© 2018 Computer Science GCSE GURU. This resource is protected by copyright. It may be freely copied by the purchaser for use in a single institution on a single site only. You are not permitted to share this resource with any third party and must ensure no unauthorised third party access via a VLE or website. Von Neumann Computer Architecture : • F irst published by John von Neumann in 1945 • B ased on the stored - program computer concept , where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory. This design is still used in most computers produced today Von Neumann Architecture Control Unit (CU): • C ontrols the operation of the computer’s ALU, memory and input/output devices, telling them how to respond to the program instructions it has just read and interpreted from the memory unit • A lso provides the timing and control signals required by other computer components Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): • The ALU performs arithmetic (add, subtract etc ) and logic (AND, OR, NOT etc ) operations Registers: • H igh speed storage areas in the CPU • All data must be stored in a register before it can be processed Memory Unit: • C onsists of RAM (primary memory) • RAM is fast and directly accessible by the CPU • RAM is split into partitions. Each partition consists of an address and some content • Loading data from permanent memory (hard drive), into temporary memory (RAM), allows the CPU to operate much quicker Buses: • Buses are the means by which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another, connecting all major internal components to the CPU and memory Address Bus Carries the addresses of data (but not the data) between the processor and memory Data Bus Carries data between the processor, the memory unit and the input/output devices Control Bus Carries control signals/commands from the CPU (and status signals from other devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within the computer MAR Memory Address Register Holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed MDR Memory Data Register Holds data that is being transferred to or from memory ACC Accumulator Where intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored PC Program Counter Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed CIR Current Instruction Register Contains the current instruction during processing Input Device Output Device Memory Unit Control Unit Arithmetic / Logic Unit Registers PC CIR MDR MAR ACC Central Processing Unit Central Processing Unit (CPU): • The electronic circuit responsible for executing the instructions of a computer program • Sometimes referred to as the microprocessor or processor • The CPU contains the ALU, CU and a variety of registers © 2018 Computer Science GCSE GURU. This resource is protected by copyright. It may be freely copied by the purchaser for use in a single institution on a single site only. You are not permitted to share this resource with any third party and must ensure no unauthorised third party access via a VLE or website. Fetch Decode Execute Cycle: 1) PC has address of next instruction 2) PC copied to the MAR 3) Lookup MAR and get contents. Copy contents into the MDR 4) Copy MDR contents into the CIR 5) PC is then incremented by 1 6) The instruction is decoded and then executed Fetch Decode Execute Cycle Fetch Decode Execute Cycle: • The fetch execute cycle is the basic operation (instruction) cycle of a computer • During the fetch execute cycle, the computer retrieves a program instruction from its memory • It then establishes and carries out the actions that are required for that instruction • The cycle of fetching, decoding, and executing an instruction is continually repeated by the CPU whilst the computer is turned on 1 The PC contains the address of the memory location that has the next instruction which has to be fetched 2 This address is then copied from the PC to the MAR via the address bus 3 The contents (instruction) at the memory location (address) contained in MAR are then copied into the MDR 4 The contents (instruction) in the MDR is then copied and placed into the CIR 5 The value in the PC is then incremented by 1 so that it now points to the next instruction which has to be fetched 6 The instruction is finally decoded and then executed by sending out signals (via control bus) to the various components of the computer