##ruKffiru€% o1 YOURWORLD Page 06 o2 MEMORY Page 15 o8 ACROSSTHE GLOBE Page 26 o4 REAL LIVES Page 36 o5 GO FOR IT! Page 46 Questions and short answers Present simple and Present continuous Past simple and Past continuous used to and would Comparatives and superlatives Different ways of comparing Present perfect and Past simple Present perfect simple and Present perfect continuous Future forms Future clauses with rf, when, unless, etc. Past perfect Reported speech Peopte around you Everyday activities Childhood and upbringing Remembering and forgetting Features and sights Adjectives for describing places Life events PersonaI qualities Word families Work say and tell Adverbs for telling stories Reading: The myths that make you feetguitty Reading: The secrets of your memory Listening: Chitdhood and upbringing Reading: What's the right type of hotiday for you? Reading: Pushed too far? Reading: Cetting ahead in the 21st century Listening: Career crossroads Reading: lt realty happened to me! o6 TRUE STORIES page 56 Study, Practice & Remember page 132,Audio scripts page 168, lrregular verb tist page 175 67;. eBed 'sdr1{pn15 67; a8ed'spJo^ asaql Jaqrxarrla1 gy; e8ed'Z alrperd t,{pnrS nU aBed 'L e3rperd B ^pnl5 97; a8ed 'sdr1(pn15 97; a8ed 'spJo^ asaql laqueueu stL a8ed'Z arperd t,{pnrS yyy a?ed 'L arperd t ,{pnrS gy; a8ed 'sdr1,(pn15 97; a8ed'spro^ eseql requrauleu ZVt aBed 'Z alrperd t (pnrS L?l a8ed'L arperd t,(pnrS ftl eBed'sdr1,{pn15 97; a8ed 'spJom asaql Joqruaurau 66; a8ed 'Z arperd t (pnrS ggl a8ed'L elrpPrd t,{pnrs 2g; a8ed 'sdrl,(pnts 2E; a8ed'spJo^ asoql Jequreueu 9El aBed'Z erperd € ^pnrs SEI a8ed'! alrperd € r{pnrs 79; aBed 'sdr1 (pn15 7g; aBed 'spJo^ osaql raqurauau z€l a8ed'Z art)erd € ^pnts 7g; a8ed'L alrperd t,{pnrS PlJo^ aql Pe)ror 1eq1 ,tols y :q)Jeasej Pue oaPln olnllnf Pllo/Y\ 13 y:3u;1;.r1111 11er auoqdelatr leuro; e 3u11e6; :Bu;1eed5 en11 e3entuel :au8reduer pue ralilAA:sue)lrc saueqJ :qJreeseJ Pue oaPln arnlln) PFo/v\ 3o1q 1aner1 y :3u11;.t7y1 su,ralqord lane.rl :Bug1ead5 angl a3enBuel sailouaur qlnqqselJ :q)Jeosoj Pue osPln ' arnilnf, PFo/n lleue lerurolur uy:3u;1;.r6 SuroB uorlesranuor e Surdae; :3ug1eedg en11 etenBuel 3u11r.16:dn rvro11o1 3utua1stl pue 8ugleed5 qsel ,{.re1nqe:on pue 3urua1sr1 :uol1ereder4 fuo1s e 11a1ex Sutualsr'1 pue 3u11eed5 :>;set 3urue1srl pue 3u rpeax :uo;1e.rede.r4 iaru ro aJrq 01 oq^^ esoor.]) 3u;1114:dn rno11o1 Burlead5:1se1 Burualsr'1 :uo;1eredar6 PJPI P Ue roJ auoaluos aleuruloN 3urleed5:>;se1 3u r ua1s11 :uogleredar6 aprnB s,:aprsur ue aprloro 3ur1r.rq:dn /nollo1 3ur>1ead5 qsel {.relnqeron pue 3u1ua1sr1 :uogleredel6 ,{.roueru leuored e equlseq 3u11eed5 qsel Sulpeat pue 3urue1sr1 :uo11erede.r6 eLurl rno{ puads no( (Bnn aql ssnlsrC qraads pol)auuol ur payad $ed pue aldurrs lsed ueel laq eluaJa#rp aql Sulreag suotlsanb ur uorleuolur alrlod sarlrulP, PJol ur ssaJtrs PJo A sase-rqd aur!1 u! Burlurl a^eq p sruro; )pel pue 3uo,r15 suorlsenD elrloc ur ssarls alualuas sese.rqd anrlereduor ur sPunos /e/ Pue ssaJls s3urpua pa- eldurs pe6 lsaralul A oqs ol uorlBuolur Sursn suorlsenD ur sseJls arualuas ,=,a::=?;.,:,4T T:?,H'"+ ia; o7 MUST SEE! page 66 o8 SOCIAL LIFE page 76 09 STUFF! page 86 10 SOCIETYAND CHANGE page 96 11 RULES page 106 L2 YOUR CHOICE page 116 -ed/-ing adjectives The passive Polite requests will and shall for instant resPonses Defining relative clauses Quantifiers Making predictions HypotheticaI possibiIities wirh r Obligation and permission in the present Obligation and permission in the past could have, should have, would have HypotheticaI situations in the past with if Entertainment and teIevision Extreme adjectives SociaI behaviour Tatking about norms and customs How gadgets work Descri bi ng everyday objects Reading: News stories Listening: Film quiz Reading: My big night outl Listening: Modern manners