The East India Company at Home 1757-1857 Edited by Margot Finn and Kate Smith The East India Company at Home, 1757– 1857 The East India Company at Home, 1757–1857 Edited by Margot Finn and Kate Smith First published in 2018 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl- press Text © Contributors, 2018 Images © Contributors and copyright holders named in the captions, 2018 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Finn, M. and Smith, K. (eds). (2018). The East India Company at Home, 1757–1857 London: UCL Press. https:// doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787350274 Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/ ISBN: 978– 1–78735– 028–1 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978– 1–78735– 029–8 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978– 1–78735– 027–4 (PDF) ISBN: 978– 1–78735– 026–7 (epub) ISBN: 978– 1–78735– 025–0 (mobi) ISBN: 978– 1–78735– 024–3 (html) DOI: https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781787350274 v Acknowledgements Any edited volume is a collaborative venture, but this one is perhaps more collaborative in character than is typical. This book is the product of a three-year research project funded (first at Warwick University and then at UCL) by the Leverhulme Trust (grant number RPG-174). Our first thanks are to the Trust for its generosity in supporting The East India Company at Home, 1757–1857 from September 2011 through August 2014. Drs Helen Clifford and Ellen Filor, fellow members of the project’s core team for its duration, were acute, enthusiastic and rollicking inter- locutors; Helen not only played a formative role in shaping the original funding application but also connected the project to a capacious spec- trum of material culture experts and enthusiasts both inside and outside the academic community. Paul May designed the website, which played a central role in recruiting researchers to our programme: http://blogs. ucl.ac.uk/ eicah/. Drs Chris Jeppesen and Yuthika Sharma, who joined The East India Company at Home as short-term fellows funded at UCL by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, added new dimensions to both the project’s research base and its public engagement work, and were also great fun to have on board. Small awards from the National Association of Decorative & Fine Arts Societies (NADFAS) and the Royal Historical Society allowed us to provide bursaries for our final confer- ence, for which we are most grateful. From the outset, throughout the project and beyond its period of Leverhulme funding, we enjoyed the support and generosity of a proactive – at times provocative (in the nicest sort of way) – advisory board. Viccy Coltman (Edinburgh University), Marion Moverley (inde- pendent historian), Margaret Makepeace (British Library), Lowri Ann Rees (Bangor University), Sue Stronge (V&A), and Keith Sweetmore (then at the North Yorkshire Record Office and now at The National Archives) were sage advisors and good companions on our investigative forays through the archives, collections and built environments of the imperial past. AcKnowlEdgEMEntS vi During the Leverhulme-funded stage of our research, over three hundred researchers – archivists, curators, family and local historians, genealogists, staff and volunteers at stately homes and other heritage sites, as well as academics – joined us as project associates. Both literally and figuratively, they brought to the table a rich spectrum of expertise, manuscript evidence and material objects from their own collections. They asked us questions and offered us answers that significantly changed how we approached the East India Company’s history and leg- acy. Several are represented as authors in this volume. Others to whom we owe particular thanks include Hannah Armstrong, Alison Bennett, Huw Bowen, Deborah Cohen, Oliver Cox, Marietta Crichton Stuart, Brian Crossley, Francesca D’Antonio, Joanna De Groot, Lucy Dow, Stuart Howat, Ruth Larsen, Elizabeth Lenckos, Rosie Llewellyn-Jones, John McAleer, Stephen