ا ا a particle introducing direct and indirect questions; ― أم ا a - am in alternative questions; ا ―سواء أم saw ā ’un a ― am no matter whether - or; و أ a-wa particle indicating or implying doubt: or? perhaps? (atau/apakah) ذلك في اَوتشك (tašukku) you wouldn't doubt it, would you? do you perhaps doubt it? or do you doubt it? اَلا al ā and اَما a-m ā intensifying interjections introducing sentences: verily, truly, indeed, oh yes, etc., فانظروا اَلا (fa-n ẓ ur ū ) oh, do look! why, look! انه اَما (innah ū ) why, he is ... ! 1 آب ā b 2 August = Agustus (month; Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.) 2 اب see ابو 3 اب abba u to long, yearn, ( وطنه إلى il ā wa ṯ anihi for one's homeland) 4 ابيب look up alphabetically اباتي (It. abate) ab ā t ī abbot (Chr.) ابالة ib ā la, ibb ā la bundle, bale ابت يا see ابو ابجد abjad alphabet ابجدي abjad ī alphabetic(al); ابجديات elementary facts, simple truths │ الابجدية الحروف the letters of the alphabet ابد abada ( ابود ub ū d) to stay, linger ( ب at a place); ― i u to roam in a state of wildness, run wild, be shy, shy away, run away (animal, game) II to make lasting or permanent, perpetuate, eternize ( ھـ s.th.) V to be perpetuated, become lasting or permanentl; to return to a state of wildness ابد abad pl. آباد ā b ā d endless, eternal duration, eternity; ابدا abadan always, forever; ever, (with neg.) never (in the future), not at all, on no account; (alone, without negation) never! not at all! By no means! │ الأبد إلى الأبد، على and الدھر أبد abada d-dahri forever; الآبدين ابد abada l- abad ī n and الآبدين ابد إلى il ā abadi l-a. forever and ever ابدي abadi everlasting, eternal, endless الابدي al-abad ī eternity ابدي abad ī ya infinite duration, endless time, eternity آبد ā bid wild, untamed آبدة ā bida pl. اوابد aw ā bid 2 unusual thing, prodigious event │ الدنيا اوابد a. ad- duny ā the Wonders of the World مؤبد mu'abbad eternal, endless, everlasting مؤبد│ سجن ( sijn ) life imprisonment 1 ابر abara i u ( abr ) to prick, sting II to pollinate ( ھـ a palm tree) ابرة ibra pl. ابر ibar needle, pln; indicator (of an instrument); shot, injection (med.); sting, prick │ ابرة حقنه ḥ aqanahu ibratan to give s.o. an injection; الراعى ابرة i. ar-r ā ‘ ī geranium ( bot. ); ابرة مغناطيسية ( magn āṯī s ī ya ) magnetic needle; الابرة شغل šug1 al-i. needlework مئبر mi'bar needlecase; pack needle 2 آبار ā b ā r see بئر ابريشية abraš ī ya and ابروشية abr ū š ī ya pl. - ā t diocese, bishoprie (Chr.); parish (Chr.) ابرميس abram ī s, ابراميس bream (zool.) ابريز pure gold 1 ابريسم ibr ī sam, ibr ī sim silk ابريق ibr ī q pl. اباري ق ab ā r ī q 2 pitcher, jug ابريل abril April ابزن abzan pl. ابازن ab ā zin 2 washbowl ابزيم ibz ī m pl. ابازم ab ā zim 2 buckle, clasp ابض ub ḍ pl. آباض ā b āḍ and مأبض ma’bi ḍ pl. مآبض ma’ ā bi ḍ 2 hollow of the knee, popliteal space ابط V to take or carry under one's arm ( ھـ s.th.); to put one's arm ( ه ھـ، around s.o., around s.th.), hold in one's arm ( ه ھـ، s.th.) ابط ib ṯ pl. آباط ā b āṯ m. and f. armpit ابق abaqa i ( اباق ib ā q ) to escape, run away (a slave from his master) ابق abaq a kind of hemp آبق ā biq pl. اباق ubb ā q runaway, escaped; a fugitive 1 ابل ibil (coll.) camel 2 ابالة ib ā la, ibb ā la bundle, bale ابليز ibl ī z alluvial deposits (of the Nile) ابليس ibl ī s pl. ابالسة ab ā lisa devil, Satan 1 ابن II to celebrate, praise, eulogize ( ه a deceased person), deliver a funeral oration ( ه in praise of s.o.) ابنة ubna passive pederasty ابان ibb ā n time: ابان ibb ā na during, في ابان at the time of, during تأبين ta’b ī n commemoration (of a deceased person) تأبين│ حفلة ḥ aflat at-t. commemorative celebration (in honor of a deceased person) مأبون ma’b ū n catamite; weakling, mollycoddle, sissy; scoundrel 2 ابن see 1 بن ابنوس abn ū s ebony ابه abaha and abiha a (abh) to pay attention ( ل , also ب to), heed ( ل , also ب s.th.), take notice ( ل , also ب of) له│ يؤبه لا امر (yu'bahu) an insignificant, unimportant matter V to display proud, haughty manners; to turn away, keep one's distance, remain aloof ( عن from), look down ( عن upon), think o.s. far above ( عن s.o. or s.th.) ابھة ubbaha splendor, pomp, ostentation, pageantry; pride اب ab pl. آباء aba' father (also eccl.): ancestor, forefather: ابــت يــا y ā abati O my father! الابــوان al-abaw ā n the parents, father and mother; ابونا ab ū n ā reverend father, form of address and title of a priest (Chr). جد│ عن ابا aban ‘an jaddin handed down from father to son, as s.th. inherited from forefathers; سعن ا بو ab ū su’n marabou; ال نوم ا بو ab ū n- naum poppy; الھـــول ابـــو ab ū l-haul the Sphinx; اليقظـــان ابـــو ab ū l-yaq ẓā n rooster, cock ابوة ub ū wa fatherhood, paternity ابوي abaw ī paternal, fatherly ابونيت ebonite ابونيه (Fr. abonné ) ab ū neh pl. - ā t subscription; subscription card (e.g., for public conveyances, a concert season, etc.) ابى ab ā a ( اباء ib ā ’, اباءة ib ā ’a) to refuse, decline; to turn down, reject, scorn, disdain ( ھـ s.th.): to deny ( ھـ على s.o. s.th.) │ يفعله أن