quiz Reading: Consumer crazy Listening: How gadgets work Numbers and statistics Society and change Society and social issues Linking words Crime and punishment Probtems and sotutions Reading: The future will surprise us Listening: Society and change Listening: Annoying rules Reading: Exclusive clubs Listening: The toughest decision of their lives Reading: How to make decisions Study, Practice & Remember page 132,Audio scripts page 168, lrregularverb list page 125 191 aBed 'sdrl {pnls 29; a8ed 'sp;om asaLll requeua1 99; a3ed'Z orperd n,{pnrs 59l eBed'L arlpPrd t r{pnrS t9t e8ed 'sdlr (pnrs 79; a8ed 'spro,rn asaql requreuau 99; a8ed'E olrtrerd t,{pnrS egl a8ed'Z arlrPrd B (pnrs z9l aBeU'L erperd t (pnrs fulunor A au e ur a,!l :qfjeassJ Pue oaPln aJnllnf, PFo/Y\ ,{essa uorurdo uy:3u;11.t114 suoluloo o1 Sutpuodsal pue Surssardx3 :3u11eedg alll a3en8uel ilqro ul :qf,reesoJ PuP ooPl^ ernllnl PlJo/Y\ e8essau non -lueql uoqs V :3u11;.t16 s8urql 3u1,{nE :Bu;1eed5 engl eFen3uel saue8 ot paptppv :q)JPaseJ Pue oeP!A ernllnf, Ptlo/n Me!^ai y:Fu;1;.t11 luau:aBuetre 1er:os e 3ur1e4 :3u;1ead5 arr11 e3en3uel Burlr.r111:dn mo11o1 3u11ead5 qsel SurpeaX :uog1e.redel6 seuurollP ssnfsrc 3u11ead5:1se1 Butuelsrl pue Surpeax :uol1e.reder4 s^^Pl Meu ssnf,src 3urlead5:1se1 3urua1sr1 :uo11ereder6 laBpnq ar.1t elueleg 3ur1ead5 :>;se1 3urpeex,uo11".rede.,6 trnoqlrM e^rl l,uPlnol no,{ sBulql lnoqe )leI 3u1lp1tr:dn /nollol 3ur1eed5:1se1 3urua1sr1 :uoqleredal6 a^Pqaq ol Moq uo sdrl anlg 3u11ead5 :>;se1 3urua1sr1 pue ,t e1 n qe:o1 :uo11eredal4 aleq lo 0^ol nof moqs e tnoqe )lel qraeds papauuol ur sujroJ lPPol.u lsed qlaeds Palfauuol ur sqre^ IPPoN qtaads Papauuol ut P, )o ll, serl!r.IJeJ prom ur ssarls 3urryrq5 sunou punoduo: ur ssalls slsanba.l ur uolleuolut elllod sseJls afualuas ssarls PJoAA 95; a8ed 'sdr1 ,{pn15 gg; a8ed 'sprom esaqt jaqurauau 25; a8ed 'Z elrpeJd t ,{pnrs gsl a8ed'L elrtlerd € ,{pnrs lgl aBed 'sdrl {pnrs ;9; a8ed'sprom asaql Jaquiarueu 99; a8ed'Z elrperd t,{pnrs os I a8ed 'L arperd € ,{pnrs 95; a8ed 'sdr1(pn15 g5; aBed 'sprom asoql Jeqruauau tS I aBed 'Z alrperd € ,{pnrS gg; a8ed 'L arperd ? ^pnts 75; aBed 'sdr1 (pn15 ZS L eBed 'spJo^ esaql Jequauro1 65; a8ed 'Z orlrerd € ^pnrs OS I a3ed 'L arperd € ,(pnrS Language focus 'l Questirums amd sF:*rt *nsw*r$ 3 * Match situations 1-3 with photos A-C. 1 someone answering questions to complete a form 2 someone who has just arrived in a foreign country and is greeting an old friend she hasn,t seen for a tong time 3 someone getting to know a ctassmate on a new course Za Work in pairs. Think of two questions that the peopte in each situation might ask. r$ i$; '1.€ Listen to nine short conversations. Match them with situations 'l-3 in exercise 1a. 11 2_3_4_5_6_7_B_g b work in pairs. How many questions from the conversations can you remember? Make a [ist.Then listen again and check. F * r *ti e"" g qzs * xti. t= tz z Many questions begin with wh- words and phrases: What? Wkere? Which part? (atso How?) 1 Think of four more wh- question words/phrases. 2 Cross out the question with incorrect word order. 1 Where do tive your parents? 2 Where do your parents [ive? 572 + r t i4 z.i,i'1r,J E F: ti 3 Rewrite the answers to these questions using did , do and doesn,t. A: Did you have a good journey? B: Yes, I had a good iourney. yes, I did. 1 A: Do at[ your famity tive near here? B: My parents live near here, but my sisterdoesn,t live near here. 2 A: Does your father work in London? B: No, he works from nome. 