Cycling Futures The high-quality paperback edition of this book is available for purchase online: https://shop.adelaide.edu.au/ Published in Adelaide by University of Adelaide Press The University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 press@adelaide.edu.au www.adelaide.edu.au/press The University of Adelaide Press publishes externally refereed scholarly books by staff of the University of Adelaide. It aims to maximise access to the University's best research by publishing works through the internet as free downloads and for sale as high quality printed volumes. © 2015 The authors This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. TI1is licence allows for the copying, distribution, display and performance of this work for non-commercial purposes providing the work is clearly attributed to the copyright holders. Address all inquiries to the Director at the above address. For the full Cataloguing-in-Publication data please contact the National Library of Australia: cip@nla.gov.au ISBN (paperback) 978-1-925261-16-5 ISBN (pdf) 978-1-925261-17-2 ISBN (epub) 978-1-925261-18-9 ISBN (kindle) 978-1-925261-19-6 Editor: Rebecca Burton Editorial Support: Julia Keller Book design: Midland Typesetters, Australia Cover design: Emma Spoehr Cover image: Courtesy ofTakver, licensed under a Creative Commons ShareAlike 2.0., https://www.flickr.com/photos/8 l 043308@N 00/4038650169 Paperback printed by Griffin Press, South Australia v Contents Page Preface vii Editors Contributors PART I Current challenges ix xi 1. Cycling: Bringing the future into the present Jennifer Bonham and Marilyn Johnson 3 2. A glimpse at Australia’s cycling history Jim Fitzpatrick 25 3. Health benefits of cycling Chris Rissel 43 4. An epidemiological profile of cycling injury in Australia and New Zealand Julie Hatfield, Soufiane Boufous and Ros Poulos 63 5. Faster than the speed of bikes Marilyn Johnson and Derek Chong 89 6. Economics of everyday cycling and cycling facilities Jungho Suh 107 7. Cycling and sustainable transport Simon Kingham and Paul Tranter 131 8. Cycle touring Matthew Lamont 153 Contents vi PART II Strategies for change 9. Gender and cycling: Gendering cycling subjects and forming bikes, practices and spaces as gendered objects Jennifer Bonham, Carol Bacchi and Thomas Wanner 179 10. Making (up) the child cyclist: Bike Ed in South Australia Anne Wilson 203 11. More than a message: Producing cyclists through public safety advertising campaigns Rachael Nielsen and Jennifer Bonham 229 12. Spaces for cycling Glen Koorey 251 13. Off-road cycling infrastructure Narelle Haworth 283 14. Teaching Australian civil engineers about cycling Geoff Rose 303 15. What should planners know about cycling? Wendy Bell and Donna Ferretti 321 16. Skilling landscape architects and urban designers for design of bicycle parking and network facilities Hilary Hamnett 357 17. Cycling and Australian law Margaret Grant 407 18. Evaluating cycle promotion interventions Jan Garrard 429 vii Preface The genesis of Cycling futures can be traced to a workshop at the 2010 Australian Cycling Conference (ACC). For the past six years, Australian and New Zealand researchers, policy makers, practitioners and community representatives have convened in Adelaide, South Australia usually during the week of the Tour Down Under professional cycling race to share research, new ideas and contribute to a greater understanding of cycling in the region. As editors of this volume, we developed the original concept and invited the authors to contribute to this book. We appreciate the considerable effort made by each of our contributors and wish to thank them for their enthusiasm and patience as we have slowly progressed toward completion of the book. We would also like to thank the organisers, past and present, of the Australian Cycling Conference (now the Australian Walking and Cycling Conference) for providing the forum to share ideas and advance our knowledge of cycling in Australia and New Zealand. As this book goes to print, several Australian states and territories are implementing or trialling new road rules, such as minimum overtaking distances, to improve cyclists’ safety. Meanwhile in New Zealand the government has flagged spending NZ$330 million in the next three years on new urban cycling infrastructure. Researchers must critically evaluate these legislative and funding changes to ensure cycling can play a key role in the future of our cities and regions. Producing and sharing knowledge about cycling is a key element in enabling the growth of cycling. This book provides an overview of cycling research in Australasia today. It includes researchers and practitioners who have made cycling a primary focus of their work and those who have introduced cycling into their academic disciplines or professions. It draws people from a range of different fields — engineering, planning, landscape architecture and urban design, sociology, geography, public health, economics — and diverse theoretical backgrounds. This publication will be the first book