Gender in Cross- Cultural Perspective This carefully crafted volume introduces anthropological approaches to and perspectives on gender. It combines theoretically and ethnographically based essays in order to examine gender roles and ideology around the world. Divided thematically into 11 sections, the editors open each section with a succinct introduction to the principal issues. The articles themselves, both classic and contemporary, are drawn from all fields of anthropology and cover a wide variety of cultures. The seventh edition contains 11 new entries that reflect more recent developments in the discipline, including topics such as gender identity, trans- nationalism and female genital cutting. Additional features to support teaching and learn- ing that are new to this edition include a film list and discussion questions at the end of each entry. This is an essential resource for students encountering the anthropology of gender for the fi rst time. Caroline B. Brettell is University Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Ruth Collins Altshuler Director of the Dedman College Interdisciplinary Institute at Southern Methodist University, USA . Carolyn F. Sargent is Professor of Anthropology and Professor of Women, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Washington University in St. Louis , USA. Gender in Cross- Cultural Perspective Seventh Edition Edited by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent Seventh edition published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 selection and editorial matter, Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Prentice Hall 1993 Sixth edition published by Pearson 2013; Routledge 2015 British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data Names: Brettell, Caroline, editor. | Sargent, Carolyn F., 1947–, editor. Title: Gender in cross-cultural perspective / edited by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. Description: Seventh Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Previous edition: 2015. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016050172 | ISBN 9780415783866 (Hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138216648 (Paperback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Sex role—Cross-cultural studies. Classification: LCC GN479.65 .G4634 2017 | DDC 305.3—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016050172 ISBN: 978- 0- 415- 78386-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978- 1- 138- 21664-8 (pbk) Typeset in Goudy by Apex CoVantage, LLC For Richard Brettell and David Freidel, men who have given new meaning to the gendered division of labor, with gratitude for the intellectual and emotional support that they have provided for many years. Preface xii Acknowledgments xiv About the editors xv Notes on authors xvii PART 1 Biology, gender, and human evolution 1 1 Animal models and gender 9 M A R L E N E Z UK 2 Lifeboat ethics: mother love and child death in Northeast Brazil 19 N A N C Y S C H EPER- HUGHES 3 The cultural nexus of Aka father-infant bonding 27 B A R RY S . H E WLETT 4 Difference matters: understanding and embodying gender identities at an urban public high school in the United States 40 A N I TA C H I K KATUR PART 2 Gender and prehistory 53 5 The past is a foreign country: archaeology of sex and gender 59 R O S E M A RY A. JOYCE 6 The fashioning of women 68 J . M . A D OVA SIO, OLGA SOFFER, AND JAKE PAGE 7 Inca gender relations, from household to empire 81 R . A L A N C OVEY Contents viii Contents PART 3 Domestic worlds and public worlds 91 8 The domestic sphere of women and the public world of men: the strengths and limitations of an anthropological dichotomy 97 L O U I S E L A MPHERE 9 From “private” affairs to “public” scandals: the modern woman’s challenge to husbands’ infidelities in Uganda 109 S H A N T I PARIKH 10 Downsizing masculinity: gender, family and fatherhood in post- industrial America 122 C H A D B R O UGHTON AND TOM WALTON 11 Marriage, modernity, and migration: changing dynamics of intimacy in a Mexican transnational community 139 J E N N I F E R S. HIRSCH PART 4 Equality and inequality: the sexual division of labor and gender stratification 153 12 Woman the hunter: the Agta 159 A G N E S E S TIOKO- GRIFFIN AND P. BION GRIFFIN 13 Gender, horticulture, and the division of labor on Vanatinai 170 M A R I A L E P OWSKY 14 Ethnographic empathy and the social context of rights: “rescuing” Maasai girls from early marriage 182 C A R O L I N E S. ARCHAMBAULT 15 Gender, business, and space control: Yoruba market women and power 200 T O Y I N FA L OLA PART 5 The cultural construction of gender and personhood 215 16 My encounter with machismo in Spain 221 D AV I D D . GILMO RE Contents ix 17 Rituals of manhood: male initiation in Papua New Guinea 239 G I L B E RT H . HERDT 18 Surgical transformations in the pursuit of gender 244 L AU R E N E . GULBAS 19 “Now I gotta watch what I say”: shifting constructions of masculinity in discourse 254 S C O T T F. K I ESLING 20 “One of the guys”: military women, paradoxical individuality, and the transformations of the Argentine Army 271 M Á X I M Ó B A DARÓ PART 6 Culture, sexuality, and