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Cross it out and write it in the correct group. Farnily E* i older sister i relative i grandchitd i grandparents stepmother stranger ha[f-brother i Worky'sehool i classmate i colleague i niece boss employee '''''''"i.'"' i best friend old schoot friend i acquaintance mother-in-law ''"j' i neighbour flatmate : cousin ex-girlfriend Ex Add more words to the table. ;* *j 1.4 Listen to eight instructions.Write your answers in any of the spaces below. * Work in pairs and swap books. Ask questions to find the meaning of the names/numbers that your partner has written. l-anguage foculs 2 Fresent simple and Fresent eontinuous 3* Look at the photos from Jess's birthday party tast weekend.What do you think her relationship is to each person in the photos? b r4 €; 't.S Jess is showing the photos to a cotleague. Listen and check your answers to exercise 1a. Lydia - best friend Listen again and find five mistakes in the sentences below' Ann Jess is showing her photos to Lyd6. 1 Lydia is working in a restaurant at the moment. 2 She wants to become a social worker. 3 She's apptying for lots of jobs. 4 lsabel is getting old. 5 She always pu[[s faces in photos. 6 Jess's grandparents go out a [ot. 7 Luxmmi is training to be a dentist. 8 joe is wearing sunglasses. 9 Joe's living in a student house at the moment. 10 He doesn't like the city very much. 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Which photos remind you of yourself? b Which opinions (a-d) do you think are true? a young people spend too much time on the internet b people who get up early are more productive c multitasking is an essential modern skil[ d there's no such thing as too much exercise Read the article. Choose a phrase from exercise 1b to complete the gaps. According to the article, is each phase a fact or a myth? Read the article again and answer the questions. 1 How does the writer feel about his own lifestyle? 2 When are night owls more productive? 3 What kind of people had damage to their heart muscles? 4 Which group spends the most time online in the USA? 5 What are older people better at doing online than younger people? 6 ls it impossible to multitask welt? Why /Why not? Work in pairs. Te[[ your partner which paragraph you think is the most surprising and interesting. Give reasons for your answer. What common beliefs do people have about lifestyle in your countrlr? Make a [ist. People often say that you should sleep at least eight hours a day. You often hear that eating late at night makes you fat. Work in pairs and compare your lists. Do you think each belief is a fact or a myth? Why? Every time I open a newspapet I read a new piece of advice about what I'm doing wrong. I don't drink enough watel I sleep too much, I don't sleep enough ... it can get depressing. So I decided to do some research myself to find out if i should really feel so guilty. I've always felt bad because I find it difflcult to get up in the morning - mainly because I can never sleep before 2 a.m. So while my colleagues arrive for work looking bright and fresh at B o'cloc( I arrive at ten, feeling grumpy. And everyone knows that t_ , right? Wrong actually, according to a report from the University of Liege. Two hours after waking, researchers found that ear$ birds and night owls are equally productive. But ten hours after waking, night owls like me are less tired and better able to concentrate! So next time I'm late for work, I won't apologise; I'll just tell myboss that I'm a night owl - and that's good! Like many people, I constantly worry about the amount of exercise I take ... or rather don't take. I know i should spend hours in the gyn every day and run marathons just for fun. After all, '_, is there? Actually, according to a recent study, there is. Researchers studied top athletes who are now in their fifties and found that some of them had damage to their heart muscles. Men of the same age who didn't exercise so intensively had no damage. So perhaps I'm doing the best thing by sitting at home on the sofa? Unfortunately nol It seems the best advice is still the old saying: moderation in all