McDowell, George McGilvary, Andrew MacKillop, Joe Mason, Angela Nutting, Kevin Rogers, Jan Sibthorpe, Doreen Skala, Blair Southerden, Jon Stobart and Spike Sweeting. Jane Wainwright’s warmth and hospitality have been appreciated by the core team throughout the project. We have benefitted from comments, suggestions and questions from seminar, lecture and workshop audiences at (among many other places), the British Library, Edinburgh University, Institute of Historical Research, North Yorkshire County Record Office, Southampton University, National Museums Wales, Queen Mary University London, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield University and UCL. Staff at several archives, businesses, heritage sites, museums, private homes and universities that hold Company or cognate col- lections have been generous in providing us with access and expert knowledge. We are especially grateful to Mr Andan and the late Mr Mand (Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Hounslow), Liesl Barber (Shugborough House), David Beevers (Brighton Pavilion), Penny Brook, Phil Hatfield, Antonia Moon and Richard Morel (British Library), Andrew Bush and Emile de Bruijn (National Trust), Ainsley Cameron and Rosemary Crill (V&A), Judith Quiney (NADFAS), Patrick Conner (Martyn Gregory Gallery), Andrea Davies, Angela Pierce and Margaret Woodall (Belmont House), Judith Evans and Claire Reed (Osterley House, National Trust), Martin Fiennes and Lady Saye and Sele (Broughton Castle), Andrew Grout (Edinburgh University Special Collections), Andrew Renton and Oliver Fairclough (National Museums Wales) Helen Dorey (Soane Museum), Lord Ronaldshay (Aske Hall), the Tamil Community Centre of Hounslow and Dawn Webster (Kiplin Hall). AcKnowlEdgEMEntS vii At Warwick University, where this project was conceived, we derived much support from the History Department, History of Art Department and the Global History & Culture Centre, especially David Arnold, Maxine Berg, Rosie Dias, Anne Gerritsen, Felicia Gottmann, Hanna Hodacs, Maria Luddy, Chris Nierstraz, Liese Perrin and Giorgio Riello. At UCL, we benefitted in particular by support and engagement with Stephen Conway, Laura Cream, Kate Donnington, Nick Draper, Catherine Hall, Rachel Lang, Keith McClelland, Claire Morley and Kristy Warren. An Octagon Gallery exhibition we co-curated at UCL with Claire Dwyer, Ulrich Tiedau and Stephanie van Gemert gave us new perspectives on the challenges of exhibiting the material past. At UCL Press, Lara Speicher’s early enthusiasm for the project and Chris Penfold’s patient assistance with a volume that has proven complex to produce have been warmly appreciated. After completing her work as Research Fellow on The East India Company at Home project, Kate Smith moved to the History Department at Birmingham University and has benefitted from support and suggestions generously offered by Chris Moores, Sabine Lee, Matt Houlbrook, Tara Hamling, Marga Small, Nick Funke, Richard Cust, Matthew Hilton, Jonathan Willis, Dan Whittingham, Matthew Francis and Manu Sehgal. This book ben- efits from the work of many hands; responsibility for any errors that have emerged from (or survived the scrutiny of) this collaborative teamwork remains our own. Margot Finn (UCL) Kate Smith (Birmingham University) ix Contents Figures and tables xii Abbreviations xxii Contributors xxiii Introduction 1 Margot Finn and Kate Smith Section 1 The social life of things 1. Prize possession: the ‘silver coffer’ of Tipu Sultan and the Fraser family 25 Sarah Longair and Cam Sharp Jones 2. Chinese wallpaper: from Canton to country house 39 Helen Clifford 3. Production, purchase, dispossession, recirculation: Anglo-Indian ivory furniture in the British country house 68 Kate Smith 4. ‘A jaghire without a crime’: the East India Company and the Indian Ocean material world at Osterley, 1700–1800 88 Yuthika Sharma and Pauline Davies Section 2 Objects, houses, homes and the construction of identities 5. Manly objects? Gendering armorial porcelain wares 113 Kate