the body 291 21 Is there a Muslim sexuality? Changing constructions of sexuality in Egyptian Bedouin weddings 299 L I L A A B U - L UGHOD 22 From pollution to love magic: the new anthropology of menstruation 310 A L M A G O T T LIEB 23 Hijras: an “alternative” sex/gender in India 323 G AYAT R I R E DDY AND SERENA NANDA PART 7 Gender and the state 333 24 Japanese mothers and obento ̄s : the lunch-box as ideological state apparatus 339 A N N E A L L I S ON 25 “Single women are bitter”: the gendered production of affective states in Chile 357 N I A C . PA R S ON 26 Women’s autonomy, Islam, and the French State 371 J O H N R . B OWEN 27 The “unique blend”: reframing womanhood through Turkish drama series 381 F U N D A Ü S T EK AND OGUZ ALYANAK x Contents 28 Female genital cutting: moving forward on abolition? 398 E L L E N G R UENBAUM PART 8 Gender, household, and kinship 413 29 What to do with unmarried daughters? Modern solutions to a traditional dilemma in a polyandrous Tibetan society 419 G E O F F C H I LDS, MELVYN C. GOLDSTEIN, AND PUCHUNG WANGDUI 30 Between a rock and a hard place: the labyrinth of working and parenting in a poor community 431 S H A R O N H ICKS- BARTLETT 31 Rethinking Caribbean families: extending the links 450 M A RY C H AMBERLAIN 32 Resignation and refusal: the moral calculus of lesbian and gay parenthood in the United States 463 E L L E N L E WIN PART 9 Gender, ritual, and religion 475 33 Possessing spirits and healing gods: female suffering and agency in North India 482 A N U B H A S OOD 34 “Tradition” and threat: women’s obscenity in Giriama funerary rituals 497 J A N E T M C INTOSH 35 Shamans, bodies, and sex: misreading a Korean ritual 512 L AU R E L K E NDALL 36 How to change a man: spiritual transformation and shifts in gender ideology in Evangelical El Salvador 526 J O S É L E O N ARDO SANTOS PART 10 Gender, politics, and reproduction 541 37 Natural birth at the turn of the twenty-fi rst century: implications for gender 547 M A R G A R E T MACDONALD Contents xi 38 Political demography: the banning of abortion in Ceausescu’s Romania 559 G A I L K L I G M AN 39 Surrogate motherhood: rethinking biological models, kinship, and family 577 H E L É N A R A GONÉ 40 Making room for Daddy: fathers and breastfeeding in the United States 588 S A R A H S O B ONYA PART 11 Gender and the global economy 603 41 Little princesses and tiny barons: gender, microfinance, and parental priorities in urban Ecuador 611 M E G A N B O ND HINRICHSEN 42 Factory as home and family: female workers in the Moroccan garment industry 624 M . L A E T I T I A CAIROLI 43 Sexuality and discipline among Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong 639 N I C O L E C O NSTABLE 44 Genders and spenders: masculinity and money in Ecuadorian transmigration 661 J A S O N P R I B I LSKY 45 Sex tourism, globalization, and transnational imaginings 677 D E N I S E B R E NNAN Film list 690 Index 708 Preface The initial idea for this reader came from the experience of teaching undergraduate courses in gender and anthropology. In reviewing the textbooks available for an introductory course, we came to the conclusion that there was a need for a readable text that built on the classic contributions of the 1970s while incorporating the more recent and diverse literature on gender roles and ideology around the world. Although a number of sophisticated theoretical works devoted to this subject existed, we felt there was a dearth of classroom material avail- able in one volume and appropriate for less advanced students, whether undergraduates or beginning graduate students. We had several goals in mind as we selected materials for the seventh edition. As in previous editions, we want to introduce students to the most signifi cant topics in the fi eld of the anthropology of gender. These include the study of men and women in prehistory; the relationship between biology and culture; the cultural construction of masculinity, femi- ninity, sexuality, personhood, and the body; variations in the sexual division of labor and economic organization; women’s involvement in ritual and religion; and the impact of the state and the global economy on gender relations and gender identities. In this edition, we have maintained chapters on LGBT identity and also introduced several new articles that deal specifi cally with masculinities. A new feature of this edition is a series of discussion questions after each reading. We have also reinstated (with updates) the fi lm list, at the suggestion of a reviewer. We have always considered it important to maintain the broad cross- cultural coverage evident in the fi rst edition of this book. This breadth encourages comparative analysis of the themes under discussion and allows us to address issues of gender in industrial societies as well as in developing ones. In this edition, as in the previous one, we have maintained a corpus of articles based on research in the North American context. We have replaced some older articles with those based on more current fi eld research in a few sections. Instructors may fi nd a favorite article absent from this edition. We thought hard about this and