to provide an Australasian perspective on cycling. Bound by the limitations of one volume, it offers a first step in capturing the broad and diverse knowledge about cycling in Australasia while recognising viii Preface that it has not been possible to include the full breadth, depth and diversity of work currently being undertaken. It is our intention that this book will contribute to a broader discussion of cycling in Australasia and about Australia and New Zealand internationally, informed by our experience and knowledge and help set the future cycling research agenda. Jennifer Bonham and Marilyn Johnson November 2015 ix Editors Jennifer Bonham Dr Jennifer Bonham is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Social Sciences, The University of Adelaide. She has a background in human geography specialising in urbanisation and cultural practices of travel. Her research draws on poststructuralist and feminist theoretical frameworks as it explores the relations between materials, bodies, rationalities and practices of travel. Since 2004 she has focused on cycling, conducting studies into gender, spatial distribution of cycling, road space and the place of cycling in Australian cities and culture. Jennifer is a Chief Investigator on the recently awarded ARC Linkage Project Cycle Aware: Driving with Bikes , which is examining how Australian driver licensing systems equip motorists to interact with cyclists. Jennifer is a member of the Australian Walking and Cycling Conference reference group and is a current member of the editorial board of Transfers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Mobility Studies Marilyn Johnson Dr Marilyn Johnson is a Senior Research Fellow at Monash University. Her research focus is road safety and active transport specialising in cycling. She is also the Research and Policy Manager at the Amy Gillett Foundation (AGF). Through this unique combination of roles, Marilyn pursues research questions with academic rigour and translates scientific evidence into action on Australian roads. She has conducted numerous cycling-focused studies in Melbourne, regional Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory. Marilyn is a Chief Investigator on a new ARC Linkage grant that will investigate how urban road designs can be improved to further increase road safety. She is also a lead contributor to the Amy Gillett Foundation’s campaign ‘A metre matters’, which has resulted in amendments to the road rules in Queenland (2014), the Australian Capital Territory (2014) and South Australia (2015). xi Contributors Carol Bacchi Carol Bacchi is Professor Emerita of Politics, The University of Adelaide. She researches and writes in the fields of policy theory, feminist political theory, embodiment and citizenship, and mobility studies. Her work on policy theory draws on Foucauldian perspectives. She explores Foucault’s position on problematisation and elaborates diverse understandings of problematisation. Currently, with Jennifer Bonham, she is developing a poststructural analytic strategy for interview analysis. This work will form part of a new book entitled Poststructural policy analysis: A guide to practice, written with Susan Goodwin (available from Palgrave Macmillan in 2016). Wendy Bell Wendy Bell is an urban and regional planner and a retired architect with qualifications from the University of New South Wales. She has run her planning practice, Bell Planning Associates, based in Adelaide, since 1986 and specialises in the social and environmental aspects of planning and urban design. Her clients have included the private sector and all levels of government in Australia and New Zealand and her career in planning started in a British New Town where she managed Landscape Design and prepared Recreation Plans. She spent several years as a sessional lecturer and tutor in planning at the University of SA. Soufiane Boufous Dr Soufiane Boufous is an injury epidemiologist at Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales. Soufiane’s research focuses on developing innovative methods of assessing the burden and risk factors of injury. He has extensive experience in injury surveillance and record linkage of injury data. Soufiane has led and been involved in large observational studies and randomised trials that increased knowledge and supported the development Contents xii of evidence-based road safety policies, including in the area of cycling safety. Derek Chong Derek Chong is a computational bushfire and risk modeller at the University of Melbourne. A geospatial expert, Derek has extensive experience in modelling complex events in real time and he is the lead developer of Phoenix RapidFire, the operational bushfire modelling and tracking software used in emergency bushfire management. Derek’s expertise includes analysis of big data and his contribution in this book is innovative analysis over 1 million GPS data points to determine cyclist speeds and speed relative to crash and near-crash events. Donna Ferretti Dr Donna Ferretti is an urban and