Smith 6. Fanny Parkes (1794–1875): female collecting and curiosity in India and Britain 131 Joanna Goldsworthy contEntS x 7. Refashioning house, home and family: Montreal Park, Kent and Touch House, Stirlingshire 153 Margot Finn and Kate Smith Section 3 The Home Counties: clusters and connections 8. Warfield Park, Berkshire: longing, belonging and the British country house 175 Kate Smith 9. Englefield House, Berkshire: processes, practices and the making of a Company house 191 Kate Smith 10. Swallowfield Park, Berkshire: from royalist bastion to empire home 205 Margot Finn 11. Valentines, the Raymonds and Company material culture 231 Georgina Green 12. Growing up in a Company town: the East India Company presence in South Hertfordshire 251 Chris Jeppesen Section 4 On the borders: region, nation, globe 13. A fairy palace in Devon: Redcliffe Towers, built by Colonel Robert Smith (1787–1873), Bengal Engineers 277 Diane James 14. Partly after the Chinese manner: ‘Chinese’ staircases in north-west Wales 298 Rachael Barnwell 15. The intimate trade of Alexander Hall: salmon and slaves in Scotland and Sumatra, c.1745–1765 318 Ellen Filor 16. Connecting Britain and India: General Patrick Duff and Madeira 333 Alistair Mutch contEntS xi Section 5 Company families and identities: writing history today 17. The career of William Gamul Farmer (1746–1797) in India, 1763– 1795 355 Penelope Farmer 18. The Melvill family and India 389 David Williams 19. The Indian seal of Sir Francis Sykes: a tale of two families 412 Sir John Sykes Conclusion 429 Margot Finn and Kate Smith Notes 433 Bibliography 486 Index 505 xii Figures and tables Figure 1.1 Openwork silver and silver gilt filigree casket, H: 9 cm; W: 12 cm; D: 8.5 cm. 1904,1006.1.a. © The Trustees of the British Museum. 27 Figure 1.2 Family tree of the Fraser family showing casket’s passage between family members, designed by C. Sharp Jones. 35 Figure 2.1 Detail of Chinese wallpaper at Felbrigg, Norfolk supplied by the architect James Paine (1717–89) in 1751, as part of the 1749–1761 refurbishment carried out by the owner William Windham II (1717–61). Printed and painted on paper. © National Trust. 43 Figure 2.2 Detail from one of the Chinese wallpapers at Erdigg, Wrexham on the front cover of Chinese Wallpapers in National Trust Houses (2014).This paper is in the State Bedroom, named as such in the 1770s, when this paper was hung. © National Trust Images/John Hammond. 44 Figure 2.3 Detail from one of the Chinese wallpapers at Saltram, Devon showing scenes from everyday life, moved from a bedroom on the north east side of the first floor, to the current site in the 1930s. Painted on silk. © National Trust Images/Andreas von Einsiedel. 45 Figure 2.4 One of the Chinese wallpapers at Belton House, Lincolnshire hanging in the Chinese bedroom, painted on paper. Framed by a later European border on machine- made paper (therefore 1830 or later). © National Trust Images. 46 Figure 2.5 Chinese Room, Erdigg, Wrexham. © National Trust/ Andreas von Einsiedel. 47 FigurES And tAblES xiii Figure 2.6 Detail of a Chinese wallpaper at Ickworth, Norfolk, hung in the Chinese dressing room, according to family tradition purchased ‘at one of the great exhibitions’. The butterfly has been cut out and pasted onto the paper. Photograph courtesy of Andrew Bush. 48 Figure 3.1 Detail of ivory and ebony inlay from early eighteenth- century Vizagapatam Anglo- Indian ebony and padoukwood games table. Tyntesfield, Somerset. 1207460. © National Trust Images/John Hammond. 72 Figure 3.2 Oval work table, wood with ivory veneer and lacquer detail, 1770–1800, Vizagapatam. Powis Castle and Garden, Powys. 1180670. © National Trust Images/Erik Pelham. 73 Figure 3.3 ‘Warren Hastings (1732–1818), Governor General of Fort William, Bengal, 1774–85’, George Romney, 1795. © British Library Board, F1. 79 Figure 3.4 West Front of Basildon Park, Berkshire. © National Trust Images/Andrew Butler. 85 Figure 4.1 Francis Child the Elder (1642–1713). Attributed to Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646–1723). Reproduced by kind permission of Christ’s Hospital. 