Turkey.pdf - Fatema Miah

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1 Turkey: Now & Before Caliphate to Secularity Fatema Miah 2 In brief the history of Turkey 3 Holy Relics must be sought for immediate protection since Erdogan provoking West. There Arab region made a peace deal where Turkey been pushed out to its own direction. Turkey has long past History of tag of war against Europeans and Asians. Constantinople and Romans, the Christians history chapters written against Turks. Do we not only blame Crusaders for Dark bloody medieval history? The Turks to the later date, played partially and in provoking Crusaders and played fierce. Turks then cannot be anyhow overbeat Mongols in fierceness, Mongols were worse ruthless. 19th century’s Turks, “The Sick man” was dying, and later on Greeks came in the scene and added an additional chapter on Turkey. World is alert and Europe is resentful of Turkey. Turkey Stands stepping on, both legs spread out, one in Europe and the other in Asia. Turkey is a Muslim county though it needs its identity ascertained and to be recognised and accepted with acknowledgement with their preferred choice of value system without any oppression. 4 Turkey as Ottoman Empire, wasn’t great in justice. Turkey under military system applied dictation, and secularism hasn’t been politically correct on rights of values system either. Sultanate, is clearly an Aristocratic dynasty system of Inequality and unjust. Democracy also doesn't mean to dismiss rights of faith. It the balance is must, not to swing from one extreme to another. Since worlds demography, political stance and ruling power and system been shifting around phenomenally since civilisation began, what is expected to happen next to shape the next century/es? Boris Johnson is the descendent of last Ottoman Sultan Abdul Mazid Sani, on that ground what and how Britain can strategize a movement about Turkey? The Lausanne agreement coming to end in 2023. What would be British, European, Arab and Russian steps towards future of Turkey? 5 Ch 1 p6 Turkey Today Ch 2 p15 Ottoman Ch 3 p28 Turkey; Current Crises and Countdown Ch 4 p38 The Fall of Ottoman 6 Ch 1 Turkey Today I respect Erdogan, and his stance as a Muslim though I envisage it’s a conflict inviting, his decision about Hagia Sophia to turn it into a mosque, I disapprove this decision because it’s a provoking matter. There are plenty of Mosques in the city for prayers, this Structure/dwelling itself is matter of conflict and this decision is inviting conflicts. The Hagia Sophia as a museum is fine for the country, we visited there for a holiday. The Hagia Sophia is a different attraction, for its building structure, for its history, and its periodic time there in the region, it invites more tourists for its European and Christian history interest so it would be better to leave it as it is. There are too 7 many conflicting issues already across the world need sorting so, they must not create another issue. I empathically, do feel for the Turkish Muslim faith people, had gone through tough bumpy phases of last century, maintained their identity, marked their existence and eventually, re-emerging back, with own faith value and it is to the new post-modern Universe. For Islam love sake what Erdogan is trying to impose as he is standing for Islam, and the worlds Muslims are praising Erdogan singing about him as a Muslim Hero. Muslims, must think and speak wisely. Are every steps of every Muslim in every situation wow matter and positive picture for Islam? Timely matter, past millennium was different, and even at the pick of marked Muslims era, Muslims didn’t every time everywhere marked positive. Muslims, some, in some places and sometimes left negative marks those are shamed Islam bore bad remarks for Muslims and so did the Turks. Past is past, and history must be reflected upon. There are plenty of Mosques across the world needs protection, and more places need mosques. Muslim leaders must plan and work to Protect those mosques are already in place. People must fear unnecessary conflicts and leaders must be prompted too. In Istanbul Mosques are empty at most of the times, when in places there aren't even a single mosque for 8 essential Friday and Eid Jamaths prayers. If Turkey, Erdogan wants to provoke West, by Hagia Sophia, I am not supporting this. Erdogan, didn't speak up about the Uyghur mosque in China, when Erdogan is Chinas ally. I am not impressed about this provoking of Hagia Sophia to be turned into a Mosque from a Museum. Rather, I suggest Hagia Sophia to be turned into an educational institution, a centre of Multi faith study, centre of inter-culture, Inter- Faith and historical heritage, what would make it the world's attraction centre. Turkey itself is a cradle of worlds civilisation which our past historian addressed as such, also what I am adding is, Turkey is a key centre point of teaching of multi culture, multi faith, evolving history of civilisations, and it's the page marked changing chapter of crusades. Crusades what marked black- bloody-dark long era of melancholy. A long tale of many phase of chapters with bloodsheds for the possession over Jerusalem, demised with rise of Ottoman. Ottoman remained engaged in constant battles against