الا ابى ( ill ā an yaf’alah ū ) he insisted on doing it; أن إلا ﷲ ابى God willed that ... V to refuse, decline اباء ib ā ’, اباءة ib ā ’a rejection; dislike, distaste, aversion, disdain; pride ابي ab ī y disdainful, scornful: proud, lofty, lofty-minded آب ā bin pl. اباة ub ā h reserved, standoffish; unwilling, reluctant, grudging ابيب ab ī b the eleventh month of the Coptic calendar 2 ابيقوري ab ī q ū r ī Epicurean ابيقوري ab ī q ū riya Epicureanism اترج utrujj and اترنج utrunj citron (Citrus medica; bot .) آتشجي (Turk. ate ş çi ) ā tešg ī fireman, stoker مأتم ma’tam pl. مآتم ma’ ā tim 2 obsequies, funeral ceremony 1 اتان at ā n pl. آتن ā tun , اتن utun, utn female donkey, she-ass 2 اتون at ū n, att ū n pl. اتن utun , اتاتن at ā t ī n 2 kiln, furnace, oven اتاوة it ā wa pl. اتاوى at ā w ā duty, tax, tribute اتوبيس (Fr.) otob ī s autobus, bus اتوماتيكي (Fr.) otom ā t ī k ī automatic اتومبيل boyl lI الى d اتوموبيل (Fr.) otomob ī l automobile اتى at ā i ( اتيان ity ā n, اتى aty, مأتاة to come ( ه or الى to; على over s.o.), arrive ( ھـ or الى at); ب اتى to bring, bring forward, produce, advance, accomplish or achieve s.th.; ه اتى ب to bring, give or offer s.o. s.th.; to do, perform ( ھـ a deed), carry out, execute ( ھـ e.g., movements); to commit, perpetrate ( ھـ a sin, a. crime); to mention ( على s.th.); to finish off ( على s.th., also s.o.); to finish, complete, carry through, dispose, settle, wind up, conclude, terminate, bring to a close ( على s.th.); to destroy, annihilate, eradicate, wipe out ( على s.th.); to eliminate, carry away, sweep away ( على s.th.), do away ( على with); to use up, exhaust (also a subject), present exhaustively, in great detail ( على s.th.), elaborate ( على on s.th.) │ يأتي كما as follows; آخره على اتى ( ā khirih ī ) to complete, finish s.th.; to spend or use up the last of s.th.; واليابس الأخضر على اتى to destroy everything, wreak havoc; اتى ابوابھا من البيوت s.th. in the right way, knock on the right door; قبل من يؤتى yu’ta min qibali is undermined, weakened, ruined by III to offer furnish, give, afford ( ب to s.o. s.th.), provide, supply ( ب s.o. with); to be propitious, be favorable ( ه for s.o.), favor ( ه s.o.); to turn out well (. for s.o.), be in favor ( ه of); to suit, befit, become ( ه s.o.), be appropriate ( ه for s.o.); to agree ( ه with s.o.; food) شيء│ كل اتاه (kullu šai’in) everything was in his favor, turned out well for him, came his way IV to bring ( ھـ s.o. s.th.); to give ( ھـ s.o. s.th.); to grant ( ھـ ه to s.o. s.th.), bestow ( ھـ upon s.o. s.th.) │ الزكاة آتى (zak ā ta) to give alms V to originate, stem, derive, spring, arise, result ( عن from); to end ( عن with), result ( عن in); to get ( الى to), arrive ( الى at); to be easy to do, be feasible without difficulty, be attainable, go well, progress; to go about s.th. ( فى ) gently, cautiously X to ask to come, induce to come ( ه s.o.) مأتى ma’tan pl. مآت ma’ ā tin place where s.th. comes from; place at which one arrives; access; pl. مآت place of origin; origin, source, provenance; place where one has been or to which one has come; place where s.th. starts, where s.th. ends آت ā tin coming, next; following │ الآتي الأسبوع (usb ū ‘) the coming week, next week; كالآتي as follows موات mu’ ā tin, muw ā tin favorable, propitious, opportune, convenient, suitable اث a ṯṯ a u I a ( اثاثة a ṯāṯ a) to be luxuriant, grow profusely (hair, plants) II to fix up, prepare ( ھـ s.th.); to furnish ( ھـ an apartment) V to be or become rich, wealthy, to prosper; to be furnished اثاث a ṯāṯ furniture, furnishings (of an apartment, of a room) تأثيث ta’ ṯīṯ furnishing اث a ṯṯ , اثاث a ṯīṯ abundant, luxuriant, profusely growing (hair, plants) اثر a ṯ ara u i (a ṯ r, اثارة a ṯā ra) to transmit, pass along, report, relate ( ھـ s.th., عن from, or based on the authority of, s.o.) II to affect, influence ( في or على s.o., s.th.), act ( في or على upon), produce an effect, make an impression, have influence ( في or على on); to induce (phys.) IV to prefer ( على ھـ s.th. to), like ( ھـ s.th.) more ( على than); to have a predilection, a liking ( ھـ for), like ( ھـ s.th.), be fond ( ھـ of); to choose, deem wise or advisable ( ان to do s.th.); to adore ( ه ھـ، s.o., s.th.) بالخير│ نفسه آثر ( nafsah ū bi-l- kair ) to wish o.s. well, hope for the best for o.s. V to be impressed, be influenced; to let o.s. be impressed, be impressible; to be moved, be touched ( ب or ل by, also من ); to be excited, be stimulated; to be affected ( ب by, said of materials, e.g., iron by acid); to be induced (phys.); to follow in s.o.’s ( ه ) tracks, follow s.o.’s example, emulate ( ه s.o.); to pursue, follow up ( ھـ a question, a problem); to perceive, feel ( ھـ s.th.) X to claim a monopoly; to possess alone, with the exclusion of others, monopolize ( ب s.th.); to appropriate ( ب s.th.), take exclusive possession ( ب of); to preoccupy ( ھـ s.th.), engross ( ھـ the attention) استأثر│ به ﷲ the Lord has taken him unto Himself اثر a ṯ ar pl. آثار āṯā r