92 Table 4.1 The Child Family as Directors of the EIC 91 Figure 4.2 Ceramic Parade Jar, c.1700–1770 Osterley House. Image courtesy of Stuart Howat. 99 Table 4.2 Osterley Ships 97 Figure 4.3 Chinese lacquer chest, Osterley House. Image courtesy of Stuart Howat. 101 Figure 4.4 Chinese lacquer secretaire, Osterley House. Image courtesy of Stuart Howat. 102 Figure 4.5 Child family armorial porcelain plate, c. 1700–1725, Osterley House. Image courtesy of Stuart Howat. 104 Figure 4.6 Detail of Mrs Child’s silk bed canopy, Osterley House. Image courtesy of Stuart Howat. 105 Figure 5.1 Chinese porcelain plate decorated with the arms of Charles Raymond and his wife, Sarah Webster. c.1760. Private collection. Image courtesy of Georgina Green and Heirloom & Howard Ltd. 114 FigurES And tAblES xiv Figure 5.2 Tureen from armorial Chinese porcelain service, Qianlong reign (1736–96), c.1765–70. NT 266484.3. Basildon Park, National Trust Collections. © National Trust/Thomas Boggis. 116 Figure 5.3 Scalloped-edge plate from armorial Chinese porcelain service, Qianlong reign (1736–96), c.1765–70. NT 266484.12.6. Basildon Park, National Trust Collections. © National Trust/ Thomas Boggis. 122 Figure 5.4 Plate with cut edges from armorial Chinese porcelain service, Qianlong reign (1736–96), c.1765–70. NT 266484.10. Basildon Park, National Trust. © National Trust/Thomas Boggis. 123 Figure 5.5 Detail of coat of arms from original grant of arms. 1763. Image courtesy of Sir John Sykes. 125 Figure 5.6 Plate from armorial Chinese porcelain service, Qianlong reign (1736–96), c.1743. NT 1271545. Shugborough, Staffordshire. © National Trust Images/ Robert Morris. 129 Figure 6.1 Frontispiece and title pages of Wanderings of a Pilgrim in Search of the Picturesque , vol. 1. British Library digital copy p.13; print copy facing i and i. © The British Library Board, 1947.b 170 vol. 1 frontispiece. 132 Figure 6.2 Fanny and Charles Parkes’ grave, The General Cemetery of All Souls, Kensal Green. Image courtesy of Joanna Goldsworthy. 138 Figure 6.3 Wanderings , vol. 1, digital edition p.20: ‘ The Camels were being branded for the Public Service and the Spider came to be marked also’. Fanny represents herself as a large spider holding a book titled The Pilgrim ; books hanging from three camels’ necks are titled Luard , Princes and People and, interestingly, Afghanistan © The British Library Board, 1947. B 170 vol. 1 p. 20. 139 Figure 6.4 Wanderings, vol. 1, digital edition p.84 : The Churuk Puja, or Hook Swinging . © The British Library Board, 1947. B. 170 vol. 1 p. 84. 147 Figure 6.5 Lower sections of an image-frame of Visnu in two parts showing attendant figures. Carved in dark FigurES And tAblES xv grey sandstone. Twelfth century. 1880.35.39.a–b. © Trustees of the British Museum. 149 Figure 6.6 Wanderings, vol. 2, digital p.472: ‘Three Satis and a Mandap near Ghazipur’, © The British Library Board, 1947. B. 170 vol. 1 p.472. 150 Figure 6.7 Wanderings , vol. 2, digital p.476: ‘Kulsas’, © The British Library Board, 1947. B. 170 vol. 1 p. 476. 151 Figure 7.1 Postcard featuring Montreal Park, Kent. Courtesy of Kent History & Library Centre, Maidstone. 165 Figure 7.2 ‘South Elevation Montreal showing a proposed addition’ (November 1828). Kent History & Library Centre, Amherst Papers, ‘Detailed Plans of Alterations at Montreal by Mr. Atkinson (1829–31)’, U1350 P21. Courtesy of Kent History & Library Centre, Maidstone. 166 Figure 7.3 ‘Ground floor plan showing additions and alterations to Montreal Place’ (November 1828). Kent History & Library Centre, Amherst Papers, ‘Detailed Plans of Alterations at Montreal by Mr. Atkinson (1829–31)’, U1350 P21. Courtesy of Kent History & Library Centre, Maidstone. 167 Figure 7.4 ‘Ground Plan for Additions Montreal’ (February 1829). Kent History & Library Centre, Amherst Papers, ‘Detailed Plans of Alterations at Montreal by Mr. Atkinson (1829–31)’, U1350 P21. Courtesy of Kent History & Library Centre, Maidstone. 