things. Everyone says that 3 , and as someone who grew up with technology - a 'digital native' - I often worry that I might be an internet addict. But apparentli4 a recent study of Americans shows that it's not young people who go online the most, it's the middle-aged. The study found that 18- to 24-year-olds spend around 32 hours a week online, but for 45- to S4-year-olds it's 40 hoursl Howeve4 it's not all good news for digital natives. According to research, we are not as good as older people at actually using the internet. It seems we are too impatient and believe what we read too easily! I'm not the kind of person who can talk on the phone, shop online and cook dinner all at the same time, but I keep reading that a_ Does this mean there is something wrong with me? I googled the subject and felt a little better It seems, after all, that the human brain can't do several things at the same time: it can only switch quickly from one task to another If you try to do several things at once, experts say that you simply do each thing less well. 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'sJel sup rnof areduo: pue s:;ed ut UoAA e I Burqlou Bulop 3uruetr Suruo.rr eql 3u1op Sutxelat Surddoqs SuroB 3u t1n uu uror salrs 3ur1lom1au ler)os uo SuroB spueuJ LltrlM 1no Sur8ueq plJollr. JnoI ,sxcamqmss,& i' l .1 Research shows that people today have more free time tha n.u"i.n ; But do we spend our time on the things that really matteL or are we wasting time and feeling frustrated? Join our biggest ever survey to help us find out. ui2 r ;-\.'- t5 ,. .:: r 7 ti 5., 7*l 1l 'l {* 1\ I 1-:a t. Tick the statements that are true for you. 1 | spend too much time sleeping. tr 2 I don't get enough sleep. X 3 I work/study for too many hours. I 4 I don't work/study enough. I 5 I spend a lot of time looking after children / other relatives. I 6 I spend a lot of time socialising and going out. f, 7 I spend too much of my time on boring activities and tasks. I I I never really stop - l'm busy all day. I 9 | find time for my interests. I I0 l'd like to have more time for my interests. X I1 | sometimes feel bored because I can't thinl< of anything to do. I 12 | don't have enough time for certain important things in my life. I l3 | often put offtasks that I need to do. n 14 | feel stressed because I don't have enough time to do everything. I 15 | waste a lot of time on things that aren't very useful. D :i ;) rQ l t-e I \a br: 10 r12 I 10 tr12 t '(lo,rruaded Surop) euurl Lllnur oot (re1) spueds eg '(Lu{E aqr 1e) euurl arouu puads ot e)rl p,eH '(,{snq &en s,eq) os uarplrqr earql 1oB s,eH peq Eup.rodeg r 2feqf s,'(q6 2se1dr-uexe euros eu..l aru8 nor{ ue3 Zuolplq) -rno{ ere plo Moq oS Zstsorolur rno( ere 7 qol rno,{ s1 (lrrexa 1eq16 2(3urdea1s) pueds no,{ op oturt qlnLu MoH uolteu.rofu! erout .to;8ug1sy q 1ar-ur1 q8noua 1,usr 1snI areql '(3uo1) ,{ep eloLlM eqt oE eqt uo u-r,l '(setrs Surloanlau 1e1ros) uo oLull jo lol e otseM I '(t1eq e pue rnoq ue) lnoqe sa)el ,{au.rnol eloqan eq1 '(r.1srued5 3u;{pnp) aurll aroLu pueds o1 e1n p,1 '(3u;11aner1) aur!t r.llnLu oo1 ({em) pueds I '1ear,r7,{ep e (srnotl ua1) lnoqe ro1 (ltorrr) t '(rerq8nep {r-u ra1je 3u;1oo1) alurl Jo lol e eltnb puads I eurl1 .rno( pueds nof moq 3u;qprse6 e : a3en3uel lnrasn < 'o)eu ol o)rl PlnoM oqs/aq saSueql eq] 'tnoqe {ddeq sr alls/aq sEulql aql 'AqM Pue a]rl laq/srq ur luelrocr.tl! lsoul ore sarlr^llle Llllr]M :lnoqp lurqf 'rauued .rnor( lnoqp sself, eqt ilof g q pue e e8enBuel lnJasn < 'reuiled rno^ lnoqe solou Jauq eleN 'suorlsen b roq/sr r..l ro/v\suv'ar!eu uoltsanb oql ol sra^ sue rnof lnoqe rouued rnol( llel ol suJnl a)ef q q a3en8uel lnJesn < 'uolleurolu! orou lno Pull ol suollsonb e !J lo )urrll Pue Po)lrl seq rouued rno^ queuralels aql le )ool 'sarleuuollsenb derrns PUP sted ut )lo A ez e a8enBuel lntesn < 