Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments Alina Kabata-Pendias Barbara Szteke CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 First issued in hardback 2019 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works ISBN-13: 978-1-4822-1279-2 (hbk) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com List of Acronyms/Abbreviations .............................................................................xix List of Data Units ....................................................................................................xxi Preface.................................................................................................................. xxiii The Periodic Table of Elements .............................................................................xxv Authors .................................................................................................................xxvii Chapter 1 Aluminum [Al, 27] ...............................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1 1.2 Soils ...........................................................................................1 1.3 Waters ........................................................................................2 1.4 Air..............................................................................................3 1.5 Plants .........................................................................................3 1.6 Humans ......................................................................................4 Chapter 2 Antimony [Sb, 51].................................................................................7 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................7 2.2 Soils ...........................................................................................7 2.3 Waters ........................................................................................9 2.4 Air..............................................................................................9 2.5 Plants ....................................................................................... 10 2.6 Humans .................................................................................... 10 Chapter 3 Arsenic [As, 33] .................................................................................. 13 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 13 3.2 Soils ......................................................................................... 13 3.3 Waters ...................................................................................... 15 3.4 Air............................................................................................ 16 3.5 Plants ....................................................................................... 16 3.6 Humans .................................................................................... 18 3.7 Animals ................................................................................... 21 Chapter 4 Barium [Ba, 56] .................................................................................. 23 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 23 4.2 Soils ......................................................................................... 23 4.3 Waters ......................................................................................24 4.4 Air............................................................................................25 4.5 Plants .......................................................................................25 4.6 Humans ....................................................................................25 Contents v Chapter 5 Beryllium [Be, 4]................................................................................ 29 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 29 5.2 Soils ......................................................................................... 29 5.3 Waters ...................................................................................... 30 5.4 Air............................................................................................ 31 5.5 Plants ....................................................................................... 31 5.6 Humans .................................................................................... 31 Chapter 6 Bismuth [Bi, 83] ................................................................................. 35 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 35 6.2 Soils ......................................................................................... 35 6.3 Waters ...................................................................................... 36 6.4 Air............................................................................................ 36 6.5 Plants ....................................................................................... 36 6.6 Humans .................................................................................... 37 Chapter 7 Boron [B, 5]........................................................................................ 39 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 39 7.2 Soils ......................................................................................... 39 7.3 Waters ......................................................................................40 7.4 Air............................................................................................ 41 7.5 Plants ....................................................................................... 41 7.6 Humans .................................................................................... 43 Chapter 8 Bromine [Br, 35] ................................................................................ 47 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 47 8.2 Soils ......................................................................................... 47 8.3 Waters ...................................................................................... 49 8.4 Air............................................................................................ 49 8.5 Plants ....................................................................................... 49 8.6 Humans .................................................................................... 50 Chapter 9 Cadmium [Cd, 48] .............................................................................. 53 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................. 53 9.2 Soils ......................................................................................... 53 9.3 Waters ...................................................................................... 56 9.4 Air............................................................................................ 57 9.5 Plants ....................................................................................... 58 9.6 Humans ....................................................................................60 9.7 Animals ................................................................................... 63 vi Contents Chapter 10 Cesium [Cs, 55] .................................................................................. 65 10.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 65 10.2 Soils ....................................................................................... 65 10.3 Waters .................................................................................... 65 10.4 Air..........................................................................................66 10.5 Plants .....................................................................................66 10.6 Cesium Isotopes..................................................................... 67 10.6.1 Introduction ............................................................ 67 10.6.2 Soils ........................................................................ 67 10.6.3 Waters ..................................................................... 68 10.6.4 Air ........................................................................... 68 10.6.5 Plants....................................................................... 68 10.7 Humans .................................................................................... 69 Chapter 11 Chlorine [Cl, 17] ................................................................................. 71 11.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 71 11.2 Soils ....................................................................................... 72 11.3 Waters .................................................................................... 73 11.4 Air.......................................................................................... 73 11.5 Plants ..................................................................................... 