168 Figure 8.1 Photographs of Warfield Park, Berkshire (lot 1), ‘Sale Catalogue of Warfield Park’ (1933), D/ENS/B13/26. Image courtesy of Berkshire Record Office. 179 Figure 9.1 Englefield House, Berkshire. Image courtesy of Georgina Green. 192 Figure 9.2 Portrait of Margaret Maskelyne, Lady Clive by Nathaniel Dance. Powis Castle, Powys, Wales. © National Trust Images. 199 Figure 10.1 Swallowfield Park. © Brian Steptoe, FRPS. Source: Historic England Archive. 206 Figure 10.2 Sir Henry Russell, 2nd Baronet, by Sir Francis Leggatt Chantry. © National Portrait Gallery, London. 221 FigurES And tAblES xvi Figure 11.1 Valentines Mansion and Gardens, Ilford. Image courtesy of Georgina Green. 231 Figure 11.2 Porcelain plate decorated with the arms of Charles Raymond and his wife, Sarah Webster. China, c.1760. Private collection. Image courtesy of Georgina Green and Heirloom & Howard Ltd. 234 Figure 11.3 A New and Complete History of Essex by a Gentleman, vol. 4 (1771), 276–79. This image shows the orangery, situated to the left of the house. 235 Figure 11.4 Illustration from the journal of the East Indiaman Suffolk 1755/ 6 (L/ MAR/ B/ 397D) British Library. © The British Library Board, 1755/6 (IOR/L/MAR/B/397D). 240 Figure 11.5 Diver Richard Keen preparing to dive near Guernsey. Image courtesy of Georgina Green. 244 Figure 11.6 Map of wreck location. Courtesy of Georgina Green. 245 Figure 11.7 Porcelain shards from the Valentine . Image courtesy of Georgina Green. 246 Figure 11.8 Agate pieces from the Valentine . Image courtesy of Georgina Green. 247 Figure 11.9 Metal handles and bottle stoppers from the Valentine . Image courtesy of Georgina Green. 248 Figure 11.10 Stain by Kathy Taylor. Indian cotton, stained with tea, indigo and dye extracted from red dyewood/ red sander’s dust from the Valentine cargo. The flag design is based on the British East India Company Flag of 1707–1801. Image courtesy of Kathy Taylor. 249 Figure 12.1 John Cary, Map of Hertfordshire, in Cary’s new and correct English atlas: being a new set of county maps from actual surveys (London, 1787), not paginated https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Hertfordshire-Maps-Cary-1787-49.jpg 255 Figure 12.2 Close-up of North Mimms [sic], in Cary’s new and correct atlas: being a new set of county maps from actual surveys (London, 1787), not paginated https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hertfordshire- Maps-Cary-1787-49.jpg 259 Figure 12.3 Portrait of John Hunter of Gobions, by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1789/90). Reproduced by kind permission of Musée des Beaux-Arts , ville de FigurES And tAblES xvii Bordeaux. Image courtesy of L. Gauthier, F. Deval. 261 Figure 12.4 Memorial to John and Ann Hunter, and her daughter Ann Hornby in St Mary’s church, North Mymms. Image courtesy of Chris Jeppesen. 268 Figure 13.1 The Hotel Redcliffe (Redcliffe Towers), Paignton, Devon, early twentieth- century. © The Redcliffe Hotel. 277 Figure 13.2 Jivan Ram, Raja (Raja Jirvan Raja), Portrait of Robert Smith , Bengal Engineers , c.1830, oil painting. © British Library Board, Foster 870. 279 Figure 13.3 Robert Smith (1787–1873), Sketches of the Line of March with Elephants, Camels, Hackeries [bullock drawn carriages] , horsemen and coolies , 1814, pencil on paper. © British Library Board, WD 312 f.25v. 280 Figure 13.4 Robert Smith, Barrackpore House , 1815–19, Oil on canvas, 13 x 20.5 cm (estimated). © British Library Board, F864. 281 Figure 13.5 The Red Fort, Delhi, India. Photograph by Diane James © 2014. 282 Figure 13.6 Robert Smith ’ s bungalow (known as William Fraser bungalow), Delhi, India. Photograph by Diane James © 2014. 283 Figure 13.7 The Eastern Gate of the Jama Masjid, Delhi, India. Photograph by Diane James © 2014. 285 Figure 13.8 Postcard: Villa Mills on the Palatino, Rome. © akpool GmbH – www.akpool.de. 286 Figure 13.9 Le Château de l ’ Anglais, Mont Boron, Nice. Photograph by Diane James © 2013. 