'paou no^ sese.rqdTsp.rorn,(ue.ro; raqf,eal rnor{ )sv 'uleql ulpldxe 01 /v\oq lnoqP lu tql'al leuuollsanb oql ol sre/v\sue rnoA poqe llel ol Sugo8 e.re no1 L tul4eadg )sel 'xoq a8en8uel lnJasn oqt lo (e) ued lsllJ eql u! Jeaq nor{ sese.rqd aql )lll pue ureEe ualstl q 6wtoq [11eat - ,{,ep peq e uo srna,4 ailqt )o Isrnoq ]pq e pue aua sa4e1 [.autnof - Ouqnrutuot auJq q)nLu ool spuads * 1 rc4eadg 'fes {eql }eq^ lnoqP solou ale4 28urssnrsrp r(eql e.re sluoualpls q)!ql 's.tamsue rleql lnoqe Eurllel sluepuodse; o^u ol ueFq 9'L ff, 2nof .ro1 arul are sluouralpp {ueur rvrog 'orleuuol5enb eq1e1a1dr-uof, pue sluaualep eql pesu alno puU ol Eu!/tr erreuuorlsanb eq1 s! teq^ 'oreuuollsenb aql ol uolpnporlur eql peau e I sz tulpeer pue tuluapll uolleJeda;4 Writing An informal email 1 Work in groups and discuss. Do you use online sociaI networks a [ot? Why /Why not? Have people from your past got in touch with you through the internet? lf so, did you meet up with them? What happened? 2 Read the online message that Katarina sent to her old friend Grace. How do they know each other? What does Katarina want to do? Read Katarina's message again and complete it with the phrases below. As you know, Lots of [ove, I want to hear a[[your news! I reatty hope you're we[[. PS You can see some photos of me now on my profile page. So how are things with you? There's another reason I wanted to get in touch. Please let me know. I stil[remember Match topics a-d with the paragraphs in Katarina's message. a Questions for her old friend para. 2 b Reasons for getting in touch now c Why she hasn't been in touch before d News about her own life You are going to write a simitar message.Think of an old friend you haven't seen for a long time and invent a reason to contact him/her. Use the topics in exercise 4 to make notes for your message.Add any other information thatyou want to inctude. Write a first draft of your message. Fol[ow the same structure as Katarina's message and use the checklist betow to help you. Are there clear paragraphs? (e.g. the topics in exercise 4) Are you using appropriate phrases? (see exercise 3) Are you using present tenses and questions correetly? ; Hayg vou cne$ed.snglting a1d plnctuation? Work in pairs. Read each other's messages and suggest improvements. Use the checktist above to help you. Read your partner's comments and ask him/her for more information if necessary.Then write the final draft of your message. 3 a b c d e f g h i 4 5a 6 7a ffi from Katarina Hi Grace, Long time no see! lt's been a few years but I hope you remember me! After we left university I lost your details, so I was really happy to find you again on this website. You look great in your photo. ? What are you doing now? Are you still living in Manchester? Sorry for all the questions but '_ ! And how is your family? ls your brother still training to be a lawyer? And what are your parents doing? that holiday I spent at your house with your family, Happy days! , after university I moved back to Slovakia. I'm stillthere now. I live in Bratislava with my husband, Hendrik. He's a W producer. I work for a media company now Life changes so quickly! | really love my life here but I still miss our time togetherat university, It was so much fun! . My company is sending me to Manchester for three days next week. Hendrik is coming with me. While we?e there we would really love to meet up with you. ls that possible? ' Take care. Katarina ffi zleql seM r.q^ z:Ijr./v\ ,{uedr-uor aurps otlt JoJ Surltoan eJaM ay'n ?serelu! /(otls ol uolleuolu! esn s.releeds eq1rvroq ef,lloN'saselqd pue suollsenb ftellxne oql leedeu'seserqd l(e1 eql ol uarll pue q4e/v\O L 'enoldu.tt p;nor feql s{ern pue lla/v\ plp {eq1sEu1q1 elou Pue uols!'l :€ lled'es as!f,Jaxe uoJJ uollesJonuof, ' e lno pV:Vrled'suJnl olel pue sdno.rE ut)Jo A 'ao;Jol 