track, trace, vestige; sign, mark; touch; impression, effect, action, influence ( في on); tradition (relating the deeds and utterances of Mohammed and his Companions); work (of art, esp. of literature); ancient monument; آثار antiquities; remnants, vestiges; (religious) relics الآثار│ علم ‘ ilm al-a. archeology; الآثار دار museum of antiquities; له اثر لا (a ṯ ara) ineffective, ineffectnal; رجعي بأثر (raj‘ ī ) with retroactive force ( jur. ); عين بعد اثرا اصبح a ṣ ba ḥ a a ṯ aran ba‘da ‘ainin to be destroyed, be wiped out, leave nothing but memory behind; عين بعد اثرا اعاده ( a‘adah ū ) to destroy s.th. completely ; اثره في اثره، على (also f ī i ṯ rih ī ) on his (its) track, at his heels, after him; immediately afterwards, presently, thereupon; ;'11 j. immediately afterwards, presently اثر i ṯ ra (prep.) immediately after, right after اثري a ṯ ar ī archeologic(a1); archeologist (also آثاري āṯā r ī ); old, ancient, antique │ اثري عالم archeologist; اثرية لغة (luga) dead language اثر a ṯ ir egoistic, selfish اثرة a ṯ ara selfishness, egoism اثير a ṯī r favored, preferred ( عند by s.o.), in favor ( عند with s.o.); select, exquisite, noble; see also alphabetically اثارة a ṯā ra remainder, remnant; faint trace, vestige مأثرة ma’ ṯ ara, ma’ ṯ ura pl. مآثر ma’ āṯ ir 2 exploit, feat, glorious deed تأثير ta’ ṯī r action, effect, influence, impression ( في، على on); effectiveness, efficacy; induction ( phys. ) تأثيري ta’ ṯī r ī produced by induction, inductive, inductional, induced (phys.) إيثار īṯā r preference; altruism; predilection; love, affection تأثر ta’a ṯṯ ur being influenced; agitation, emotion, feeling; excitability, sensitivity; (pl. - ā t ) feeling, sensation, perception │ التأثر سريع easily impressed, impressible, sensitive تأثري ta’a ṯṯ ur ī : التأثري المذھب (madhab) the impressionistic movement تأثرية ta’attur ī ya impressionism استئثار isti’t ā r arrogation of a monopoly; monopolization; presumption, presumptuousness; exclusive power مأثور ma’t ū r transmitted, handed down │ مأثور قول ( qaul ) and مأثورة كلمة ( kalima ) proverb مؤثر mu’attir affecting, acting upon; effective; impressive; moving, touching, pathetic; (pl. - ā t ) influencing factor, influence 2 أثير look up alphabetically أثفية utf ī ya pl. أثاف at ā fin trivet, tripod (in &ncient times: &ny one of the three stones supporting a cooking pot near the fire) │ الأثافي ثالثة that which rounds out a number, caps s.th., puts the lid on s.th., the crowning touch اثل atala i to consolidate, strengthen II to become rich V to be consolidated, be strengthened; to become rich اثل atl pl. اثول ut ū l (coll.; n. un. pl. atalat ) tamarisk (bot.) اثيل at ī l and مؤثل mu’attal deep-rooted; of noble origin, highborn اثم atima a ( itm, atam, مأثم ma’tam) to sin, err, slip V to eschew sin, shun evil; to restrain o.s. hold back اثم itm pl. آثام ā t ā m sin, offense, misdeed, crime مأثم ma’tam pl. مآثم sin, offense, misdeed, crime تأثيم sin, offense, misdeed, crime آثم ā tim pl. اثمة atama and اثيم at ī m pl. اثماء atm ā ’ sinful, criminal, wicked, evil; sinner اثمد itmid antimony اثير at ī r ether اثينا at ī n ā Athens اثيوبيا aty ū biy ā Ethiopia اثيوبي aty ū b ī Ethiopian; (pl.- ū n ) an Ethiopian │ الاثيوبية البلاد Ethiopia اج ajja u i ( اجيج aj ī j ) to burn, blaze, flame (fire) II to light, kindle, start ( ھـ a fire) V = I اج ماء اج m ā ’ uj ā j bitter, salty water اج اج ajj ā j burning, blazing, hot متأج ج muta’ajjij burning, blazing, flaming اجبية ajab ī ya horologium ( Copt.-Chr. ) 2 أجر ajara u (ajr) to reward, recompense, remunerate ( ھـ s.o.) II to let for rent, let out, hire out, rent, lease ( ھـ s.th.); (with nafsah ū ) to hire s.o. out IV to let for rent, let out, hire out, rent, lease ( ھـ s.th.); to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease ( ھـ s.th.), take a lease, ( ھـ on); to hire, engage, take on ( ه s.o.), engage the services ( ه of s.o.) X to rent, hire, lease, hold under a lease ( ھـ .th.), take a lease ( ھـ on); to charter ( ھـ a vessel); to hire, engage, take on ( ه s.o.), engage the service ( ه of s.o.) اجر ajr pl. اجور uj ū r wages, pay, honorarium, recompense, emolument, remuneration; price, rate, fee │ السفر اجور u. as-safar fares اجرة ujra hire, rent, rental; price, rate, fee; fixed rate, (official) charge; postage │ البريد اجرة postage; النقل اجرة u. an-naql transport charges, freight(age), carriage, cartage اجير aj ī r pl. اجراء ujar ā ’ hireling; workman, laborer, day laborer; employee اجيرة aj ī ra working woman, factory girl, female laborer; woman employee تأجير ta’j ī r letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease; lease │ التأجير مشروع والإعارة ( i‘ ā ra) Lend-Lease Act ايجار ī j ā r pl. - ā t rent; letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease │ للإيجار for rent, to let اجارة ij ā ra pl. - ā t rent; letting, leasing, hiring out, letting on lease استئجار isti’j ā r rent, lease, tenure مأجور ma’j ū r paid, salaried, on the payroll, gainfully employed; employee; mercenary, venal, hired, bribed مؤجر mu’ajjir pl. - ū n