decided, based on our own experiences of teaching the class, that several of these articles no longer had an impact on twenty- fi rst century students. We are always willing to receive feedback regarding these “classics.” In the seventh edition, we have asked authors to write original pieces (Sood, Üstek and Alyanak, Hinrichsen, Sobonya), to adapt previously published pieces for use here (Pribilsky, Chikkatur, Kiesling), or to update their pieces (Covey, Gruenbaum). There are also several new articles that are reprinted here (Broughton and Walton, Archambault and Badaró). Although we have maintained a commitment to combining theoretically and ethnographi- cally based essays in the book, in this edition we have included more case studies, choosing Preface xiii to incorporate the broader theoretical questions in our section introductions. In these intro- ductions, we continue to review as clearly as possible the most signifi cant issues debated in particular subject areas within the anthropology of gender. These introductions, updated for the current edition, are intended to orient students to the articles in the section. Each introduction concludes with a list of references that can be used by teachers and students to examine further the questions raised in that section. We do not expect all instructors to assign the sections in the order that they appear in the text. We have maintained the order of the sixth edition because it continues to make sense to us, but our ultimate goal is to provide for maximum fl exibility in teaching. Indeed, there are essays in some sections that can be related to essays in other sections and that can be “taught” in any number of ways. We also have no intention of imposing a particular theoretical perspective, although our own predilections may be apparent to some readers. We include readings that refl ect a variety of theoretical orientations in order to enable instructors to emphasize their own approach to the subject. We hope that we have compiled a book that can stand alone or, if the instructor so desires, can be complemented by the use of full ethnographies. Many people have contributed substantially to the preparation and development of this book over its multiple editions. For the fi rst edition, Andrew Webb provided invaluable clerical and organizational assistance. John Phinney acted as an invaluable library of knowl- edge for obscure references; Sue Linder- Linsley offered indispensable computer advice and tirelessly scanned in text to save us time in the preparation of the second edition; and Sue Racine and Scott Langley contributed clerical assistance. Tim Benner and Louann Miller worked conscientiously to help us complete the third edition; Melissa Nibungco helped us with the fourth edition. For the current edition we are particularly grateful to Sarah Archer and Ashvina Patel, who helped us to develop the discussion questions and to revive the fi lm list. We want to thank the reviewers of the original manuscript and the professors around the world who have used previous editions and offered valuable suggestions for improvements over the years. Finally, we wish to acknowledge Sharon Chambliss, formerly with Prentice Hall, who worked with us on the fi rst four editions; Kate Ferguson, Monica Ohlinger, and Sudha Balasundaram, who worked with us on the sixth edition; Katharine Ong, Lola Harre, and Marc Stratton, who have worked with us to smooth the transition to Routledge and who aided in the production of the seventh edition; and Nancy Roberts, editor at Prentice Hall, who fi rst recognized the importance of this project and whose confi dence in our judg- ment and constant support across six editions of this book are much appreciated. Caroline B. Brettell Carolyn F. Sargent Acknowledgments Caroline B. Brettell received her B.A. degree from Yale University and her M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Brown University. She joined the faculty of the Department of Anthropol- ogy at Southern Methodist University in 1988, and in 2008 was named University Dis- tinguished Professor. From 1989 to 1994, she served as Director of Women’s Studies, and from 1994 to 2004 she served as Chair of the Department of Anthropology. From 2006 to 2008, she served as Interim Dean of Dedman College, the Humanities and Sciences College at Southern Methodist University. Her research interests are in the areas of immigration, gender roles, European ethnography, and anthropology and history. She is the author of Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish (1986), We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women (1982, 1995), Writing Against the Wind: A Mother’s Life History (1999), Anthropol- ogy and Migration: Essays on Transnationalism, Ethnicity and Identity (2003), Civic Engage- ments: The Citizenship Practices of Indian and Vietnamese Immigrants ( co- authored with Deborah Reed- Danahay, 2012), Anthropological Conversations: Talking Across Disciplines (2015), Following Father Chiniquy: Immigration, Religious Schism and Social Change in 19th Century Illinois (2015), Gender and Migration (2016); co- author with Richard Brettell of Painters and Peasants