the center of the board called the quarter saw line. Advantages of Quarter sawn timber It is less likely to twist or warp due to moisture, as the wood fibers are oriented at an angle across the board. This makes it especially good for smaller pieces such as cabinetwork and cutting boards where appearance does not matter, but stability against warping or twisting is essential over time. The straight grain also makes it a good candidate for veneer work since the grain will always be parallel to the surface. QUARTER SAWING - As the name implies, the quarter sawing method starts by sawing the log into quarters. Boards are then sawn off the top parts of the faces of each quarter, cutting through the growth rings at about a 90 degree angle. This method usually produces fairly uniform boards with similar grain patterns. 16 RIFT SAWING - If we continue sawing boards off the faces of the quartered log, we get rift sawn boards, which are differentiated by the fact that the growth rings on the outer edge of the log are different from those nearer the pith. The grain on the top of the board will be linear, while the grain on the ends will be somewhat slanted. Characteristics of rift sawn timber Rift sawn timbers have straighter grains making them better at holding up against stresses like twisting and pressure from moisture over time. Trees with a more uniform diameter are used for this type of timber which means there is less risk of warping. Rift sawn timber can be more difficult to work with, but this also means that it will last longer and allow you greater control when cutting or shaping the wood. Advantages of rift sawn timber Straighter grain means straighter boards. Rift sawn boards have a consistent grain pattern making it valuable to design artists. On top of this Rift, Sawn timber has greater dimensional stability which means that it is less likely to warp or bow over time. 17 Characteristics of live sawn timber Live Sawn is a type of woodcut that has its own unique characteristics. The grain pattern, color spectrum, and natural variations in this wood make it an attractive option for flooring or cabinet pieces. It also allows you to see every layer in the board’s growth rings, ensuring no gaps due to continual tree growth. Advantages of Live Sawn timber Live Sawn has a few advantages that make it the ideal choice for countless projects over the other different types of woodcuts on our list. It is free of knots and possible cracks, so you can use this timber for flooring or cabinet pieces without worrying about the wood splitting or breaking beneath your feet. Live Saw also allows you to see every layer in the board’s growth rings, ensuring no gaps due to continual tree growth. LIVE SAWING - Live Quarter is also called standing cut. This type of cutting does not produce a lot of waste because the tree remains intact on one side. The log will be split into quarters (thus the name) which are then further sliced for lumber sizes that are needed in carpentry. 18 WOOD SEASONING What is wood seasoning? ● Seasoning wood is the process of correctly drying timber in order to remove moisture in the cells of the wood walls. It is a necessary procedure to produce seasoned timber, helping it to burn cleanly. Seasoning can be achieved via several methods, but all methods aim to remove water and prevent damage to the wood. 19 NATURAL SEASONING ARTIFICIAL SEASONING ➔ AIR SEASONING ➔ WATER SEASONING ➔ KILN SEASONING ➔ STEAM SEASONING TYPES OF SEASONING ● AIR SEASONING: Blocks are stocked vertically and horizontally under a sloping shed in an open space and natural ventillation dries off the moisture. ● WATER SEASONING: Water seasoning is the process in which timber is immersed in water flow which helps to remove the sap present in the timber. It will take 2 to 4 weeks of time and after that the timber is allowed to dry. ● KILN SEASONING: Wooden blocks are kept in a store in which temperature is controlled by the exhaust fans on roof. ● STEAM SEASONING: In steam seasoning steam is dispersed in the room where wooden logs are spreaded to maintain the moisture level. 20