landlord, lessor مستأجر musta’jir leaseholder, lessee, tenant; employer 5 2 آجر ā jurr (n. un. ة ) baked brick اجزاجي see جزء اجزاخانة see جزء اجاص ijj āṣ pear اجل ajala a ( ajal ) to hesitate, tarry, linger II to delay, postpone, put off, defer, adjourn ( ھـ الى s.th. till) V to be postponed, be deferred, be adjourned ( مؤجر till, to) X to request postponement ( ھـ of s.th.); to seek to delay ( ھـ s.th.) اجل ajal yes, indeed! certainly! by all means! لأجل li-ajli or اجل من min ajli because of, on account of, for the sake of; for │ لأجل أن in order that, that, so that; ھــذا أجــل مــن therefore, for that reason, on this account اجل ajal pl. آجال ā j ā l appointed time, date, deadline; instant of death; respite, delay بالأجل│ on credit ( com .); الأجل قصير short-term, short-time; short-lived: أجل إلى مسمى غير ( gairi musamm ā ) for an indefinite period, sine die, until further notice تأجيل ta’j ī l delay, postponement, adjournment, deferment, respite; appointment of a time or date آجل ā jil delayed, protracted; deferred; later, future (as opposed to او عاجلا │ ( عاجل آجلا ’ ā jilan au ā jilan , آجله او عاجله في sooner or later, now or later on; والآجل العاجل في now and in the future الآجلة al- ā jila the life to come, the hereafter مؤجل mu’ajjal delayed, late, postponed, deferred; fixed in time, deadlined اجمة ajama, coll. اجم ajam pl. - ā t, اجم ujum, آجام ā j ā m thicket, jungle, forest: reeds, canebrake اجمية ajamiya malaria │ الأجمية بعوضة ba‘ ūḍ at al-a. anopheles آجن ā jin brackish (water) اجندة ajanda notebook اح a ḥḥ a u ( a ḥḥ ) to cough احد II to make into one, unite, unify ( ھـ s.th.) VIII اتحد see وحد احد a ḥ ad, f. احدى one: somebody, someone, anybody, anyone (esp. in negative sentences and questions); الأحد the One (God); Sunday احدھم│ a ḥ aduhum every one of them; الأحد يوم yaum al-a. Sunday; أحد السعف a. as-sa‘af Palm Sunday; العنصرة أحد a. al-‘an ṣ ara Whitsunday; الألوف آحد āḥā d al-ul ū f a few thousand (2-9000; as distinguished from الألوف عشرات and مئات الألوف ) احدي a ḥ ad ī dominical, Sunday (adj.) احدية a ḥ ad ī ya unity, oneness الآحد al- āḥā d the units (math.) 1 احن a ḥ ina a ( a ḥ an ) to bate ( على s.o.) احنة i ḥ na pl. احن i ḥ an old feud, deep-rooted hatred 2 احين see اوح اخ see اخو اخت see اخو اخذ a ḳ a ḍ a u ( a ḳḍ ) to take ( ھـ من s.th. from or out of): to take ( ھـ s.th.) along: to get, receive, obtain ( ھـ من s.th. from); to take up, seize ( ھـ s.th.); to grab ( ب s.o., s.th.), take hold of ( ب ): to perceive, notice ( ه s.o., said of the eye); to gather, understand, infer, deduce ( ھـ من s.th. from), read ( ھـ s.th.) between the lines ( من of); to grip, captivate, thrill, spellbind ( ب s.o.); to take up, acquire, make one's own ( ب s.th., e.g., a method); to keep, adhere ( ب to), observe, take over, adopt, embrace, follow, copy, imitate ( ب s.th.); to accept ( ب s.th.); to take, lead ( ب الى s.o. to); to admonish, urge, drive ( ه ب s.o. to do s.th.); to enjoin, impose ( ه ب on s.o. s.th.); to take away ( على ه from s.o. s.th.), strip, deprive ( على ه s.o. of), cut off, bar ( على ه s.o. from); to reproach, hlame ( على ه s.o. for); to hold against s.o. ( على ) that ... ( ان ), fix the blame ( على on s.o., ان for the fact that); to obligate ( على ب s.o. to); to learn ( على or عن from s.o., ھـ s.th.), acquire knowledge ( على or عن from s.o.), عنه العلم أخذ ('ilm) to study under s.o.; to begin, start ( في or ب with s.th. or s.th., with foll. imperf.: to do s.th.), prepare, set out, be about ( في or ب to do s.th.) │ أبھته أخذ (uhbatah ū ) to make preparations, prepare o.s., get ready; أخذ فلان مأخذ (ma’ ḳ ad) to adopt the same course as s.o. else, follow s.o.’s example; مأخذا منه أخذ to seize s.o., take possession of s.o. (a sensation, or the like); مجراه أخذ (majr ā hu) to take its course; مجلسه أخذ (majlisah ū ) to take one's seat, sit down; خذره أخذ ( ḥ idrah ū ) to be on one's guard; بالحسنى أخذه ( ḥ usn ā ) to be friendly, be nice to s.o.; بخاطره أخذ (bi- ḳāṯ irih ī ) to show o.s. complaisant toward s.o., try to please s.o.; بذنبه أخذ (bi-danbihi) to punish s.o. for his offense; رأيه أخذ ( ra'yah ū ) to ask s.o.’s opinion, consult s.o.; عليه الرأي أخذ (u ḳ ida r-ra'yu) the matter was put to a vote; أخذ بأسباب (bi-asb ā bi) to embrace, adopt s.th., e.g., الأروبية الحضارة بأسباب أخذ ( ḥ a ḍā ra) to adopt European culture; بالشدة أخذ ( šidda) to deal with s.o. severely, give s.o. a rough time; طريقه عليه أخذ to obstruct s.o.’s way, hinder s.o. from moving on; عاتقه على أخذ to shoulder s.th., take s.th. upon o.s.; العدة أخذ ل (‘udda) to prepare, set out, get ready to do s.th.; عھدا عليه أخذ (‘ahdan) to put s.o. under an obligation, impose a commitment on s.o.; غرة ( حين ) على أخذ u ḳ ida ‘al ā ( ḥī ni ) girratin to be taken by surprise, be caught unawares; بالمقابلة أخذ (muq ā bala) to repay like for like; يأخذ شيء القلوب s.th. which captivates the heart, a fascinating, thrilling thing; المطر أخذنا (ma ṯ ar ū ) we got caught in the rain; أخذ بناصره ( bi-n āṣ irihi ) to help s.o., stand by