in the 19th Century (1983); editor of When They Read What We Write: The Politics of Ethnography (1993) and Constructing Borders/Crossing Boundaries: Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration (2007); co- editor of International Migration: The Female Experience (1986), Gender in Cross- Cultural Perspective (Prentice Hall 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013), Gender and Health: An International Perspective (1996), Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines (2000, 2007, 2015), Citizenship, Political Engagement, and Belonging: Immigrants in Europe and the U.S. (2008), and America’s Twenty- First Cen- tury Immigrant Gateways: Immigrant Incorporation in Suburbia (2008). Professor Brettell has served as a member of National Institutes of Health (NIH) Study Section- SNEM 3 and several selection panels for the Social Science Research Council and the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). She has served as President of the Society for the Anthropology of Europe and of the Social Science History Association. She has conducted fi eld research in France, Portugal, Canada, and the United States. Carolyn F. Sargent received her B.A. degree from Michigan State University, her M.A. degree from the University of Manchester, and her Ph.D. from Michigan State Univer- sity. She is Professor of Anthropology and Professor of Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies at Washington University in St. Louis. From 1979 to 2008, she served as Pro- fessor of Anthropology at Southern Methodist University, where she was Director of About the editors xvi About the editors Women’s Studies from 1994 through 2007. She is currently a research fellow at IRIS, an interdisciplinary social science laboratory associated with the University of Paris 13, CNRS, EHESS, and INSERM. Her research interests are in the areas of global health, gender and reproduction, and bioethics. Sargent is the author of The Cultural Context of Therapeutic Choice: Obstetrical Decisions among the Bariba of Benin (1982), and Maternity, Medicine and Power: Reproductive Decisions in Urban Benin (1989); and co- editor of Repro- duction, Globalization and the State (2011); Medical Anthropology: A Handbook of Theory and Method (1990), Gender in Cross- Cultural Perspective (Prentice Hall 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013), Gender and Health: An International Perspective (1996), Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge (1997), and Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood (1998). In addition to several book chapters, she has also authored numerous articles, many of them published in Medical Anthropological Quarterly and Social Science and Medicine. She has conducted fi eldwork in West Africa and the Caribbean and is currently engaged in a long- term study of West African immigrants in France, funded by the Wenner Gren Foundation and the National Science Foundation. She has served on a Senior Advisory Panel of the National Science Foundation and on the Executive Board for the Society for Medical Anthropology. She served as President of the Society for Medical Anthro- pology from 2007 to 2011 and has also served on the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche as external reviewer for social science research. Notes on authors Lila Abu-Lughod is the Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor at Columbia University, USA, where she teaches cultural anthropology and gender studies. Her fi rst two books were ethnographies of Egyptian Bedouins: Veiled Sentiments (30th anniversary edition, 2016) and Writing Women’s Worlds (1993). Her most recent book addresses international wom- en’s rights: Do Muslim Women Need Saving? (2013). Anne Allison is Professor of Cultural Anthropology at Duke University, USA. She is a cultural anthropologist who researches the intersection between political economy, everyday life, and the imagination in the context of late capitalist, post-industrial Japan. Her recent books include Precarious Japan (2013) and Kiku to Pokemon: Guro-barukasuru nihon no bunkaryouku (2010). Oguz Alyanak is a PhD Candidate in Sociocultural Anthropology at Washington Uni- versity in St. Louis, USA. His research explores how Muslims negotiate their everyday practices in light of moral discourses. He has recently completed fi eldwork in Strasbourg on Muslim Turkish men and their going out habits. Caroline S. Archambault is Assistant Professor at Leiden University College The Hague, Netherlands. As a cultural antthropologist she has a broad range of interests at the inter- section of international development, demography, gender, and generation. Maximó Badaró is a Researcher at the National Scientifi c and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Argentina and Associate Professor at Universidad Nacional de San Mar- tin (UNSAM), Argentina. Research interests include political anthropology of institu- tions, experts, gender and wealth in Latin America and China. Recent books include Historias del Ejército Argentino (2013). John R. Bowen is the Dunbar-Van Cleve Professor in Arts and Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis, USA. His