Europeans, also had to face Asian attacks while arrived to sustain in its own position. In this globally aware apolitically correct society, Turkey coming out of its century restriction, Lausanne treaty, Turkey must process carefully. Turkey marked the highest jump of evolution. Yes, evolution. Constantinople has a lengthy 9 history. This great evolution turned history over. For Muslims, though not only for Muslims, it was not a mere victory in Europe, it was a new phase began, every time as an evolution. The face of earth’s history, system and culture changed by toppled over full scale. World changed to a new enlightening. The Giant Ottoman empire began by Osmani. The Caliphate took on, turned it in a different direction and expanded across, from Euro-Asia, through Europe to Africa. Islamic Holy places came under Ottoman and well protected and managed by Ottoman. The Giant Empire, or the “Sick Man”, The Ottoman has undeletable legacy. Legacy of power; exercise and abuses. Legacy of faith banner and declaration and practice. And legacy of law and order, conquer and control. The Ottoman, or the Osmani, was heavy handed on its ruling, dictation was prime factor on the political stance, for Islam or on the Islamic practice it was easy, relaxed what by the Europeans or negligence you can say from Islamic perspective. Teaching and learning of Islam wasn't its priority. I wrote in detail in my book Varied Expressions. It was more of control, and power, and dictation was its prime focus, Agenda. Some practices were not praise worthy in Ottoman. Pompous and tier system was in high practice. Slaves rapture and even worse its systematic abuses on human 10 beings, uh, sadly inhumane treatment was in by legalised. I wrote about Harem in my book the Varied Expressions. Passion for Empire run injected into men and passed down to next generations. Empire running made into must and handed down as an inheritance. Killing for Empire running, both internally and externally, made it the regulation. Life expectancy shortened, to a very short live, and within that it was ‘do or die’, and the empire running was must. It was Europe after all, broke out the blood thirst normalisation and brought in place the enlightenment, diverted to interest of Arts, to expressions feeling and skills through creative methods, diverted from a millennium long, the blood-shedding might and conquering tactics. The rise of Ottoman marked the interesting phase into history chapter as well as it brought the gest and aroma to history, by interconnecting the world, by faith, politics, culture and Asia to Europe. Turkey itself standing by its legs in both Asia and Europe continent, had its arms across to Africa and Russia. Ottoman exercised might as right. Istanbul the capital of Turkey, it is in Europe, is the part of Constantinople. The conquer of Constantinople was the greatest history mark on the earths record. In the same city of Istanbul there are countless Mosques. It's a city of Mosques. A Mosque at a every step within a 11 metre apart. Endless Mosques in a world tourists attraction city, where no many Mussallis, the praying Muslims around there to pray in those mosques. The mosques are empty, people walking in them passing across by the tourists like any normal visiting public places. The Grave Yards are well marked symbolised and regarded. One other significant land mark is the Constantinople Museum tells the story of two split continents, tale of how they adjoined into one. The same also tells the story of mending and breaking the relationship between the Western allied. Holy relics kept in display in Topkapi palace there in Istanbul. Subhan Allah, Stunning, the eyes and heart comforting image. I was deeply touched by the Holiness of the Holy Relics and extremely pleased to witness, see, touch and feel and so were my Prophet loving sons. Alhamdulillah! Thank God. The Topcapi Palace in itself there are inner sections of Mosques in there. Further the famous Blue Mosque, the land mark Muslim symbol is there as a Mosque for prayers, where they recited Quran Wrongly, like in some Pakistani region pronunciation of letter Dhad, as Zhad. I explained Zhad, Dhad conflict in my book Reiterating Unspoken. The pronunciation what is incorrect and forbidden, and wrong, haram in another word. It was Friday Jumna, the congregation, we attended in Blue Mosques me 12 with our sons and Mr Miah. Certainly, it vibes through, into your psyche, heart body and mind, the land mark of spiritual battle point it is. Mark point of millenniums old faith play, the game changed from one scale to another, there. Coming back to Erdogan's decision of to turn Hagia Sophia into Mosque, It’s a provoking act as it was Europeans centre of attraction. If European any country go and invade Istanbul now, Turkey what is hanging by a thread string to Europe just by Istanbul, it will fall off the string and be left in with its Asian rest of the country. Even they don't have right to their Bosporus water, no right of way or access, neither right of speech over it. It’s wise not to overbeat the bush. There are few more years till 2023, the Turkey still is bind in the Treaty that Erdogan should have thought about. Further, Turkey threatened its European counter part by