3ur1eu s! raqlour rno{ elrqnn raq q}lM EuroE uorlesra^uo) e daal o1 o^eq pue s,roqloul rno{;o pueuJ e ol polnportur uaaq $n[ a^eq no1 'dols-rno( q:ear no{ 1r1un EuroB uorlpsrenuof eql dee) ol"eneq no1'urprl aql uo no( alrsoddo s11s sreer( enr; loj uaas l,ua^eq no{ oqnn PuauJ looqls v 'sa^rJrp Jaqreal oql lrlun 3u1oE uorlesranuor e daal ol {.rl no1'luapn5 raqtro auo {1uo sr aroql a^rJe nor( uaqnr pue ssell ,(qde.rSoroqd e paurol aneq no1 2uo!1en1!s {nrg1p tsotu eql slluF{l nor( op q3!q^\ 2Eu1oE uollesJaluo) qree deal nor( uer Euol rvrog '/v\olaq suollenls eql lno py's.r!ed u! )ro A 'no,{:o; saneu lueuodu! auos lo8 an,l )aaM slql N uo spM aurtu lo Puauj Plo uv lree{ e sourl o^r} (ep11oq uo oB slualedpue.rS,(y.1 'e8el1rn alull e ol Sutnou el,e16 'asnoq 8lq e rq8noq 1snl seq raqtorq ^N 'a^ol lnoqe looq pooE ,(11eet e Surpeal ru,; 'nor( dlaq ol E aslJJaxe ut sese.rqd pue suolpenb f.re;11xne aql esn'lsatolu!/noqs Pue /noPq sluaualets oql lno peal ol sulnl alef 'sl;ed u; ryo6 V 2,{11eaX q iaq PIC I ;ano6 t Zaq sP A I 2reqr s,{q16 I 2noi{ l,ltoc s zleql se^ uaql e zno^ oc s iaas I P Zll se/v\ t lSutzeue s,leq1 f 2no{ l,uanep g 'un; spunos teql q 2no[ pr6 7 2(llsranrun le laou no{ pr6 e Zno{ ala6 ; 8V 'g ur seserqd aql qll/vr V u1 suollsenb /fuer1rxne aql q)leur pue ule8e qlle/y\ roqleaM aql lsed aql ur ,{eprloq e su/v\ol auoq lleql &tslantun eupele) laur {eq1 nnoq . [!orJ are ,{aql a:aqm 'tnoqe )lel )uPuaH pup af,etg teql srldol aql )l!t pue oeP!^ oql q)le/v\ 'gler e u! IupuaH pue eulrete) Eultaaur sr erelg @ Zroq/Lurq lau lsnlaneq nor{ uaq^ auoauJos 1se nor{ uel suollsonb rPq/v\ 2A ou) l,uoP no,{ eldoed ol )le} ol ,(sea 1l pur; no( o6 2aldoad nrau Eurleeu ,{ofua no,{ o6 'suolpenb aql ra/v\sue pue e.rnpld aql le loo'l L tu;ot uolles.reluo) e tu;dee; tuqead5 € es 9 s v E z t The $Gorels of ysur memory lMemory expert Professor Jemima Gryaznov answers your most cornmon questions about mernory. I Why can I remember events in my childhood but not what happened last week? we remember the things t.har have srrong connections in our mind. especially emotional connections. Childhood memories are often very emotionai: we experience things for the first time so we have strong felhngs of fear or excitement. Retelling events also helps to fix them in our memories and interesting or funny stories from our childhood are often told again and againl 2 Do sorne people really have a photographic memory ? It is well knor,m that some peopie have an exlraordinary mem&y. Daniel Tammer. for example, can remember the firsr 22.500 digits of pi and Stephen wiltshire can draw a detailed picture of a city from memory uit., flying over it in a helienntpr FJnrrrarrat noirha. n.-i^l ^^- c.^^"^^ q lrErruuyLsr. l luvvcvcr, rreither Daniel nor stephen have a photographic memory They are good at remembering particular things for a limited time. A person with a photographic memory could remember every detail of a picrure. a book or an event many years later. No one has yet proved rhat they have a phorographic mpm^rrr in e cnianri4n ta51. 3 Is computer memory better than human memory? That depends what you mean by better'l Information in a compurer is stored in separate pieces. Human memory is stored in a different way Each piece of information is connecled to many other pieces. Thar s why a panicular smell can bring back memories of a holiday or u p.rron. The problem *ith hu-un memory is that it is messy and not very accurare. The problem wilh computer memory is that iL can t make connections between pieces of inlormaLion - it isn't creatlve. 4 1'm 24.Is rny memory getting worse? Not yet. bur ir will do soon. our memory reaches irs full power at the age of 25. At that polnt we can remember up to 200 pieces of information a second. After this age. however. the brain srarts to get smalJer By the age of 40 we are losing 10,000 brain cells every day By middle age our memory is significantly worse than when we were young. 