73 11.6 Humans .................................................................................. 74 Chapter 12 Chromium [Cr, 24] ............................................................................. 77 12.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 77 12.2 Soils ....................................................................................... 77 12.3 Waters .................................................................................... 79 12.4 Air.......................................................................................... 81 12.5 Plants ..................................................................................... 82 12.6 Humans .................................................................................. 83 12.7 Animals ................................................................................. 85 Chapter 13 Cobalt [Co, 27] ................................................................................... 87 13.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 87 13.2 Soils ....................................................................................... 87 13.3 Waters ....................................................................................90 13.4 Air.......................................................................................... 91 13.5 Plants ..................................................................................... 91 13.6 Humans ..................................................................................92 13.7 Animals ................................................................................. 93 vii Contents Chapter 14 Copper [Cu, 29] ..................................................................................97 14.1 Introduction ...........................................................................97 14.2 Soils .......................................................................................97 14.3 Waters .................................................................................. 101 14.4 Air........................................................................................ 102 14.5 Plants ................................................................................... 102 14.6 Humans ................................................................................ 104 14.7 Animals ............................................................................... 105 Chapter 15 Fluorine [F, 9]................................................................................... 109 15.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 109 15.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 110 15.3 Waters .................................................................................. 112 15.4 Air........................................................................................ 112 15.5 Plants ................................................................................... 113 15.6 Humans ................................................................................ 115 Chapter 16 Gallium [Ga, 31] ............................................................................... 119 16.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 119 16.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 119 16.3 Waters .................................................................................. 120 16.4 Air........................................................................................ 121 16.5 Plants ................................................................................... 121 16.6 Humans ................................................................................ 121 Chapter 17 Germanium [Ge, 32]......................................................................... 125 17.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 125 17.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 126 17.3 Waters .................................................................................. 126 17.4 Air........................................................................................ 127 17.5 Plants ................................................................................... 127 17.6 Humans ................................................................................ 127 Chapter 18 Gold [Au, 79] .................................................................................... 131 18.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 131 18.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 131 18.3 Waters .................................................................................. 132 18.4 Air........................................................................................ 133 18.5 Plants ................................................................................... 133 18.6 Humans ................................................................................ 134 viii Contents Chapter 19 Hafnium [Hf, 72] .............................................................................. 137 19.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 137 19.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 137 19.3 Waters .................................................................................. 138 19.4 Air........................................................................................ 138 19.5 Plants ................................................................................... 139 19.6 Humans ................................................................................ 139 Chapter 20 Indium [In, 49] ................................................................................. 141 20.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 141 20.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 141 20.3 Waters .................................................................................. 142 20.4 Air........................................................................................ 143 20.5 Plants ................................................................................... 143 20.6 Humans ................................................................................ 143 Chapter 21 Iodine [I, 53]..................................................................................... 145 21.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 145 21.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 146 21.3 Waters .................................................................................. 147 21.4 Air........................................................................................ 148 21.5 Plants ................................................................................... 148 21.6 Humans ................................................................................ 149 21.7 Animals ............................................................................... 152 Chapter 22 Iridium [Ir, 77] ................................................................................. 153 22.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 153 22.2 Environment ........................................................................ 153 22.3 Humans ................................................................................ 154 Chapter 23 Iron [Fe, 26]...................................................................................... 155 23.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 155 23.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 156 23.3 Waters .................................................................................. 158 23.4 Air........................................................................................ 159 23.5 Plants ................................................................................... 160 23.6 Humans ................................................................................ 162 23.7 Animals ............................................................................... 164 ix Contents Chapter 24 Lead [Pb, 82] .................................................................................... 167 24.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 167 24.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 168 24.3 Waters .................................................................................. 172 24.4 Air........................................................................................ 174 24.5 Plants ................................................................................... 174 24.6 Humans ................................................................................ 177 24.7 Animals ............................................................................... 