s.o., take care of s.o., look after s.o.; أخذ نفسه (nafasah ū ) to draw breath; عليه أخذ أنفاسه to take s.o.’s breath away; النوم أخذ ( naum ) sleep overwhelmed him; بيده أخذ (bi-yadih ī ) to help s.o., stand by s.o. II to lay under a spell, enchant, bewitch ( ه s.o.) III to censure, blame ( ب، على ه s.o. for s.th.); to punish ( ب، على ه s.o. for); to hold s.th. ( على ) against s.o. ( ه ), resent ( على s.th. ه , in s.o.) │ تؤاخذني لا l ā tu’ āḳ idn ī pardon me! forgive me! no offense, I hope! VIII اتخذ itta ḳ ada to take ( ه s.th.); to take on, assume ( ھـ s.th.); to take up, occupy ( ھـ s.th.); to pass, adopt ( ھـ e.g., a resolution); to take, single out, have in mind ( ه ه ھـ، ھـ s.o. or s.th. as); to make use ( ھـ of s.th.), use ( ھـ s.th.); to imitate, affect ( ھـ e.g., s.o.’s manner of speaking); to make ( ھـ من s.th. out of s.o. or s.th.) │ شكلا اتخذ ( šaklan ) to take on a form or shape; موقفا اتخذ (mauqifan) to take an attitude, assume a position; الازمة التدابير اتخذ to take the necessary measures; قرارا اتخذ (qar ā ran) to pass or adopt a resolution; الجديدة المواقع اتخذ to take up new positions (troops) أخذ a ḳ d acceptance, reception; seizure; taking out, taking away, removal, etc. │ أخذ الرأي a. ar-ra'y voting, vote; ورد أخذ (wa- radd) discussion, debate, dispute, argument; ردا ولا أخذا يقبل لا شيء (yaqbalu) an indisputable matter; وعطاء أخذ (wa-‘a ṯā ’) give-and-take; traffic, trade; dealings, relations (esp. business, commercial); discussion, debate; fight, battle أخذة u ḳ da spell, charm أخيذ a ḳī d prisoner of war أخيذة a ḳī da booty, spoils أخاذ a ḳḳā d captivating, fascinating, thrilling مأخذ ma’ ḳ ad pl. مآخذ ma’ āḳ id 2 place from which one takes s.th., source; O wall socket, outlet ( el .); adoption, borrowing, loan; manner of acting, mode of procedure, approach; pl. مآخذ source references, bibliography (in booke); reprehensible points, faults, flaws, defects, shortcomings │ الأقرب المأخذ the simplest, easiest approach; المأخذ قريب easy to handle or to use; see wao a ḳ ada (middle of paragraph) مؤاخذة mu’ āḳ ada objection, exception; censure, blame │ مؤاخذة لا ! (mu’ āḳ adata) pardon me! no offense, I hope! أخذ ma’ ḳū d taken, seized; taken by surprise, caught, trapped; surprised; taken ( ب with), fascinated ( ب by); به مأخوذ in force, valid مأخوذات ma’ ḳū d ā t receipts, takings, returns (com.) اخر II to delay, put off, defer, postpone, adjourn ( ھـ s.th.); to hinder, impede, obstruct, hold up ( ه s.o., ھـ s.th.), slow down, retard ( ھـ s.th.); to draw out, delay ( عن s.th. beyond its appointed time); to put back ( ھـ , ه s.o., s.th.), shelve ( ھـ s.th.); to set back ( ھـ a watch, a clock); to suspend, discharge, dismiss, remove ( ه s.o. from an office) V to be late; to be delayed, fall or lag behind ( عن ), tarry, linger, hesitate; to default ( عن on), be behindhand, be in arrears ( عن with), be behind ( عن in); to hesitate ( عن with); to be suspended (from service), be discharged, be dismissed │ لم ان من ذلك بعد يتأخر after that, he did not hesitate long before he ..., presently, he ... آخر āḳ ir pl. - ū n, - ā t, اواخر awa ḳ ir 2 last, ultimate, utmost, extreme; end, close, conclusion; foot, bottom (of a paper); الآخر and الآخرة the hereafter │ الآخرة الدار the abode in the hereafter, the everlasting abode; آخره الى il ā ā k ī irih ī and so forth, et cetera; الأمر آخر āḳ ir l-amri eventually, finally, in the end, after all; الدھر آخر āḳ ir d-dahri forever; الزمان آخر a. az-zam ā n time at which the Day of Judgment is to be expected, the end of the world; آخره عن to the last, down to the grass roots, entirely, completely, e.g., آخره عن دمر (dummira) to be completely destroyed, be wiped off the map; آخره من from behind, from the rear; آخر له ما endless, infinite; في الآخر آخر after all , last of all; الشھر اواخر a. aš-šahr the end of the month, the last ten days of the month; آخرا وليس اخيرا last but not least الآخرة al- āḳ ira the hereafter آخر āḳ ar 2 , f. اخرى u ḳ r ā , pl. comm. اخر u ḳ ar 2 (and آخرون āḳ ar ū n or اخريات respectively) another, one more, الآخر the other │ اخرى مرة ( marratan ) once more; ھي الآخر ھو الأخرى، he also, she also, he in turn, she in turn, الآخر انا I also; كانت ان الأخرى (in k ā nat) otherwise; آخر الى آن من from time to time; اخرى الى سنة من (sana) from year to year; واخرى فترة بين (fatra) once in a while, from time to time; اخرى―آونة (awinatan) sometimes -- sometimes, at times -- at times الأخرى al-u ḳ r ā the hereafter اخروي u ḳ raw ī of or relating to the life to come or the hereafter اخير a ḳī r last; latest; rearmost; the second of two; اخيرا eventually, finally, in the end, after all, at last; recently, the other day; الأول―الاخير the former—the latter │ آخرا وليس اخيرا last but not least مئخار mi’ ḳā r palm which retains its fruit into the winter تأخير ta’ ḳī r delay, deferment, postponement; obstruction, retardation; putting back, temporary shelving تأخر .f ta’a ḳḳ ar delay, lag, retardation; hesitation, tarrying, lingering; slowness, tardiness; backwardness, underdevelopment (of a country) مؤخر mu’a ḳḳ ar rear part, tail, end; atern (of a ship); remainder, balance (of a sum, to be paid later); مؤخرا mu’a ḳḳ aran recently, lately, the other day; at last, finally, eventually مؤخرة mu’a ḳḳ ara rear, rear guard (of an army); rear positions or lines ( mil. ); stern (of a ship) متأخر muta’a ḳḳ ir delayed, belated, late; occurring later ( عن than); behind, behindhand in arrears; backward, underdeveloped; lagging, staying behind; defaulter; المتأخرون the later, or modern, authors, writers, or the like (as opposed to المتأخرات ؛ ( المتقدمون arrears, balance of a س um remaining due after previous payment │ المتأخرة البلدان (buld ā n) the underdeveloped countries اخطبوط u ḳṯ ub ūṯ octopus اخو III to fraternize, associate as brothers ( ه with s.o.) V to act or show o.s. as a brother or friend VI to fraternize, associate as brothers اخ a ḳ pl. اخو i ḳ wa , اخوان i ḳ w ā n brother; fellow man, neighbor; friend; pl. اخوان specif., brethren or members of an order; الإخوان religious brotherhood of the Wahabi sect, militant in character, established by Ibn Sa‘ ū d in 1910 │ أخي يا my dear friend! ثقة اخو a ḳū tiqa trustworthy, reliable; شقيق اخ brother through both father and mother, brother- german اخت u ḳ t pl. اخوات a ḳ aw ā t sister; (gram.) cognate; counterpart │ اختھا the other (of two), its mate, its counterpart (after a fem. noun) خوي ḳ uwaiy little brother اخوي a ḳ awi brotherly, fraternal اخوية a ḳ aw ī ya brotherhood (as a religious association) اخاء i ḳā ’ , اخوة u ḳū wa brotherhood, brotherliness, fraternity اخاوة i ḳā wa fraternization, fraternity, brotherliness تآخ ta’ āḳ in fraternization اخور a ḳū r barn, stable اد adda u i to befall, afflict ( ه a.o.) اد امر amr idd a terrible, evil, horrible thing ادب aduba u (adab) to be well-bred, well- mannered, cultured, urbane, have refined tastes; ― adaba i (adb) to invite (to a party or banquet, ه s.o.), entertain ( ه s.o.) │ مأدبة ادب (ma'duba) to arrange a banquet, give a formal dinner II to refine, educate ( ه s.o.); to discipline, punish, ehastise ( ه s.o.) IV to invite as a guest ( ه s.o.) V to receive a fine education; to be well-bred, well- educated, cultured, have refined tastes; to show o.s. polite, courteous, civil, urbane; to educate o.s., refine one’s tastes ( ب by, through); to let o.s. be guided ( ب by) │ بأدبه تأدب (bi-adabihi) to follow s.o.’s moral example ادب adab pl. آداب ā dab culture, refinement; good breeding, good manners, social graces, decorum, decency, propriety, seemliness; humanity, humaneness; the humanities; belles- lettres الأدب│ بيت toilet, water closet; قليل الأدب and الأدب عديم ill-mannered, ill-bred, impolite, uncivil; العامي الأدب (‘ ā mm ī ) popular literature; الأدب رجال literati, men of letters; الآداب كلية kull ī yat al- ā (= faculté des lettres) college of arts; آداب rules, rules of conduct, e.g., السلوك آداب rules of decorum, etiquette; الآداب decency, morals ادبي adab ī moral, ethic(al); literary │ ادبي واجب moral obligation; وماديا ادبيا adabiyan wa-m ā dd ī yan morally and physically; الأدبية الفلسفة (falsafa) ethics, moral science ادبيات adab ī y ā t lliterature, belles-lettres ادبخانة adab ḳā na pl. - ā t toilet, water closet اديب ad ī b pl. ادباء udab ā ’ cultured, refined, educated; well.bred, well- mannered, civil, urbane; a. man of culture and refined tastes; man of letters, writer, author اديبة ad ī ba authoress, writer مأدبة ma’duba pl. مآدب ma’ ā dib banquet, formal dinner تأديب ta’d ī b education; discipline; punishment, chastisement; disciplinary punishment التأديب│ مجلس majlis at-t. disciplinary board تأديبي ta'd ī b ī disciplinary; punitive, retaliatory │ تأديبية قضية (qa ḍī ya) disciplinary action تأدب ta’addub good breeding, good manners, civility, politeness, courteousness, tact آدب ā dib host مؤدب mu’addib pl. - ū n educator; teacher in a Koranic school (Tun.); ― mu'addab well-bred, well-mannered, civil, urbane ادرة udra scrotal hernia ادرنة adirna 2 Edirne, Adrianople (city in NW Turkey) الادياتيك (Fr. adriatique) al-adriy ā t ī k and بحر الادياتيك ba ḥ r al-a. the Adriatic Sea 1 ادم adama i (adm) to take some additional food ( ھـ with the bread), enrich ( ھـ the bread) with some extra food or condiment ادام id ā m anything eaten with bread; shortening, fatty ingredient 2 ادم adam, adama skin اديم ad ī m skin; surface; tanned skin, leather الأرض│ اديم a. al-ar ḍ the surface of the earth ادام add ā m tanner 3 آدم ā dam 2 Adam آدم│ ابن human being آدمي ā dam ī human; humane; poor, inferior, meager; (pl. - ū n, ( اوادم awadim 2 ) human being آدمية ā dam ī ya humaneness, humanity; humanism اداة ad ā h pl. ادوات adaw ā t tool; instrument; utensil, implement, device, appliance; apparatus; (gram.) particle │ الحكم اداة a. al- ḥ ukm machinery of government; اداة التعريف definite article (gram. ); التنفيذية اداة (tanf ī d ī ya) executive agency; pl. materials, equipment, gear, حربية ادوات ( ḥ arb ī ya ) war material; احطياطية ادواوت ( i ḥ tiy āṯī ya ) stand- by equipment ( techn. ); منزلية ادوات (manzil ī ya) household utensils, household effects الأدون al-ad ō n (Hebr.) the Lord; Mr. ... (Isr.) ادى II to convey, take, bring, lead, steer, channel ( ب ه ھـ، s.o., s.th., الى to), see that s.o. or s.th. ( ه ھـ، or ب ) gets to ( الى ); to bring about, cause, effect, produce ( الى s.th.); to lead, contribute, be conducive ( الى to a result); to amount, come practically ( الى to); to tend ( الى to), aim ( الى at); to carry out, execute, discharge ( ھـ s.th.); to perform ( ھـ a ritual, etc.); to do ( واجبه w ā jibah ū one’s duty); to fulfill ( وظيفة a function, رسالة a mission); to accomplish ( مأمورية a task); to take ( يمينا an oath; امتحانا an examination); to render ( خدمة ḳ idmatan a service, ل or الى to s.o.; ھـ e.g., a meaning, a musical composition, etc.) ادى│ (sal ā m) to greet, salute V to lead, be conducive, contribute ( الى to results); to be carried out, be performed, be accomplished; to 10 arrive ( إلى at), be lead ( إلى to) X to demand, claim ( ه ھـ from s.o. s.th.) اداء ad ā ’ pl. - ā t (as verbal noun of II) rendering (of a service); pursuit, performance, execution, discharge (of a duty), realization, effectuation, accomplishment (of a task); rendition, reading (e.g., of a musical composition); fulfillment; payment │ الأداء حسن ḥ usn al-a. good rendition (of a work of art, of a musical composition) تأدية ta’diya rendering (of a service); pursuit, performance, execution, discharge (of a duty), realization effectuation; accomplishment (of a task); fulfillment; payment مؤدى mu’addan assignment, task, function; sense, meaning, signification, import, underlying idea اذ id 1. (introducing a verbal clause) (and) then; ذاك إذ id d ā ka (also written إذاك ) then, at that time, at the same time, in doing so; 2. (conj.; temp. and caus.) as, when; since, as, the more so as, because; ان اذ id anna since, as, in view of the fact that; for, because 1 اذا ١ . (introducing a nominal clause the subject of which may he expressed by ب with foll. genit.) and then, and all of a sudden; (with noun in nominative case or with ب ) there was ... and all of a sudden there was ...; 2. (conj.) when; if, whenever; whether, if (introducing indirect questions); ما اذا when, whenever; ا اذا لا (ill ā ) unless if not; except when 2 اذا ) اذن ) idan then, therefore, in that case, hence, consequently آذار ā d ā r 2 March (month; Syr., Leb., Jord., Ir.) 1 اذن adina a to listen ( إلى to s.o..); to allow, permit ( ل في s.o. s.th.); to hear, learn ( ب of s.th.), be informed ( ب about) II to call ( ب to), esp. to call to prayer ( بالصلاة ); to crow (rooster) IV to announce, make known ( ب s.th., ب ه to s.o. s.th.), inform, notify ( ه s.o.); to call to prayer; to call upon s.o. ( ه ), urge, admonish, exhort ( ه s.o..) to do s.th. ( ب ); to herald ( ب or ھـ s.th.); to foreshadow ( ب s.th.); to be on the verge ( ان of doing s.th..) │ بالزوال ) بالسقوط آذن ) (zaw ā l) to show signs of the imminent downfall (end); آذن بانتصاف الليل (lailu bi- nti ṣā f) it was close to midnight V to herald, announce ( ب s.th.) X to ask permission ( في to do s.th., rarely ب ); to ask permission to enter ( على s.o.'s house), have o.s. announced ( على to s.o.); to take leave ( من of s.o.), say good-by ( من to) اذن idn permission, authorization; ﷲ باذن if God choose, God willing; (pl. اذون ud ū n, اذونات ud ū n ā t) (postal) order │ اذن البريد pl. البريد اذونات postal money order; اذن البوسته do. اذن udun, udn pl. آذان ā dan ear; handle (of a cup) │ الوسطى الاذن التھاب ( wus ṯā ) middle-ear infection, otitis media (med.) اذان ad ā n call to prayer اذنية udaina little ear; ear lobe مأذنة ma’dana, مئذنة midana pl. مآذن ma’ ā din 2 minaret ايذان id ā n declaration, proclamation, announcement ( ب of s.th..) │ بانتھاء ايذنا الحديث indicating that the conversation is (was) ended مأذون ma’d ū un authorized; slave with limited legal rights (Isl. Law ); = مأذون شرعي ( šar‘ ī ) official authorized by the cadi to perform civil marriages (Isl. Law) مأذونية ma’d ū n ī ya leave, furlough (mil. Syr.); license, franchise ( Syr .) مؤذن mu’addin muezzin, announcer of the hour of prayer اذن idan see 2 اذا اذى adiya a to suffer damage, be harmed IV to hs.rm, hurt, wrong ( ه s.o.); to molest, annoy, irritate, trouble ( ه s.o.) يؤذي│ لا l ā yu’d ī innocuous, harmless, inoffensive V to suffer damage, be wronged; to feel offended, be hurt اذى adan, اذاة ad ā h, اذية ad ī ya damage, harm; injury; trouble, annoyance, grievance, wrong, offense, insult اذاية id ā ya damage, harm, harmfulness, noxiousness ايذاء ī d ā ’ harm, damage, prejudice; offense,. hurt; grievance, nuisance مؤذ mu’din hurtful, harmful, injurious, detrimental, prejudicial; annoying, irksome, troublesome; painful, hurting, offensive, insulting اراتيقي ar ā t ī q ī and اراتيكي pl. اراتقة ar ā tiqa a heretic (Chr.) آرامى ā r ā m ī Aramaean; Aramaic ارب ariba a (arab) to be skillful, proficient ( ب in s.th.); -- araba i to tighten ( ھـ a knot) III to try to outwit ( ه s.o.) ارب arab pl. آراب ā r ā b wish ( في