5 Is it possibie to remember early childhood? Scientisfs used to believe that ir was imposs,ble to remember very early childhood, but recent research shows that babies are -u.ir .t.u.r.r i#n *. previously Lhoughr. Some people really can remember being a baby Others, howevel remember nothing before the age of five or even tenl FIND OUT MORE 6o ontrine to find out ryrore a bo ut 1.": ;; * 1 ;: I T* r:: i ri"l r-l a n d i-i l:* ;.: ir * r:'',\ i i tl h i i* " raLl]e.l ^l;elnBal uorleut.to;ur MarAaU :Butnnelna; daa;1 'palsaralur aJe oM Jr ra]]aq ureal aM '3utu;ee1 a,te no{ ieqnn }noqp suor}sanb;;as.rno{ )sV :pa}sela}ut eg sauo JetltulPl ueqt Sur8ua;1eq: aroLu are splll^!]le nnap {poq .rnoA a>1r; 1snI ure.rq lnor{ asr:raxa o} }ueUoduu! st }l :aslfJaxa lP}uaul oC rallaq lloan fuouau; :no,{ saleu }pti} pu€ utelq rnoA o} saoE ue8{xo aroLu 'osoraxa no{ uaq6:ost)laxa ;e:rsr(qd o6 'sauouau lno jo {ueru ,oso1, am [;.rado;d deals ],uop ann;1 :11ann dae15 2qsr1Eu3 ur sproM mau Suuaquuaurar jo s{enn:aqlo {ue eneq no{ o6 2qsr13u1 Surureal ur lnJasn aq plnoM'{ue ;r 'q:tq16 2lnJasn ]seol/lsoLu otll ulaas sall LlllqA 'ssnlsrp pue slted ut )lo A : suorlsanb;1es-rno,{ 3ur>1se utelq .rno,{ o} BuroB ue8,fto uorsrnai reln8ar '1.roqs sarnlrtd a8up.tls SulutBeLut sBulgr rteu Sulop deels ;o 1re1 salzznd plorvrssol: Burop 'eep! qleo ol ueu I ro u etlrl 2BurpaBro; lo SullaqLuauar ql!/v\ Paletf,osse xoq eql ul seaPl aql a.ry'rtouratu lno{ 3ulno.rdurl .ro; sd11 eq1 peax 2r(q16 2Eursrrd.rns purl nor( lBql lxat aqt ul uolleurolu! fue ereqt sl 'ssnlslp pue s:ted ut )tol 'o^U Jo aBe aqt aroraq {1a1an::e Surqilue loquJauJel o1 elqtssoduu! s! }l ^/ 'a8e elppru.r ur esroM ]eE ol slrels {:oueu lnO 9 '{laleredes uorleuro;ur ;o a:ard qleo salols utelq lnO S ',!ouraLu trqderEoloqd e aneq eldoed ouros leql pano:d a^eq slsltualls t '3urqy{ue s1a3:o; ra^au eltqs}I116 uaqdal5 g 'qlelaP lueilocl.!l la8tol ann'saut1 {ueLu [.to]s e lla] aM uoq/v\ Z 'or.r11 oq] le Lueql lnoqe {18uorls }lo; aM asnPloq PoollPlrql rno ul slua^a ulella) laquJeulal aAA L 'slueualels oslpl eqt poro)'(3) eslel ro (f) arur are sluaualels eql jr apnep pue ute8e uol eql PPaU 'qde.rBe.red etye ouo s! oJeql'P-e slueutuol Llll/v\ 5-; sqde.rBe.red q)leu ueql',(11:rnb 9;. a8ed uo lxel oql PeoU EZ'eUrsou 'Suruort seM aqs altLlM sotlols sn llal o] pasn oqs asnelaq s,]l )ultll | 'laq loqrj.laulal I 'Suruorr llaurs I ra^auaqM roq q]tM uotlellosse a8uells {11ear srql o^eq | }nq 'Mou peep s,eLlpue.r8 l{y1 p ?9'aurusPr 'lle le llaM {ran leuuns z' ]sel plp | ]eqM roqrl.raual ],uel | ]ng 'Sutltrxa {11eat senn ]r pu? 'p?orqe luoM I ault] ]slU aql seM lt 1^Ueall ^llea.l ua] seM I uaqM peq ann l{eptloq aq} laqu.laulal uel | ') I' ,XAIV '.ro13u11oo1 ut,l ]eqM raqurorJar l,upl I uaq] 1nq 'SutqleLuos lo+ )ool ol LUool e olur oB sotutlaulos | 'asloM Surlte8 st ILoueiu {tu 1urq1 {la1rugap I pue aq oi pasn 1 se Suno{ se }ou ul,l q 6I 'e!l!url .XIS SPM I UALIM l0oqls pauels I arolaq Sulqy{ue loquoulol },uel I e ;s.releeds eql;o r{ue o1 saruatledxa lellulls lo aures eql eneq no( oc 'Molaq sluatuulof, aql PPoU 2flouraur poo8 e aneq nor( lurql nof o6 '-: ,{1}ua:a.r pauaddeq 1eq1 sEulql o8e Euol peueddeq teqt sBulLll sluaueBuele Pue se8esseLl . uolleulloJul Pue s]leJ 'lla'splomssed 's:aqunu utd sole] Pue ssLueu 2Sugtequraurel le Peq/PooB no{ ere s8ulql aseql Jo r.llltl1A'ssnlstp pue slred ul )lo A = t tu;4eads pue 3u;peay Language focus 1 , t 9u: you remember anything that happened to you r flili"#i['J::HT], g otro.* rast saturday , ". afternoon? 