180 Chapter 25 Lithium [Li, 3].................................................................................. 183 25.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 183 25.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 183 25.3 Waters .................................................................................. 184 25.4 Air........................................................................................ 185 25.5 Plants ................................................................................... 185 25.6 Humans ................................................................................ 186 Chapter 26 Manganese [Mn, 25] ........................................................................ 189 26.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 189 26.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 190 26.3 Waters .................................................................................. 192 26.4 Air........................................................................................ 193 26.5 Plants ................................................................................... 194 26.6 Humans ................................................................................ 195 26.7 Animals ............................................................................... 198 Chapter 27 Mercury [Hg, 80].............................................................................. 199 27.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 199 27.2 Soils .....................................................................................200 27.3 Waters .................................................................................. 203 27.4 Air........................................................................................204 27.5 Plants ...................................................................................205 27.6 Humans ................................................................................207 27.7 Animals ............................................................................... 211 Chapter 28 Molybdenum [Mo, 42]...................................................................... 213 28.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 213 28.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 213 28.3 Waters .................................................................................. 215 28.4 Air........................................................................................ 215 28.5 Plants ................................................................................... 215 x Contents 28.6 Humans ................................................................................ 217 28.7 Animals ............................................................................... 219 Chapter 29 Nickel [Ni, 28] .................................................................................. 221 29.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 221 29.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 221 29.3 Waters ..................................................................................224 29.4 Air........................................................................................ 225 29.5 Plants ................................................................................... 226 29.6 Humans ................................................................................ 227 29.7 Animals ............................................................................... 230 Chapter 30 Niobium [Nb, 41] .............................................................................. 231 30.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 231 30.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 231 30.3 Waters .................................................................................. 232 30.4 Air........................................................................................ 232 30.5 Plants ................................................................................... 233 30.6 Humans ................................................................................ 233 Chapter 31 Osmium [Os, 76] .............................................................................. 235 31.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 235 31.2 Environment ........................................................................ 235 31.3 Humans ................................................................................ 236 Chapter 32 Palladium [Pd, 46]............................................................................ 237 32.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 237 32.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 237 32.3 Waters .................................................................................. 238 32.4 Air........................................................................................ 238 32.5 Plants ................................................................................... 238 32.6 Humans ................................................................................ 239 Chapter 33 Platinum [Pt, 78] .............................................................................. 243 33.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 243 33.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 243 33.3 Waters ..................................................................................244 33.4 Air........................................................................................ 245 33.5 Plants ................................................................................... 245 33.6 Humans ................................................................................ 245 xi Contents Chapter 34 Polonium [Po, 84] ............................................................................. 249 34.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 249 34.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 249 34.3 Waters .................................................................................. 250 34.4 Plants ................................................................................... 250 34.5 Humans ................................................................................ 250 Chapter 35 Radium [Ra, 88] ............................................................................... 253 35.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 253 35.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 253 35.3 Waters .................................................................................. 254 35.4 Air........................................................................................ 254 35.5 Plants ................................................................................... 255 35.6 Humans ................................................................................ 255 Chapter 36 Radon [Rn, 88] ................................................................................. 257 36.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 257 36.2 Environment ........................................................................ 257 36.3 Humans ................................................................................ 258 Chapter 37 Rhenium [Re, 75] ............................................................................. 261 37.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 261 37.2 Environment ........................................................................ 261 37.3 Humans ................................................................................ 261 Chapter 38 Rhodium [Rh, 45] ............................................................................ 263 38.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 263 38.2 Environment ........................................................................ 263 38.3 Humans ................................................................................264 Chapter 39 Rubidium [Rb, 37] ............................................................................ 267 39.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 267 39.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 267 39.3 Waters .................................................................................. 267 39.4 Air........................................................................................ 268 39.5 Plants ................................................................................... 269 39.6 Humans ................................................................................ 269 xii Contents Chapter 40 Ruthenium [Ru, 44] .......................................................................... 273 40.