Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 94 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D .C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG- Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Ronelle Alexander Torlak Accentuation Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 S l a v i s t i c h e B e i t r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON JOHANNES HOLTHUSEN UND JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION: PETER REHDER Band 94 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access RONELLE ALEXANDER TORLAK ACCENTUATION VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1975 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access ISBN 3 87690 106 5 C o p y rig h t by V e rla g O tto S agner, München 1975 A b te ilu n g d e r F irm a Kubon und S agner, München D ru ck: A le x a n d e r Großmann T 8 München 1 9 f Y senburgetraß e 7 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access PREFACE The p re s e n t monograph reproduces my 1975 H arvard doc- t o r a i d is s e r t a t io n , w hich was e n t i t le d "A S t r u c t u r a l D e s c rip - t i o n o f th e Role o f Accent in th e D ia le c ts o f S o u the aste rn S e r b ia ." T h is work summarizes th e r e s u lt s o f f i e l d in v e s tig a - t io n s w hich I c a r r ie d out in s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia in 1970-71, and upon w hich I hope to e la b o ra te in fu tu r e p u b lic a tio n s . D u rin g my y e a r o f f i e l d w ork, I was a fo rm a l g u e st o f th e Yugo- s la v F e d e ra l Commission f o r C u ltu r a l R e la tio n e w ith F o re ig n C o u n trie s (Savezna k o m is ija za k u ltu r n e veze s in o s tra n s tv o m ) and o f th e C o lle g e o f A r ts and L e tte r s o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f N ovi Sad ( F ilo z o f s k i f a k u lt e t и Novom Sadu), and was th e r e c i- p ie n t o f a d is s e r t a t io n fe llo w s h ip from th e Am erican A s s o c ia - t io n o f U n iv e r s ity Women. G r a te fu l acknowledgement i s made to a l l th e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s f o r t h e i r s u p p o rt o f my w ork. In a d d itio n , I would l i k e t o extend my a p p r e c ia tio n t o th e f o llo w in g persons and i n s t i t u t i o n s , w ith o u t whom t h i s work co u ld n o t have reached i t s c o n c lu s io n : P ro fe s s o rs Dean W orth and H e n rik Birnbaum o f th e D e p a rt- ment o f S la v ic Languages and L it e r a t u r e s o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f C a lif o r n ia a t Los A ngele s, who a llo w e d me use o f th e re se a rch f a c i l i t i e s o f UCIA d u rin g 1969-70 w h ile I was p re p a rin g my f i e l d q u e s tio n n a ire , and who f a c i l i t a t e d th e e v e n tu a l p u b li- c a tio n o f th e w ork; P ro fe s s o r B020 V id o e s k i o f th e I n s t i t u t za makedonski Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access j a z i k in S kopje, who g ra n te d me access t o th e u n p u b lis h e d a r - c h iv e s o f th e Macedonian D ia le c t A tla s and generous w o rk in g space i n w hich t o c o n s u lt th e s e m a te r ia ls , and a number o f I n s t i t u t p e rs o n n e l, p a r t i c u l a r l y Olga Ivanovna and Kosta Peev, who were a ls o h e lp f u l t o me in in t e r p r e t in g th e d ia le c t m ate־ r i a l ; P ro fe s s o rs Horace Lu n t and H enning Andersen o f H arvard U n iv e r s it y , who gave me my g ro u n d in g in th e f i e l d o f S la v ic l i n g u i s t i c s , and whose c a r e f u l re a d in g and c r i t i c a l comments on e a r l i e r v e rs io n s o f t h i s m a n u s c rip t c o n tr ib u te d s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o i t s co h e sio n and c o n s is te n c y ; P ro fe s s o r P a v le I v i d o f th e U n iv e r s it y o f N o vi Sad, w ith o u t whose i n s i g h t f u l gu idance and s u p e rv is io n o f th e f i e l d re s e a rc h I n e ve r c o u ld have o b ta in e d th e raw d a ta upon w hich t h i s work i s based n o r begun t o in t e r p r e t t h i s m a te r ia l i n i t s p ro p e r p e rs p e