declaration of Cyprus partition. Under Kamal Ataturk relation between Greece and Turkey normalised to an extent, then over Cyprus the relation spoilt again. Turkey invaded Cyprus in 1974 after Geneva convention collapsed, Turks got impatient over Cyprus, Turks invaded Cyprus. The Cyprus is a divided territory between Greece and Turkey. Now Erdogan want a partition of Cyprus. Turkey must think carefully and must steps with precaution because it’s an aggravation matter and world is in a critical point. Turkey also 13 coming up to a decisive stance. The decisive stance for Turkey can be positive turning if Turkey proceed thoughtfully. Turkey facing warning from West against its nuclear weapon procession and by ignoring sanction Turkey went on and brought Russia’s advanced nuclear missiles, provoked Western Nuclear legislators. Erdogan going ahead as if he wishing is to re-establish the Ottoman Empire. Turkey in today’s date going ahead, in its own will attempting to empowering itself with highest nuclear power for its defence system refusing Western and its European countries sanctioning. Turkey have suffered under European dictation on its nation's Political state what caused to make their faith to suffer and rights were restricted for an entire century, which Turkey is still bound to till 2023. Coming up to 2023, the surviving Sultanate lineage descendants are in West, and in Europe. Turkey by ending Sultanate, chose democracy, which is correct choice in politics, though Turkey, didn’t have rights of freedom under democracy, a century passed now Turkey lived under imposed restrictions. In some modern era advancements, Turkey made itself competitive to other Europeans. Turkey continued in creating its own nuclear power system, Turkey stood up with Ukrainians, been empowered by Ukrainians advanced nuclear 14 facilities, Turkey spoke for Ukraine against Russia, and they are in agreement of Nuclear deal exchanges. Turkey in the recent years voicing against Europeans discriminative towards Muslim acts, and also spoke against Russia about Ukrainian issue. Turkey in the recent years made good relation with Korea, working on to Bond relation with Iran while Pakistan is already Turkeys ally since Mr Imran Khan became the prime minister of Pakistan. Turkeys recent attitudes and ways Turkey raising hic ups, that Turkey won't back off if Russia crossed their paths and Russia is acting as such. After all is alarming issue, after a century long recovery phase of world is going back to, same old world of past loop of conquering and dividing and for assertion to battle. The world is possessed with nuclear power possession, and result of nuclear battles is known irreversible devastation for the Planet Earth. However, Turkey is on the phase of critical point for next two years, when Entire world is facing austerity as well as fighting against deadly pandemic for the dear lives. I believe it’s time to move the Holy Relics out of Istanbul soon, immediately. 15 Ch 2 Ottoman By Mid 15th century the Ottoman Empire or Osmani (Uthmani), consolidated its territory and settled up its internal conciliarity. Ottoman reached all the way to Iceland in early 17th century. Morocco was renowned for the raids into Iceland, and on their exit pirates took Icelanders by capturing along with fish and other goods and sell them to Arabs in slave trade market. Danish, Algerians and others raided into 16 Iceland, have been taking the goods and silver alongside capturing Icelanders, took them away and sold as the slaves, on attempting to escape from the captives, the Icelanders were gruesomely murdered by the captives. Among the pirates also the Ottomans men also were sent to Iceland raids. It was Osman decided to pirate with his men to Iceland, who was assassinated, for the renowned silver and to catch Icelanders. It wasn't much worth after all for the effort for the Ottoman to pirate into Iceland for its twisted twined long passage way, from Turkey to exit out into Atlantic, and to cross to Iceland Ocean. Ottoman was the main slave market consumer for its harem and other manpower. The whitest shaves those were brought from Iceland were in Turkey, the Whitest skin colour of Turkish Understandably are the Icelanders, Romanians and the Persians in Turkey. Turkey ethnicity is mixed of many different geographical genes. In 17th century a treaty was signed between Italy and Ottoman, it forced Ottoman to give up some of the territories. Ottoman also seized Rhodes in 17th century in 1622. Ottoman spread across Europe and Africa during 17th century. The dismantle of Ottoman, what Asian Muslims cannot see or do not admit, neither appreciate, and not shown the picture of that it freed human beings from systematically legalised abuses, to a hopeful 17 Normal Humanly living. What people see and perceive as the oppression of faith Islam at the fall of Ottoman, which is also correct in a way, and freedom of rights was violated, though in worse case the freedom of rights have been violated under Ottomans slave system. It was a sharp shift from one way to the other. A strike of balance hasn’t been taken in place. A balance is must in politics. By defeating the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire shoo up sky high, what is well