research focuses on comparative social studies of Islam across the world and his books include Religions in Practice (7th edition, 2017). Denise Brennan is Professor and Chair of the Department of Anthropology at Georgetown University. Her books include, Life Interrupted: Traffi cking into Forced Labor in the United States (2014) and What’s Love Got to Do with It? Transnational Desires and Sex Tourism in the Dominican Republic (2004). Chad Broughton is a senior lecturer in the Public Policy Studies program and Associated Fac- ulty member in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago, USA. He is the author of Boom, Bust, Exodus: The Rust Belt, the Maquilas, and a Tale of Two Cities (2015). xviii Notes on authors Mary Chamberlain is Emeritus Professor of Caribbean History at Oxford Brookes Univer- sity, UK. Since 1975 Professor Chamberlain has worked with oral history and life story methods, and has published widely on these, on women’s history and, since 1991, on Caribbean history, notably on Caribbean migration and diasporic Caribbean families. Anita Chikkatur is an Associate Professor in the Department of Educational Studies at Carleton College, Northfi eld, Minnesota. Her research and teaching interests include student and teacher perspectives on race, gender and sexuality and issues of diversity and difference in educational institutions. Geoff Childs is Professor of Anthropology at Washington University in St. Louis, USA. He is an anthropological demographer who specializes in the study of fertility and migra- tion. His publications describing demographic processes across the Himalayan region including Tibetan Transitions: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Fertility, Family Planning, and Demographic Change (2008). Nicole Constable is professor of anthropology, core faculty member in gender, sexuality and women’s studies, and research professor in international studies at the University of Pittsburgh, USA. Her books on gender and migration include: Maid to Order in Hong Kong (1997) , Romance on a Global Stage (2003), and Born Out of Place (2014) R. Alan Covey is an associate professor of anthropology at The University of Texas, Austin, USA. He has worked in the Andes since 1996, focusing on Inca archaeology and ethno- history. His research has appeared in several books and monographs, as well as dozens of academic articles and book chapters. Toyin Falola is the Kluge Chair in Countries and Cultures of the South at the Library of Congress, USA, and the Jacob and Frances Mossiker Chair in the Humanities at the University of Texas at Austin, USA. He holds seven honorary doctorates in addition to other awards. Melvyn C. Goldstein is the Harness Professor of Anthropology and Co-Director of the Center for Research on Tibet at Case Western Reserve University, USA. He is a socio- cultural anthropologist specializing in Tibet, with topical interests including marriage/ family, aging and sociocultural change. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Alma Gottlieb is Emeritus Professor of Anthropology and Gender and Women’s Studies the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, USA. Her research interests include gender and sexuality, feminist theory, anthropology of the body and cultures of health. Ellen Gruenbaum is Professor and Department Head in the Department of Anthropology at Purdue University, USA. A culturally-oriented medical anthropologist, her ethno- graphic research focuses on women’s health issues, gender, and human rights in Africa and the Middle East. Her publications include The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective (2000). Lauren E. Gulbas is Assistant Professor in the School of Social Work at The University of Texas at Austin. As a cultural and medical anthropologist she has a long-standing inter- est in understanding how social change in local contexts shapes cultural meanings and experiences of bodily anxiety and distress. Notes on authors xix Gilbert H. Herdt is Professor of Sexuality and Anthropology at San Francisco State Univer- sity, USA. He is a cultural anthropologist specializing in sex and gender cross-culturally, and an expert on sexual orientation. A Fulbright, NIH, Guggenheim and Ford Fellow, Herdt studied the Sambia of Papua New Guinea, LGBTQ youth and their families in the USA, and has published more than 100 books and scientific papers. Barry S. Hewlett is a Professor in the Department of Anthropology at Washington State University Vancouver, USA. Sharon Hicks-Bartlett is a full-time lecturer in sociology at the University of Chicago, USA, and Faculty Affi liate at the university’s Survey Lab. She teaches courses in qualita- tive research methods, and race in contemporary American society. Her current research examines perceptions of change from 1963 to “post-racial” American 2016. Megan Bond Hinrichsen is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology and a member of the Global Food Security Initiative at Monmouth College, USA. She is a medical anthro- pologist who researches issues of nutrition, food security, and gender in economic devel- opment. She earned her Ph.D. at