289 Figure 13.10 The old lookout tower on the edge of the cliff. After J. W. Tucker, Paignton . Coloured steel vignette, published by H.Besley, Exeter 12.5 x 17 cm. By permission of www.rareoldprints.com. 291 Figure 13.11 Early drawing of Redcliffe Towers, n.d. © Redcliffe Hotel, Paignton. 291 Figure 13.12 Plan of Mansion and Grounds, Redcliffe Towers , n.d. © Redcliffe Hotel, Paignton. 292 Figure 13.13 The Central Rotunda, Redcliffe Towers, Paignton, Devon, with the door of the plunge- pool tunnel FigurES And tAblES xviii opening above the beach. Photograph by Diane James © 2013. 293 Figure 13.14 Fountain in the hotel car park, framed by holm oak trees, remnants of the Redcliffe garden. Photograph by Diane James © 2013. 294 Figure 13.15 The remains of one of the flagstaff towers. Once a prominent feature it stands half-buried in the undergrowth. Photograph by Diane James © 2013. 295 Figure 13.16 No longer isolated on a headland, Redcliffe Towers is now surrounded by the town of Paignton. Photograph by Diane James © 2013. 297 Figure 14.1 The main staircase from the entrance hall at Tan-Yr-Allt, showing the ascent to the first floor and hinting at fluted window reveals. D12013_ 0674, NPRN 16895. © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 300 Figure 14.2 The ‘Chinese’ staircase at Bishopsgate House, showing the first floor landing. The stylized wave design carved into the tread ends is just visible in the bottom centre of this image. D12011_ 1011, NPRN 15946. © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 301 Figure 14.3 The ‘Chinese’ staircase at Trefeilir, probably photographed in the 1930s, showing the main balustrade of the staircase with its latticework. D12011_1010, NPRN 15898. © Crown copyright: Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. 303 Figure 14.4 Illustration from Nieuhof’s Embassy , showing a Chinese pagoda. 309 Figure 14.5 Railing designs as depicted in Thomas Chippendale’s The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker’s Director , 206. 311 Figure 14.6 Railing designs as depicted in Thomas Chippendale’s The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker’s Director , 208. 313 Figure 14.7 Railing design from William Halfpenny’s Rural Architecture in the Chinese Taste , showing FigurES And tAblES xix similarities with staircase designs at Tan-yr-Allt, Bishopsgate House and Trefeilir. 314 Figure 14.8 ‘Chinese’ staircase design from William Halfpenny’s Rural Architecture in the Chinese Taste 314 Figure 16.1 Colonel Patrick Duff, of the Honourable East India Company’s Artillery by Romney, 1790. Image courtesy of Alistair Mutch. 333 Figure 16.2 Gatehouse, Mains of Carnousie, 1797. Image courtesy of Alistair Mutch. 335 Figure 16.3 Cart arches, Mains of Carnousie. Image courtesy of Alistair Mutch. 336 Figure 16.4 Gatehouse, Harthil Castle, Oyne, Aberdeenshire. Image courtesy of Alistair Mutch. 337 Figure 16.5 Old House of Carnousie. Image courtesy of Alistair Mutch. 338 Figure 16.6 Delgaty Home Farm entrance, Turriff, Aberdeenshire. Image courtesy of Alistair Mutch. 339 Figure 17.1 Nonsuch Park, Surrey. Image courtesy of Penelope Farmer. 357 Figure 17.2 The Farmer family tree. Image courtesy of Penelope Farmer. 361 Figure 17.3 Penelope Farmer and Margot Finn with the manuscripts. Image courtesy of Penelope Farmer. 376 Figure 17.4 Samuel Farmer’s will. Image courtesy of Penelope Farmer. 386 Figure 18.1 Philip and his father at Presmennen (Frontispiece of Memoirs ). Image courtesy of David Williams. 390 Figure 18.2 The mural at the Summer Palace, Srirangapatna, depicting the Battle of Pollilur. Note the defensive British square, the ammunition cart exploding, Colonel Baillie’s palanquin and, somewhere in the centre, Philip Melvill fighting. Image courtesy of David Williams. 391 Figure 18.3 Philip and Elizabeth Melvill from The Melvill Family, Roll of honour. Image courtesy of David Williams. 393 Figure 18.4 The memorial to Philip Melvill in Falmouth Church (with an incorrect age). Image courtesy of David Williams. 394 Figure 18.5 Philip I’s four sons who had careers in the EIC. From a–d, James Cosmo, Philip, Henry and Peter.