c tiv e , and P ro fe s s o rs D ra g o lju b P e tr o v id and Jovan K ásáid o f th e same i n s t i t u t i o n , who were a ls o h e lp f u l in i n i - t i a l sta g e s o f f i e l d w ork; M rs. S h ir le y Learned a n d ,e s p e c ia lly , D avid Lippman, whose e d i t o r i a l and ty p in g s k i l l s produced a m a n u scrip t o f im - p e c ca b le b e a u ty , as w e ll as T u r i S pear, whose a r t i s t r y made p o s s ib le a c le a r and le g ib le map; R o b e rt Leibman, t o whom I owe an immense d e b t— n o t o n ly f o r th e c a lc u la t io n o f g e o g ra p h ic a l c o o rd in a te s , th e d ra w in g o f w o rk in g f i e l d maps and com panionship on f i e l d t r i p s —b u t a ls o f o r o v e r a ll m o ra l s u p p o rt th ro u g h o u t t h i s w o rk 's lo n g Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 00 0 4 6 9 6 0 - v i i - p e rio d o f g e s ta tio n ; and f i n a l l y th e many v illa g e r s o f s o u th e a s te rn S e rb ia , who were my r e a l te a c h e rs f o r a y e 8 r. To them I d e d ic a te t h i s w ork. W ith o u t t h e i r warm h o s p i t a l i t y tow a rd s o u ts id e r s , t h e i r keen sense o f c u l t u r a l v a lu e s and le v e ls , t h e i r re s p e c t f o r t r a - d i t i o n , and t h e i r good-humored p a tie n c e w ith th e e x ig e n c ie s o f q u e s tio n n a ire work, S e rb o -C ro a tia n d ia le c to lo g y c o u ld n o t have become th e s o lid s c h o la r ly d is c ip lin e i t is to d a y . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - v i i i - NOTE: Numerous a b b re v ia tio n s a re u t il i z e d in t h i s w ork, b o th in th e t e x t and in th e re fe re n c e m a te r ia ls found in th e Appen- d ix . E x p la n a tio n s o f th e se a b b r e v ia tio n s a re lo c a te d on th e f o llo w in g pages: p p . 74— 76: l i s t o f th e 20 g e o g ra p h ic a l t a r g e t p o in ts upon w hich t h i s s tu d y i s based, to w hich a l l c h a rts r e f e r and t o w hich da ta ite m s a re a s c rib e d i n th e t e x t ; p . 77: l i s t o f symbols used i n c h a r ts and i n th e t e x t t o d e s ig n a te a c c e n tu a l r e la tio n s h ip s ; p p . 7 9 8 2 ־ : l i s t o f b ib lio g r a p h ic a l so u rce s from w hich form s quoted in th e t e x t a re ta k e n ; pp. 8 4 8 6 ־ ־ : l i s t o f v illa g e s and a re a s used i n c ita tio n o f data in th e t e x t . S econdly, th e s ke tch maps w hich fo rm p a r t o f th e t e x t and th e la r g e map i n th e A ppendix a re n o t meant t o be id e n t i c a l . D ia le c t b o u n d a rie s shown on th e la rg e map a re as a c c u ra te as I can make them. Sketches I I , IX and X, on th e o th e r hand, are meant t o be schem atic re p re s e n ta tio n s o f th e o v e r a ll a re a , and th e d ia le c t b o un da ries a re v e ry a p p ro x im a te . In p a r t i c u l a r , th e s e c tio n marked NSV on th e s k e tch maps i s meant t o r e f e r o n ly to th e v i l l a g e o f Novo S elo ( V id in ) i t s e l f , and th e s e c tio n marked S o f on th e s ke tch maps appears somewhat s m a lle r th a n i t i s in r e a l i t y . Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access TABLE OP CONTENTS P reface Note v i i i T able o f c o n te n ts i x Is INTRODUCTION 1.1 G e ne ral in tr o d u c tio n 1 1.2 H is to r y o f th e d e f i n i t i o n o f th e T o ria k zone 7 1.3 G e o g ra p h ic a l d e f i n i t i o n o f th e T o ria k zone 11 1.4 L in g u is t ic d e f i n i t i o n o f th e T o ria k zone 13 1.5 Review o f m a te r ia l p u b lis h e d about T o ria k d ia - le c t s p r i o r t o 1971 19 1 .6 P r e lim in a r y d e s c r ip tio n o f th e T o ria k a c c e n tu a l morphophonemic system 25 1.7 Survey o f d a ta p u b lis h e d about Kosovo-Resava, West B u lg a ria n and N o rth Macedonian d ia le c t s 27 1 .8 O u tlin e o f hypotheses t o be te s te d in th e f i e l d 33 1.9 F o rm u la tio n o f th e q u e s tio n n a ire 35 1.10 C hoice o f in v e s t ig a t io n p o in ts 40 1.11 S e le c tio n o f in fo rm a n ts and methods o f data c o lle c t io n 44 1.12 D e f in it io n o f th e term "a c c e n t" 48 1.13 R e s