Southern Methodist University, USA, in 2015. Jennifer S. Hirsch is a Professor in the Department of Sociomedical Sciences at Colum- bia University, USA. Her research explores gender, sexuality, and reproductive health; sexual assault and gender-based violence; and US-Mexico migration and migrant health, amongst other areas. A 2012 Guggenheim Fellow, Hirsch’s books include the award- winning The Secret: Love, Marriage and HIV (2010). Rosemary A. Joyce is the Alice S. Davis Endowed Chair in Anthropology and Professor of Anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley, USA. She is the author of Ancient Bodies, Ancient Lives (2009) and Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica (2001). Her most recent book is Material Relations: The Marriage Figurines of Prehispanic Honduras (2014). Laurel Kendall is Curator of Asian Ethnographic Collections and Chair of the Division of Anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History, USA. Kendall’s forty-year acquaintance with Korea began as a U.S. Peace Corps Volunteer. She is the author, co-author, editor, or co-editor of ten books and many journal articles. Scott F. Kiesling is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Pittsburgh, USA. His work on men and masculinity began when he recorded a conversation among fraternity men for a course on conversation analysis, which was the seed for his dissertation “Language, Gender, and Power in Fraternity Men’s Discourse.” Since then he has focused his research on how language in interaction recreates gender, racial, class, and place relationships. Gail Kligman is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Sociology at The Uni- versity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA. She was the 2013 recipient of the American Anthropological Association’s Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology. Louise Lamphere is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Anthropology at The University of New Mexico (UNM). Maria Lepowsky is Professor of Anthropology and Gender and Women’s Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The author of Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an xx Notes on authors Egalitarian Society (1994), her current research focuses on early contacts between indig- enous inhabitants and Europeans/Euro-Americans both in the Southwest Pacifi c and in California. Ellen Lewin is Professor in the Departments of Gender, Women’s and Sexuality Studies and Anthropology at the University of Iowa. The author of three ethnographies on gay and lesbian families, she has edited (or co-edited) several books on feminist and lesbian and gay anthropology, most recently (with Leni Silverstein), Mapping Feminist Anthropology in the Twenty-First Century (2016). Margaret MacDonald is Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at York University, Canada. Janet McIntosh is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Brandeis University and author of The Edge of Islam: Power, Personhood, and Ethnoreligious Boundaries on the Kenya Coast (2009) and Unsettled: Denial and Belonging among White Kenyans (2016). Serena Nanda is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at John Jay College, CUNY, USA. She is editor of the Gender Section of the International Encylopedia of Sexuality (2015). Recent publications include a second edition of Gender Diversity: Crosscultural Varations (2014) and the essay ‘Refl ections on American Culture’ in Distant Mirrors (2016). Shanti Parikh is an Associate Professor in the department of anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, USA. She also teaches on the African & African American Studies Program. Her research focuses on gender, sexuality, inequalities, sexual health, HIV, and the politics of intervention. She has spoken widely and advised policy and programs on gender and health. Nia C. Parson is an Associate Professor in the Department of Anthropology at the South- ern Methodist University, USA. Jason Pribilsky is Professor of Anthropology and Chair of the Division of Social Sciences at Whitman College in Washington State, USA. He has conducted fi eldwork and archival research in the Andes region of South America since 1996 following broad interests in medical anthropology, indigenous politics, and the history of anthropology. José Leonardo Santos researches masculinity and fundamentalist religion. His book Evan- gelicalism and Masculinity (2012) explores shifts in gender by Salvadoran converts to fun- damentalist Christianity. His upcoming work focuses on domestic violence. He teaches at Metropolitan State University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA, where he volunteers in prisons and with at-risk youth. Nancy Scheper-Hughes is the Chancellor’s Professor of Medical Anthropology at the Uni- versity of California, Berkeley, USA. Her work concerns the violence of everyday life examined on the ground from a radical, existential and critically engaged perspective. She is the author of Death without Weeping (1993) amongst other titles. Sarah Sobonya is a graduate student in Sociocultural Anthropology at Washington Uni- versity in St. Louis, USA.