regional planner with over thirty years of experience working in state and local government, the private sector and as an academic teaching planning at the University of South Australia. She has particular skills in strategic planning, social planning, development assessment, policy planning and community/stakeholder engagement, for which she has won a number of state and national planning awards. Donna is a Fellow of the Planning Institute of Australia, has served on numerous boards and committees, and is committed to developing and championing the planning profession across Australia — a commitment which is underpinned by an ethic of environmental responsibility and social inclusion. Jim Fitzpatrick Dr Jim Fitzpatrick, retired, has a long record of researching and writing on cycling history. He has taught at tertiary institutions in three countries, and worked and published in numerous disciplines. A list of his non-cycling publications in the fields of geography, history, education, health and urban planning is available at https://independent. academia.edu/JimFitzpatrick. Contributors xiii Contributors Jan Garrard Dr Jan Garrard is a Senior Lecturer in Public Health in the School of Health and Social Development at Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. Her research interests are in active transport, women’s participation in cycling and cycling safety. Jan has published several articles and book chapters on cycling promotion, bicycle safety, and research and evaluation methods in public health. Jan is a member of the Expert Advisory Committee of the Cycling Promotion Fund and the Research and Policy Committee of the Amy Gillett Foundation, and she was an Australian representative on the OECD/ITF Cycling Safety Working Group, which recently released the research report Cycling, health and safety Margaret Grant Margaret Grant is a lawyer and adviser with ARETE Group Lawyers, Attorneys and Advisers. She holds qualifications in law, physiotherapy, research and education and leads ARETE’s health law and regulation practice area. Prior to commencing legal practice, Margaret worked for many years as a sports physiotherapist, including being physiotherapist for several Australian cycling teams. She now couples her passion for cycling with her interest and expertise in regulatory law. Margaret is a current member of the research and policy advisory committee for the Amy Gillett Foundation. Hilary Hamnett Hilary Hamnett is a self-employed landscape architect specialising in site planning, landscape architecture and urban design. Clients include local and regional councils, and education and health authorities. Hilary studied urban and regional planning in the UK followed by a Masters Degree in Landscape Design. Prior to establishing her own landscape architecture practice in Adelaide she worked in the UK, in the Netherlands for the Rijnmond Metropolitan Authority in Rotterdam, and in landscape practices in Queensland and South Australia. Contents xiv Julie Hatfield Dr Julie Hatfield is a Senior Research Fellow at Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research, University of New South Wales. Her behavioural research focuses on informing policy and practice in the area of road safety. She is particularly interested in contributing to the evidence base for promoting safe cycling. Julie represented Australia on the Joint OECD/International Transport Forum [ITF] Transport Research Committee Working Group on Bicycle Safety and is a chief investigator on the Safer Cycling Study, a cohort study of over 2000 cyclists in New South Wales (doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040160). Narelle Haworth Professor Narelle Haworth is the Director of CARRS-Q and has more than twenty-five years of experience in road safety research. She was awarded the 2013 Australasian College of Road Safety Fellowship ‘for her outstanding contribution as an internationally recognised researcher in the road safety field and for her major contribution as a policy advisor at the state, national and international level’. Her special interest is in improving the safety of vulnerable road users — pedestrians, bicyclists and motorcyclists — and the synergies among both risk factors and road safety measures for these three groups. Simon Kingham Simon Kingham is Professor of Geography and Director of the GeoHealth Laboratory at the University of Canterbury, in Christchurch, New Zealand. He is an environmental geographer whose research focuses largely on public health issues — specifically links between the urban environment and health; and he has conducted research in the fields of travel behaviour and cycling. He has presented widely at conferences, including at VeloCity and Asia Pacific Cycle Congresses. He has a BA (Hons) and a PhD in Geography from Lancaster University, UK. Glen Koorey Glen Koorey is Senior Lecturer in Transportation within the Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Contributors xv Contributors New Zealand. Glen specialises in road safety and sustainable