t r ic t io n s on th e occu rre n ce o f a cce n t in Tk and KR d ia le c t s 50 1.14 G e n e ra l rem arks on th e fo rm a t o f da ta p re s e n ta - t i o n and d e f i n i t i o n o f a c c e n tu a l a l t e r - n a tio n s 55 1 .15 Types o f a c c e n tu a l r e la tio n s h ip s found in Tk, d e f i n i t i o n o f acce nt p a tte r n s , and o rd e r o f da ta p r e s e n ta tio n 57 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 73 74 84 87 95 97 100 104 108 115 126 129 135 140 142 147 151 62 - X - 1.16 P r in c ip le s o f segm ental a n a ly s is fo llo w e d in t h i s work 1.17 O rthography u t i l i z e d in th e c i t a t i o n o f examples 1.18 Format o f da ta c h a rts and t e x t u a l c it a t io n s 1 .1 9 L i s t o f a b b r e v ia tio n s u t i l i z e d in t h i s work I I : NOMINAL ALTERNATIONS 2 .1 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h olo gy--n ou ns 2 .2 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y --a d je c tiv e s 2 .3 O u tlin e o f nominal a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s in sta n d a rd SC and p r o je c te d com parison w ith Tk 2 .4 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e v o c a tiv e 2 .5 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e d a tiv e 2 .6 Nsg/Asg a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in fe m in in e «^-declension nouns 2 .7 Types o f m o b ilit y i n Nsg/Asg i n fem a^-decl nouns 2 .8 V a r ia t io n in th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f Asg form s in ETk 2 .9 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e n u m e ra tiv e form 2 .1 0 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n fem a^-decl nouns i n Tk 2 .1 1 V a r ia t io n w it h in Tk in th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f Nsg form s o f fem a_-decl nouns SKETCH I : S g /p l a lt e r n a t io n in s ix *^-d e cle n sio n nouns i n Tk 2 .1 2 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n fem a -d e c le n - s io n nouns i n WBg, EMac and K r 2.1 3 Sum m ary--sg/fcl in fem a n de el nouns in WBg, EMac, KR and Tk Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 0 0 0 4 6 9 6 0 - X i - SKETCH I I : S g /p l in fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns in Tk, KR, NMac, EMac and WBg 152 2.14 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n n e u te r nouns in Tk 153 2.1 5 S g /p l a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n i n n e u te r nouns in WBg, EMac and KR 156 2.1 6 Expanded p lu r a l form s in n e u te r nouns in Tk, WBg, EMac and KR 160 2.17 Expanded v s . nonexpanded p lu r a l form s in n e u te r nouns--summary 166 2.18 Types o f s g /p l r e la t io n s h ip s found in mascu- li n e nouns i n a consonant in T k, WBg and EMac 167 2 .1 9 A c c e n tu a tio n o f p l u r a l form s o f masc nouns in a consonant i n Tk, WBg, EMac and KR 170 2 .2 0 Summary o f fa c to r s a f f e c t in g th e a c c e n tu a tio n o f p lu r a l form s o f masc nouns in a consonant 180 2.21 S g /p l a lt e r n a t io n i n m a sculine nouns in a con- sonant in T k, WBg, EMac and KR 183 2 .2 2 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in nouns in ETk 194 2.23 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in nouns in EMac and WBg 202 2.24 S p e c ia l cases o f d e f / in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in nouns i n ETk and TWBg 210 2.2 5 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in a d je c tiv e s in KR and area s o f Tk w ith o u t postposed a r t i c l e 215 2 .2 6 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in a d je c tiv e s in ETk a re a s w ith postposed a r t i c l e 223 2.27 D e f/in d e f a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in a d je c tiv e s in WBg 229 2.2 8 N om inal acce nt p a tte r n s in SWTk 238 2.2 9 N om inal a cce n t p a tte r n s in CWTk 245 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - x i i 2.30 N om inal a cce n t p a tte r n s in ETk 255 I I I : VERBAL ALTERNATIONS 3 .1 L i s t o f v e rb a l c a te g o rie s found in Tk c o n tr a s - te d w ith th o se found in s td SC 268 3 .2 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m