for), desire, need ( في of s.th.); purpose. aim, goal, end ارب irb pl. آراب ā r ā b limb اربا│ اربا مزقه (mazzaqah ū ) to tear s.th. to pieces or to shreds اربة irba skill, resourcefulness, cleverness, smartness اربة urba pl. ارب urab knot, bow اريب ar ī b skillful, resourceful, clever, intelligent مأرب ma’rab pl. مآرب ma’ ā rib 2 wish, desire; object of desire, purpose, aim, goal, end اربيل arb ī l Erbil (the ancient Arbela, city in N Iraq) ارتوازي artuwa ā z ī artesian (well) 1 ارث II to sow dissension ( بين between, among) 2 ارث irt inheritance, heritage; estate (of inheritance) ارثوذكسي urt ū duks ī orthodox; الارثوذكسية the Orthodox Church الارثوذكسي الروم ar=r ū m al-urt ū duks ī the Greek Orthodox Church ارج arija a (araj, اريج ar ī j) to be fragrant V do. ارج araj fragrance, sweet smell ارج arij fragrant, sweet-smelling اريج ar ī j fragrance, sweet smell ارجح II ta’arja ḥ a to rock, swing متأرجح muta'arji ḥ fluctuating الارجنتين al-arjant ī n Argentina ارجوان urjuw ā n purple ارجوان urjuw ā n ī purple(-colored) ارجوز popular spelling (eg.) of جوز قره ’arag ō z (q.v.); Punch (in a Punch and Judy show) ارخ II to date ( ھـ a letter, and the like, ب with a date); to write the history of s.th. ( ھـ ) تاريخ ta'r īḳ dating (of a letter, etc.); ta'r īḳ pl. تواريخ taw ā r īḳ 2 date; time; history; chronicle, annals │ الحياة تاريخ t. al- ḥ ay ā h biography; curriculum vitae; عام تاريخ (‘ ā mm) world history; التاريخ علماء the historians تاريخي t ā r īḳī historic(al) مؤرخ mu'arri ḳ pl. - ū n historiographer, historian, chronicler, annalist; -- mu’arra ḳ dated ارخبيل ar ḳ ab ī l archipelago ارخن ( άρχων ) pl. اراخنة ar āḳ ina archon, pl. notables (Chr.-Copt.) اردب irdabb (now usually pronounced ardabb) pl. ارادب ar ā dib 2 ardeb, a dry measure (Eg.; = 1981) اردبة irdabba cesspool الاردن al-urdunn Jordan (river and country) اردني urdunni Jordanian │ الاردنية المملكة الھاشمية al-mamlaka al-u. al-h ā šim ī ya the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (official designation) اردواز (Fr. ardoise) arduw ā z slate 1 ارز arz (n. un. ة ) cedar 2 ارز aruzz rice ارس arasa i (ars) to till the land اريس irr ī s and ar ī s peasant, farmer ارستقراطي aristuqr āṯī aristocratic; ristocrat ارستقراطية aristuqr āṯī ya aristocracy ارسطو aris ṯū Aristotle ارش arš indemnity, amercement, fine, penalty; blood money (for the shedding of blood; Isl. Law) ابسقوبس ارشي (Gr. ὰρχιεπίσκοπος ) archbishop ارشيدوق (Fr. archiduc) archduke, ارشيدوقة archduchess ارض ar ḍ f., pl. اراض ar āḍī n, اراضون ar āḍū n earth; land, country, region, area; terrain, ground, soil │ السفلى الارض (sufl ā ) the nether world; المقدسة الارض (muqaddasa) the Holy Land, Palestine ارضي ar ḍī terrestrial, of the earth; soil-, land- (in compounds); situated on or near the ground, ground (adj.); earthly; underground, subterranean شوكي ارضي ar ḍī šauk ī artichoke ارض ara ḍ (coll.; n. un. ة ) termite; woodworm ارضية ar ḍī ya pl. - ā t floor; ground (also, e.g., of a printed fabric, of a painting); ground floor, first floor (tun.); storage, warehouse charges ارضروم ar ḍ urum 2 Erzurum (city in NE Turkey) ارطة (also اورطة ) ur ṯ a pl. ارط ura ṯ ( اورط ) battalion (formerly, Eg.; mil.) ارطقة ar ṯ aqa pl. - ā t heresy (Chr.) تاريع see ريع ارغن urgun pl. اراغن aragin 2 organ (mus. instr.) ارول urg ū l, arg ū l a wind instrument (related to the clarinet, consisting of two pipes of unequal length) ارق ariqa a to find no sleep II to make sleepless ( ه s.o.), prevent s.o. ( ه ) from sleeping ارق araq sleeplessness, insomnia اريكة arika pl. ارائك ar ā ’ik 2 couch, sofa; throne اركيلة arg ī la pl. اراكيل ar ā g ī l 2 (syr.) water pipe, narghile ارلندي irland ī Irish 1 ارم arama i to bite ارم urram molar teeth │ الارم حرق ( ḥ arraqa) to gnash one's teeth (in anger) ارومة ar ū ma, ur ū ma root, origin; stump of a tree مئرم mi'ram root (of a tooth) 2 آرام ā r ā m (= ارام ) pl. of رئم ri'm) white antelopes الارمن al-arman the Armenians ارمني arman ī Armenian (adj. and n.) ارمينيا arm ē niy ā Armenia الارناوط al-arn ā wu ṯ the Albanians ارناوطي arn ā wu ṯī Albanian ارنب arnab f., pl. ارانب ar ā nib 2 hare; rabbit │ ھندي ارنب (hind ī ) guinea pig ارنبة arnaba female hare, doe │ الانف ارنبة a. al-anf tip of the nose; nose, muzzle (of an animal) ارنيك (Turk. örnek) urn ī k pl. ارانيك ar ā n ī k 2 pattern, model; form, blank اروبا urubb ā Europe اروبي urubb ī European (adj. and n.) 1 ارى ary honey 2 آرى ā r ī Aryan آرية ā r ī ya Aryanism اريحا ar īḥā Jericho از azza u i ( ازيز aziz) to simmer; to hum, buzz; to whiz, hiss; to fizzle; to wheeze ازيز az ī z hum(ming), buzz(ing); whizzing, whizz, whistle (e.g., of bullets) 1 ازب azaba i (azb) to flow, run (water) مئزاب mi'z ā b pl. مآزيب ma' ā z ī b 2 and ميزاب m ī z ā b pl. ميازيب may ā z ī b 2 drain; gutter, eaves trough 2 ازب izb dumpy, pudgy, stocky; small man الازبك al-uzbak the Uzbeks ازر azara i (azr) to surround ( ھـ s.th.) II to clothe ( ه s.o. with an ازار iz ā r q.v.); to cover, wrap up ( ه s.o., ھـ s.th.); to strengthen, brace ( ه s.o., ھـ