transport, particularly speed management and cycling. He was part of the recent New Zealand Cycle Safety Expert Panel and was also heavily involved in the development and delivery of national guidelines and training on planning and design for both cycling and walking. Glen is a Member of the Bicycle Research Committee of the US Transportation Research Board and has presented on cycling at numerous international conferences. Matthew Lamont Dr Matthew Lamont is a Lecturer in the School of Business and Tourism, Southern Cross University. His research interests encompass the social impacts of sport, with particular reference to the social aspects of participation in sports tourism and sports-based leisure. Matt’s PhD research examined independent cycle tourism in Australia, and his research is published in a variety of scholarly tourism and leisure journals. Matt has been a regular speaker at cycle tourism conferences in Australia and currently serves on the editorial boards for the Journal of Sport & Tourism , and Annals of Leisure Research Rachael Nielsen Rachael Nielsen is an Honours student at the University of Adelaide. Her current area of research is focusing on driver-cyclist interaction and the influence of driver training strategies on this relationship. She is a social scientist whose research interests are in the areas of human geography, active travel and social justice. She has undertaken independent research for the Adelaide City Council and has presented the findings from her contributing chapter at the 2014 VeloCity global conference. Ros Poulos Dr Roslyn Poulos is a public health physician and Associate Professor in the School of Public Health and Community Medicine at the University of New South Wales. Ros teaches public health to both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Her particular research interests include injury prevention and control, and the translation of injury research into policy and practice. Ros is lead investigator on Contents xvi the Safer Cycling Study, a cohort study of over 2000 cyclists in New South Wales (doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040160). Chris Rissel Chris Rissel is a Professor in the Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney. He has a background in health promotion, with a particular focus on physical activity and active travel. He has an active practice role, being involved in a number of community-based intervention studies. Chris is a regular presenter and participant in cycling conferences and is a current member of the editorial board of the Health Promotion Journal of Australia , and the Journal of Transport and Health Jungho Suh Dr Jungho Suh is a Lecturer in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Adelaide, Australia. His research interests range from non-market valuation to sustainable agriculture and nature-based tourism. Jungho teaches general economics, and environmental and resource economics for non-economics students. In 2012, he obtained a Permaculture Design Certificate at the Food Forest, a permaculture farm located at northern Adelaide, South Australia. Due to his interest in permaculture, he has recently visited various ecovillages, including Crystal Waters Permaculture Village in Queensland, Australia, and the Auroville Foundation in Tamil Nadu, India. Paul Tranter Paul is an Associate Professor in geography in the School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences at UNSW Canberra (the Australian Defence Force Academy), where his research and teaching interests are in the areas of transport geography and global change. Paul has made a pioneering contribution to research in the areas of child-friendly environments, active transport, and healthy and sustainable cities. His research demonstrates that creating urban environments that support the child-friendly transport modes — walking, cycling and public transport — will paradoxically save time for everyone, as well as making our cities more liveable, healthy and resilient. Contributors xvii Contributors Thomas Wanner Dr Thomas Wanner is a Senior Lecturer in the department of Geography, Environment and Population at the University of Adelaide, South Australia. His research and teaching interests concentrate on the political economy of environment and development issues, with a particular focus on international environmental governance, gender and development, and education for sustainability. He is member of the research network of Australia’s National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, and the Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia; and he is Associate Editor of the International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability and The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses Anne Wilson Anne Wilson is a researcher in the School of Social Sciences, Department of Politics, The University of Adelaide. Her main interest is in poststructural analyses of social and environmental issues, with a particular interest in Foucauldian theory.