orphology— p re s e n t te n se 269 3 .3 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y --a o ris t te n s e 278 3.4 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m orphology— im p e rfe c t te n s e 284 3 .5 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o r p h o lo g y - - p a r t ic ip ia l form s 289 3-6 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y --im p e ra tiv e mood 298 3.7 SC/ Г к c o n tr a s tiv e m o rp h o lo g y - ־i n f i n i t i v e 301 3 .8 A ccent p a tte r n s found i n s td SC 302 З .9 A c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e p re s e n t te n s e i n Tk 307 3.10 A c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e p re s e n t te n se in EMac and WBg 311 SKETCH I I I : ls g p r e s /o th e r p re s form s in T k, EMac, NMac, WBg 323 3.1 1 S y m b o liz a tio n o f a o r is t tense a c c e n tu a tio n on c h a rts 324 3.12 A lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e a o r is t te n se o f o b s tr u - e n t stems in Tk 328 З .ІЗ A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r is t te n se o f o b s tru e n t stems in WBg, NMac, EMac and KR 332 3.14 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r is t o f id^ and mog 336 SKETCH IV : 2 3 ־ sg a o r is t / o t h e r a o r is t form s in th r e e o b s tru e n t stems in Tk, WBg, NMac, EMac 343 3.15 R e fo rm u la tio n o f th e a o r is t o f o th e r stem c la s s e s as o b s tru e n t stems and a c c e n tu - a t io n o f th e s e form s 344 SKETCH V: A c c e n tu a tio n o f t h e a o r i s t te n s e o f v i d e 350 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 000 4 6 9 6 0 - x i i i - 3 .1 6 A lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e a o r is t te n se o f non-ob- s tr u e n t stems i n Tk, p r e fix e d and non- p r e fix e d 354 3 .1 7 A lt e r n a t io n w it h in th e a o r is t te n se o f non-ob- s tr u e n t stems in WBg, NMac, EMac and KR 364 3 .18 A lt e r n a t io n between p r e fix e d and n o n p re fix e d L ־p a r t i c i p l e form s 368 3 .19 A lt e r n a t io n between p r e fix e d and n o n p re fix e d P - p a r t ic ip le form s 374 3.20 E vidence o f an a lt e r n a t io n between sg and p i im p e ra tiv e form s in Tk 378 3.22 Summary— is o g lo s s o f th e s g / p l im p e ra tiv e a c- c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n in SE S e rb ia n , WBg and Mac d ia le c t s 388 SKETCH V I : S g /p l im p e ra tiv e in ETk, EMac and WBg 392 3.23 Types o f p re s e n t te n s e form s found in T k, NMac, EMac, WBg, and symbols used to d e s ig - n a te them 394 3.24 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e p re s e n t te n se o f c la s s 1 -2 , 1 -3 , I I , IV and V ve rb s in Tk 405 3.25 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e p re s e n t te n se o f c la s s 1-1 and I I I ve rb s and th e a c c e n tu a l o p p o s itio n between p r e fix e d and nonpre- fix e d p re s e n t te n se form s 414 3.26 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e p re s e n t tense in Tk, NMac, EMac süld WBg--summary 421 SKETCH V I I : A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n se o f s ix ve rb s in Tk, NMac, EMac and WBg 424 3.27 O ccurrence o f m a rg in a lly o x y to n ic p re s e n t tense paradigm s i n T k, WBg and EMac 427 SKETCH V I I I : D is t r ib u t io n o f m a rg in a l o x y to n e s is in th e p re s e n t tense o f c e r t a in ve rb s in T k, NMac, EMac WBg 434 3 .28 Forms and a cce n t o f th e a o r is t te n se i n Tk, NMac, EMac.and WBg 435 3.29 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r i s t in Dvorane (SWTk) 441 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 3 .3 0 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e a o r is t o f o b s tru e n t stems 443 3-31 A c c e n tu a tio n o f th e im p e rfe c t te n se i n Tk, EMac and WBg 450 3.32 Forms o f th e L - p a r t i c i p l e in Tk, NMac, EMac and WBg 468 3-33 A c c e n tu a tio n o f L ־p a r t i c i p l e form s 476 3.34 A c c e n tu a tio n o f P ־p a r t i c i p l e form s 479 3-35 A c c e n tu a tio n o f im p e ra tiv e form s 481 3 -3 6 P r e s e n t/a o r is t a lt e r n a t