known. The Hagia Sophia is the living story of Byzantine Empire. History shouldn't be destroyed or distorted, for education sake. Rewriting on the old writing over the prewritten chapter is unwise. It's not only conflicting, its devaluing of morals. Good and better teaching can only be given and taken when the chapters not distorted. Clear marked chapters are well researchable and educational for better understanding and clear perception of direction for decision making, reasoning and for awareness to reject or to support the matter. By distorting chapters, land marks and record history can never be change, or destroyed or completely wiped off. It's better to take on from there, to move on with and go ahead in the moving direction. This is how the steps can be traced back. Anyhow, world revolves throughout the time and the time cannot be 18 reversed back. From history better lessons always can be learnt from to bend the present and plan the future. Empires rose and fell, and so did Ottoman. Ottoman Empire spread over, across, the regions of Al-Jazeera, Egypt, Saudi Yemen, Kuwait, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, sham, Lebanon, Turkey Unan, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania to Servia and Kosovo. Ottoman was a super power. About a 1000 years ago the Turks snatched the Antonia region from the Romans by running on horses without holding on the straps, and shooting arrows by turning their face backwards, this is a game of Turkey commemoration celebration. Serjuk and Romanians were in conflicts. On the defeat on Romanians, Serjuk rook over Turks region including Anatolia. Serjuk sultan the ruler was a kind hearted, merciful person, he spared Romanian ruler Romano and treated him with regarded. There Turks, the Osmani tribe lived in and near by Anatolia. They were brave. Who were they? Usman or Osman (Uthman in proper Arabic) was son Ertugurul, who ruled a small territory as Bey in Sogul, Osman was born in Kayi tribe in the year the Mongols seized Baghdad, in 13th century. Many Anatolians ran into their territory, scaping out of Anatoli to save themselves from Mongols cruelty, Osman’s tribal people supported them 19 and sheltered them. Osman grew up learning about the conflicts, diplomacy and conquering. Osman and his people seized many territories, and in doing so, they made a rule with Nomadic people. Before his death he stablished a large territory under his dynasty, and died with pride of success, left a legacy for his son Urhan, who then declared the Ottoman Empire or the Osmani Sultanate. There ruthless Genghis Khan also comes in the scene. Irani ruler Sha killed Genghis Khans trade men, Genghis Khan sent for fancy material collection for his fancy. Genghis Khan got in rage and with his men he stormed down on Muslim regions, causing distraction, fighting through regions, including in Iraq, with his men came all the way down to Serjuk territory Anatoli and destroyed them. Then rose up Osman, (Uthman) Osman had team of brave men. The Genghis Khans people faced confrontation from Osman’s group and backed off. Osman then in Early age period attacked on Byzantines territory after the natural disaster, when Romanians weakened and moved out of Byzantine’s territory Anatoli. Osmani group used tactics he learnt from Genghis Khan and won over some regions from the Byzantine, Anatolian and Turkish regions and the people came under Osman and Osmani Dynasty began. 20 Osman’s son Urhan marked the Dynasty already in his father Osman’s name, the Osmani Sultanate, or the Ottoman Empire, what had challenges to face from both directions. The Byzantine to West and the other Turks Dynasties to the East backed by Mamluk. Ottoman took over other the other two Turks, Muslim Dynasties integrated into Ottoman Empire and became bigger more powerful. In 1328, from a battle Byzantine left the Anatoli, backed off to Constantinople territory. The world's renown thousand years old powerful empire soldiers backed off from a tribal group newly rose up. Now Turks are united and reached to the coast, matter of crossing the water, it became Ottomans dream to Step in Europe continent. They by ally agreement entered to Gallipoli. Turks nurtured passion to conquer Constantinople and to become part of the Europeans. In 1362, Murad, Urhan’s son, killed his own brother Khalil for the throne. Turks although had power, and bravery though they didn’t have the precise system of tactics and discipline of what Western rulers and conquerors had established, well developed system they were trained in and nurtured. Murad thought of a different system of manpower by bringing men into enslavement by hiring, buying young men, boys off their families to train them. Murad through his men Pasha 21 attacked Serbia. It was a bloody battle that the Serbians were killed and thrown in the water and the assassins blood coloured the river water red. There the Muslim rule faced withdrawing from Spain, backed off Europe, here Osmani, the Ottoman began to pushing in. The Europeans Christians rulers rose up against Muslims. Crusade again. There in Jerusalem, Muslim Mamluk taken charge over the Al-Aska, defeated the Christians Crusaders. Here the Turks called themselves the Gazis doing battles calling it Gaza, Islamic