3 How did you meet your oldest friend, or your - f#"iir,l" ?iT":ffour first teacher and what : wH ffi nx.;'"n: ffi,5?1H ?,il,?liiij,*, t H!.XH:ivou have ror breakrast the dav berore , 8 \ What were you doing when you heard about il iTfi'fl..lfi"":,:ff ''' news? (e g the death Fast simple and Past continuouls Work in pairs.Test your memory by answering the quiz questions as quickly as you can. Give brief details for each answer. Howwell do you remember the past? ii:+il ,,li'"' li X 'eG =.= Listen to five peopte discussing the quiz. Which question is each speaker discussing? 3a Can you remember what the speakers said? Complete the listening extracts below. 1 Last Engtish lesson I was wearing jeans and a shirt. I was about months old and I was walking with my parents - they were holding my hands. Suddenty, my favourite appeared at the door and I walked towards her. At that time I was watching on TV. She had very dark and dark , and she always wore a lot of make-up on her White I was shopping in town, I saw the news on the TVs in a I went into the shop and asked the what was happening. Everyone in the shop was talking about it. b Listen again and check. 4a Undertine eight Past simple verbs in the sentences in exercise 3a.Which verbs are regular and which are irregular? b Circle seven examples of the Past continuous in exercise 3a. How do we form the Past continuous? Look at the timeline and examples. Then choose the correct answers to complete the rules. I saw the news onTV while lwas shopping. J3:F9Rx: 3 4 5 I g *ffi% ffi* ffi I remember my grandfather, and he died when I was two and a half. I x== *r:ri:.ir.:; ir., := =!=r:{; wii+:r j aair-?i *t:r *a{t{,er. {' -X - | >tuture past I saw the news on TV. At 3 o'clock last Saturday I was watching faotball. I was walking with my parents when my favourite aunt appeared. 1 The Pastsimple / Pastcontinuous shows complete actions, usuaily the main events in a story. 2 The Pastsimple / Pastcontinuous shows actions in progress at a point in the past. They start before and often continue after the main events. 3 We can link Past simpte and Past continuous actions with the words'when' and Notice that we do not usually use the Past continuous to describe states or repeated actions. 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What topics do you think they wil[ mention? 4 Check the meaning of the words in bold in a dictionary.Who said these things?Write R (Rafaet) or M (Mi-Sun/Emity) next to the ideas below. My parents were very strict. M 1 My parents punished us sometimes - we got into trouble if we were rude. lf we behaved badly, our parents stopped our pocket money. lf I argued with my mum, my dad totd me off and I felt reatly ashamed. My parents got angry if we got into troubte at schoot. In our culture, you should always respect your parents. Our parents only praised us if we did something rea[[y excettent. Our parents encouraged us a [ot. They didn't often criticise us. They gave me a lot of confidence. Work in pairs and discuss. Use the words in exercise 4 to explain your answers. Was your upbringing more similar to Mi-Sun/ Emity's or Rafael's? ln what ways? How wittido you bring up your children? ls this different from your upbringing? 7 8 9 ! Rafael Martin (27), who is half Spanish and half British, grew up and went to school in the same part of London as Mi-Sun (Emily) Kim (28), whose family is Korean. However, their upbringings were very different. E i* &1a.= Listen to Mi-Sun/Emity and Rafae[. Which things below were: a things their parents permitted? b things they didn't permit? c things they insisted on? RafaeI 1 going to bed on time 2 being mean to his sister 3 ptaying in the street with his friends 4 hanging out in town with his friends 5 staying out late at the weekend Mi-Sun/Emily 1 ptaying at friends' houses 2 going for sleepovers 3 going out in the evenings 4 ptaying the piano 5 gettingA's in schoolwork Can you remember anything Rafael and Mi-Sun/ Emity said about the topics in exercise 2? Mv