io n in Tk 491 3.37 V e rb a l a cce n t p a tte r n s in SWTk 497 3.38 V e rb a l acce nt p a tte r n s in CWTk 507 3*39 V e rb a l acce nt p a tte r n s in ETk 510 IV : CONCLUSION 4 .1 G eneral summary 515 4 .2 A c c e n tu a l is o g lo s s e s w it h in th e area encom- p a s s in g Tk, NMac, EMac, WBg and KB 517 4 .3 C o r r e la tio n s between d e c le n s io n a l c la s s e s and th e in c id e n c e o f acce nt p a tte r n s 528 SKETCH IX : D is t r ib u t io n o f fo u r no m ina l a cce n t p a tte r n s 535 4 .4 C o r r e la tio n s between v e rb a l stem c la s s e s and th e in c id e n c e o f acce nt p a tte r n s 536 SKETCH X: D is t r ib u t io n o f two v e rb a l a cce n t p a t- te r n s 540 4 .5 F a c to rs in flu e n c in g acce n t s h i f t s in T k ־ ־p r e ־ s t r u c t u r a l i s t view s 541 4 .6 S t r u c t u r a l s ig n ific a n c e o f th e v a r ia t io n in Tk a c c e n tu a l morphophonemics and i t s r e la t io n t o l i n g u i s t i c change 547 NOTES 555 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES CONSULTED 559 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 046960 - X V - APPENDIX 571 In tr o d u c t io n t o c h a rts 572 C hart 1: Nsg/Asg i n fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns 575 C hart 2: S g / p l in fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n nouns 584 C hart 3: S g /p l in n e u te r nouns 593 C hart 4: S g / p l i n m a sculine nouns in a consonant 599 C h a rt 5a: D e f/in d e f in nouns, fe m in in e a -d e c le n s io n 608 C h a rt 5b: D e f/ in d e f in nouns, n e u te r 613 C h a rt 5c: D e f/ in d e f i n m a scu lin e nouns in a conso- n a n t 616 C h a rt 5d: D e f/ in d e f in fe m in in e nouns i n a conso- n a n t, s in g u la r o n ly 621 C h a rt 6: D e f/ in d e f in a d je c tiv e s 622 C h a rt 7: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s 1-1 624 C hart 8: A c c e n t u a t io n o f p r e s e n t t e n s e , c l a s s e s 1-2 and 1-3 630 C h a rt 9: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s I I 633 C h a rt 10: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s I I I 636 C h a rt 11: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s IV 642 C h a rt 12: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V - l 648 C h a rt 13: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V -2 653 C h a rt 14: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V-3 658 C h a rt 15: A c c e n tu a tio n o f p re s e n t te n s e , c la s s V I 664 C h a rt 16: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r is t te n s e , c la s s 1-1 667 C h a rt 17: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s e s I 2 ־ and 1-3 673 C h a rt 18: A c c e n t u a t io n o f a o r i s t t e n s e , c l a s s I I 679 C h art 19 : A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t t e n s e , c l a s s I I I 682 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access - x v i - C h a rt 20: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s IV 688 C h a rt 21: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V - l 694 C h a rt 22: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V -2 697 C h a rt 23: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V 3 ־ 700 C h a rt 24: A c c e n tu a tio n o f a o r i s t te n s e , c la s s V I 703 C h a rt 25: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n in c la s s 1 -1 ve rb s 706 C h a rt 26: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s 1-3 v e rb s 1 -2 and 712 C h a rt 27: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s I I v e rb s 716 C h a rt 28: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s I I I ve rb s 719 C h a rt 29 : P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s ГѴ v e rb s 725 C h a rt 30: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s V 1 ־ v e rb s 731 C h a rt 31: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s V -2 v e rb s 734 C h a rt 32: P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s V 3 ־ v e rb s 737 C h a rt 3 3 ג P re s /a o r a lt e r n a t io n i n c la s s I n t r o d u c t io n t o in d e x l i s t s INDEX OF GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES REFERENCE INDEX OF VILLAGES V I v e rb s 740 743 744 769 I n t r o d u c t io n t o q u e s tio n n a ir e l i s t i n g QUESTIONNAIRE LIST 794 796 Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 1.1 T h e * ty p o lo g ic a l d iv e r s it y o f a c c e n tu a l systems re p - resented w ith in S e rb o -C ro a tia n d ia le c t s has been o f in t e r e s t to s c h o la rs f o r a number o f y e a r s .1 Among th e s e systems a re those which u t i l i z e a l l th re e a c o u s tic d im e n s io n s ־ ־ fre q u e n c y , d u ra tio n and in t e n s it y , which co rre sp o n d r e s p e c tiv e ly t o th e p ro s o d ic fe a tu re s o f to n e , le n g th and s t r e s s - - e . g . c e r t a in S la v o n ia n and ča k a v ia n d ia le c t s . D ia le c ts i n w hich th e two fe a tu re s o f Length and to n e fu n c tio n d i s t i n c t i v e l y a re th e most numerous; th e SC sta n d a rd language i s in c lu d e d among th e s e . The two fe a tu re s o f le n g th and s tr e s s fu n c tio n d i s t i n c - t i v e l y in a number o f d ia le c t s lo c a te d m o s tly in M ontenegro. Of th e d ia le c t s in w hich o n ly one o f th e th r e e dim ensions serves t o im plem ent p ro s o d ic d is t in c t io n s , we may c i t e th o s e k a j- k a v ie n d ia le c t s in w hich o n ly le n g th i s d i s t i n c t i v e , and two groups o f d ia le c t s (one c o m p ris in g s e v e ra l s m a ll areas in the n o rth w e s t and th e o th e r c o n s is tin g o f one la rg e re g io n in th e s o u th e a s t o f th e SC l i n g u i s t i c t e r r i t o r y ) in which o n ly s tre s s placem ent f u l f i l l s a d i s t i n c t i v e f u n c tio n , and 2 n e it h e r q u a n tity n o r to n a l o p p o s itio n s a re o p e r a tiv e . The d ia le c t area o f concern i n t h i s work i s t h a t la rg e re g io n in th e s o u th e a s t, c a lle d th e P riz re n -T im o k , o r T o ria k a re a , where o n ly s tre s s i s d i s t i n c t i v e . A s m a ll group o f SC d ia le c t s w ith fix e d s tr e s s ( i . e . no d i s t i n c t i v e p ro s o d ic fe a tu r e s ) i s c o n ta in e d w it h in t h i s a re a ; i t i s I . INTRODUCTION Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access 2 - lo c a te d t o th e southw est o f P r iz r e n , a lo n g th e Sar P ia n in a m ountain range w hich form s th e boundary between S e rb ia and M acedonia. S ince i t u t i l i z e s o n ly s tre s s (and n o t to n e o r le n g t h ) , th e a c c e n tu a l system o f T o r ia k d ia le c t s is th u s more s im ila r t o t h a t o f R ussian and B u lg a ria n th a n i t i s t o th o se o f th e b u lk o f SC d ia le c t s . The system o f gramma־ t i c a l o p p o s itio n s and i n f l e c t i o n a l m orphology o f T o r ia k d ia le c t s a re a ls o much more s im ila r t o B u lg a ria n th a n t o ־3 th e b u lk o f SC d ia le c t s . S ince th e T o r ia k d i a l e c t a l s y s ־ tem d i f f e r s so r a d i c a l l y from t h a t o f sta n d a rd SC on b o th th e se p o in ts , I f e e l i t w i l l be o f in t e r e s t t o examine th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f a cce n t t o im plem ent d is t in c t io n s w it h in th e system o f i n f l e c t i o n a l m orphology, i . e . th e morphophonemic a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s o f th e T o ria k d ia le c t s . My g o a l is n o t r e s t r ic t e d t o a d e s c r ip t io n o f th e a c c e n tu a l morpho־ phonemics o f T o r ia k , how ever. I propose f u r t h e r t o compare th e T o ria k system w ith th o s e o f a d ja c e n t B u lg a ria n , Macedonian and S e rb o -C ro a tia n d ia le c t s , w ith t h a t o f s ta n d - a rd SC, and w ith re c o n s tru c te d P r o to - S la v ic . By exam ining b o th h i s t o r i c a l correspondences and s y n c h ro n ic v a r ia t io n , I hope t o e lu c id a te some o f th e fa c to r s w h ich have le d t o th e e v o lu tio n o f th e p re s e n t system as w e ll as th o se w hich de- te rm in e change now in p ro g re s s . C o n s id e ra b le w ork has been done on th e morpho- 4 phonemic a c c e n tu a l a lt e r n a