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 273 40.2 Environment ........................................................................ 273 40.3 Radionuclides ...................................................................... 274 40.4 Humans ................................................................................ 274 Chapter 41 Scandium [Sc, 21] ............................................................................. 277 41.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 277 41.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 277 41.3 Waters .................................................................................. 278 41.4 Air........................................................................................ 278 41.5 Plants ................................................................................... 279 41.6 Humans ................................................................................ 279 Chapter 42 Selenium [Se, 34].............................................................................. 281 42.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 281 42.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 282 42.3 Waters .................................................................................. 285 42.4 Air........................................................................................ 286 42.5 Plants ................................................................................... 286 42.6 Humans ................................................................................ 289 42.7 Animals ............................................................................... 291 Chapter 43 Silicon [Si, 14] .................................................................................. 295 43.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 295 43.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 295 43.3 Waters .................................................................................. 296 43.4 Air........................................................................................ 297 43.5 Plants ................................................................................... 297 43.6 Humans ................................................................................ 297 Chapter 44 Silver [Ag, 47] .................................................................................. 301 44.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 301 44.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 301 44.3 Waters ..................................................................................302 44.4 Air........................................................................................ 303 44.5 Plants ................................................................................... 303 44.6 Humans ................................................................................304 Contents xiii Chapter 45 Strontium [Sr, 38] .............................................................................307 45.1 Introduction .........................................................................307 45.2 Soils .....................................................................................307 45.3 Waters ..................................................................................308 45.4 Air........................................................................................309 45.5 Plants ...................................................................................309 45.6 Isotopes ................................................................................ 310 45.7 Humans ................................................................................ 310 Chapter 46 Tantalum [Ta, 73] ............................................................................. 313 46.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 313 46.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 313 46.3 Waters .................................................................................. 313 46.4 Air........................................................................................ 314 46.5 Plants ................................................................................... 314 46.6 Humans ................................................................................ 314 Chapter 47 Technetium [Tc, 43] .......................................................................... 317 47.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 317 47.2 Environment ........................................................................ 317 47.3 Humans ................................................................................ 317 Chapter 48 Tellurium [Te, 52]............................................................................. 319 48.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 319 48.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 319 48.3 Waters and Air ..................................................................... 320 48.4 Plants ................................................................................... 320 48.5 Humans ................................................................................ 320 Chapter 49 Thallium [Tl, 81] .............................................................................. 323 49.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 323 49.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 323 49.3 Waters .................................................................................. 324 49.4 Air........................................................................................ 325 49.5 Plants ................................................................................... 325 49.6 Humans ................................................................................ 325 Chapter 50 Tin [Sn, 50] ....................................................................................... 329 50.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 329 50.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 329 50.3 Waters .................................................................................. 330 xiv Contents 50.4 Air........................................................................................ 331 50.5 Plants ................................................................................... 332 50.6 Humans ................................................................................ 332 Chapter 51 Titanium [Ti, 22] .............................................................................. 335 51.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 335 51.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 335 51.3 Waters .................................................................................. 336 51.4 Air........................................................................................ 337 51.5 Plants ................................................................................... 337 51.6 Humans ................................................................................ 338 Chapter 52 Tungsten [W, 74]............................................................................... 341 52.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 341 52.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 341 52.3 Waters .................................................................................. 342 52.4 Air........................................................................................ 342 52.5 Plants ................................................................................... 342 52.6 Humans ................................................................................ 343 52.7 Animals ...............................................................................344 Chapter 53 Vanadium [V, 23] ............................................................................. 345 53.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 345 53.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 345 53.3 Waters .................................................................................. 347 53.4 Air........................................................................................348 53.5 Plants ...................................................................................348 53.6 Humans ................................................................................ 349 Chapter 54 Yttrium [Y, 39] ................................................................................. 351 54.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 351 54.2 Soils ..................................................................................... 351 54.3 Waters .....................................................................