t io n s o f th e SC s td language, Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access b u t l i t t l e a t t e n t io n has been p a id t o morphophonemics in d ia l e c t a l s tu d ie s • The p re s e n t w ork i s an a tte m p t t o f i l l t h a t v o id • I t d i f f e r s in b o th scope and in t e n t from morpho- phonemic d e s c r ip tio n s o f th e sta n d a rd language, however. I d e a lly th e standard language is conceived o f as a s in g le e s ta b lis h e d code, a co h e sive and more o r le s s s t a t i c s tr u c - tu r e w hich ad m its o f l i t t l e o r no v a r ia t io n . D e s c rip tio n s based on th e se assum ptions can th u s a t t a in a h ig h le v e l o f a b s tr a c tio n , r e s u lt in g in c l a r i t y , economy and s im p lic it y o f d e s c r ip t io n . V a r ia t io n , however, is th e v e ry substance o f l i n g u i s t i c geography— b o th v a r ia t io n w it h in th e system o f a s in g le v illa g e d ia le c t , and v a r ia t io n between d if f e r e n t lo c a l d ia le c t s o f th e same language. The fo cu s o f d ia le c t d e s c r ip t io n must be on th e p a tte rn s o f v a r ia t io n . The d ia - le c t o lo g is t can and must speak o f system s, o f c o u rs e , as sta n d a rd s a g a in s t which v a r ia t io n i s t o be measured. But s in c e he is o p e ra tin g w ith many systems s im u lta n e o u s ly , each o f which is p a r t i a l l y s im ila r t o each o th e r system in a unique way, he must be c a r e f u l t o d e fin e c le a r ly a l l th e systems w ith which he is d e a lin g . The l i n g u i s t i c systems t o w hich th e p re s e n t work makes re fe re n c e are th e f o llo w in g : The term s s td SC and s td Bg r e f e r to th e contem porary sta n d a rd norms o f S erbo- C ro a tia n and B u lg a ria n , r e s p e c tiv e ly , a c c o rd in g t o D a n ič ič 1925 and P ra vo p is I960 f o r SC, and A n d re jč in e t a l . 1963 f o r Bg. On th e o th e r hand, th e term s Tk ( T o r ia k ) , NMac (n o rth e rn Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access M acedonian), Wßg (w e s te rn B u lg a ria n ) and KR (Kosovo-Resava S to k a v ia n ) make re fe re n c e t o th e g e n e r a liz a tio n s made by Y ugoslav and B u lg a ria n d ia le c t o lo g is t s who have s tu d ie d th e d ia le c t areas in q u e s tio n (see s e c tio n s 1 .5 and 1 .7 f o r enum eration o f th e s p e c if ic works from w hich th e g e n e r a li- z a tio n s used h e re in a re d ra w n ). To speak o f each o f th e se as a system , however, re q u ire s t h a t one a b s tr a c t o n ly th e most b a s ic s t r u c t u r a l e le m en ts, th o se w hich a re common t o a l l lo c a l d ia le c t s o f th e broad area in q u e s tio n • In some in v e s t ig a t io n s , a s in g le lo c a l d ia le c t is chosen as r e p r e - s e n ta tiv e o f an area and n o rm a tiv e s ta te m e n ts f o r th e la r g e r area a re based upon t h i s one system . In o th e r ca se s, d ia - le c t o lo g is t s a tte m p t t o make g e n e ra l s ta te m e n ts w h ich are tr u e f o r th e whole a re a , and f o llo w them w ith a number o f q u a lif y in g sta te m e n ts in te n d e d t o in d ic a te th e n a tu re and degree o f v a r ia t io n e n co u n te re d . N e ith e r method can g iv e an adequate account o f a l l th e p o s s ib le systems encountered w it h in th e p a r t ic u la r a re a , however. The te rm s T k , NMac, WBg and KR a re used t o r e f e r t o system s, b u t in v ie w o f our i n s u f f i c i e n t knowledge, th e re a d e r must remember t h a t we are d e a lin g w ith a p p ro x im a tio n s • Indeed, I propose t h a t th e g o a ls o f s t r u c t u r a l d ia - le c to lo g y can be most a d e q u a te ly approached by s tu d y in g a number o f in d iv id u a l l i n g u i s t i c system s, each re p re s e n tin g th e speech o f a s in g le s o c ia l s tra tu m w it h in a s in g le v illa g e o r l o c a l i t y , a c c o rd in g t o th e same p a ra m e te rs . Once th e - 4 - Ronelle Alexander - 9783954793167 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 05:56:43AM via free access