battles. The Christian Churches Alarmed, rose up to another Crusade. Serbian prince rose up to defeat Ottoman to take revenge from Muslims and Kosovo battle took place and Sultan Murad was assassinated there, in the devastating bloody battle. Serbia, including entire Bulkan regions came under agreement to pay tax to Ottoman and Ottoman Empire spread across three times more also into Europe. Byazid killed his brother for the Throne, this shameful power craving killing was made into norm. Byazid married to Serbians ruler’s daughter to strength his position in Europe. There Ottomans opponent another Turk Dynasty Carmania on the other side of Ottoman was anxious, Byazid married his sister off to the ruler Aladin and made them ally. 22 Aladin despite having relationship, took over Ottomans' some areas by attacking on, together with others neighbouring area. Byazid of Ottoman by attacking back taken over the areas back. Muslim history chapters from bad, got worse and comes to shamelessly ugly and sickeningly evil with this Taimur chapter. Taimur Long of Uzbekistan, the ruthless cruel devastating inhumane being of worse sickest psychological disorder, have been crossed over across Afghan to India, Mongolian regions to Russian territory, by destroying Baghdad, by attacking captured Iraq. Then arrived towards to Turks territory in 1399. Baghdadi prince Tahir ran off escaped from Taimur to Turkey. On the other hand, Aladin ran towards Taimur against Ottoman. After exchanges through messages, Taimur attacked into Ottoman Territory, killed people, buried some people alive and Taimur ran away from Ottomans territory when Bayazid retaliated with attacks. Taimur with his giant manpower forced by tactics disappeared, left Byazid astonished, Byazid left to wondering where Taimurs such big force disappeared, suddenly they appeared attacking in Ankara , by hiding, taking a long route they attacked on Ankara, causing destructions. It was a biggest battle of Two Biggest powers, though Ottoman were at a very weak point, where only few of Byazids own men joined the battle, it 23 still was fought fiercely, and after all Byazid and his sons were captured by malicious Taimur’s men. Byazid died under Taimurs capture within some time and Taimur also died. Taimur before his death released Byazids sons with promises of they will promote Taimurs name. Taimurs power collapsed with his death. And Ottoman split out into parts by Byazid’s sons. Mehmed Awal was left bringing the territories together again and started to write down the time line of Ottoman Dynasty. His son Murad II, updated advancing with European new invention and Ottoman became powerful in Europe. In 15th Century Ottoman made a turn, to fulfil 700 years old dream, Ottoman Dynasty been nurturing. Murad been unsuccessful because of his brother. Murad’s son Mehmed II eventually conquered the Constantinople by blowing the walls off by artillery gunpowder. Constantine the ruler of Constantinople didn’t sense Ottoman ruler to be a deadly threat to Constantine or for the Constantinople, therefore he was rather focusing on the state’s other needs. Mehmed II there on the other hand, ordered the powerful latest technology invented, Artillery of the Hungarian scientists. Mehmed II declared the war. With matriculate planning, and precise and measured aim Mehmed II successfully broke the Constantinople's walls down, blew up using a big 24 rounded stone. The stone and the Artillery is on display outside there on the other side, (in nonTurkey controlled section, on bay of sea of Marmara) of Istanbul, through the Bosporus water way, outside the Museum. The Ottomans men took men, women and children of Hagia Sophia Church. The Ottoman men were excitedly looking forward for the hidden Treasures under the Church, rather there wasn’t any treasures instead there was a coffin. Outside the Church there, confront of swords took place between the citizens and the Ottoman men. For three days, looting continued. Men, women and children were taken to slavery market. For Ottoman and the Muslims it was taken as the Mal-e Ganimath, (I explained in my book Reiterating Unspoken,) there also the Some Christians took advantage of the situation been enslaving the citizens. There were Christians in places fighting Ottoman men. Mehmed II then stopped the battle and ordered the tax system for those Christians. The Christians ran towards to ships to escape to other European countries. Most already escaped out. There were three Ships standing on the fort, people jumped in filled them up and there were no captains to steer the ship away. Ottoman then men took those people of the ships under their enslavement. 25 Four prominent individuals Mehmed II was searching for, and a chopped off head been brought to before Mehmed and it was confirmed the head belonged to Constantine the Ruler of Constantinople xi, therefore, it confirmed he was assassinated and no more. The Christines of Constantinople still were seeking to avenge. In Europe generally, otherwise in 15th century the religious zeal rage, the Crusade passion fire extinguished. The Europeans by then weren't interest in Crusade anymore, interested neither had much reactive anguish to combat the Muslim Empires and to confront powerful Ottoman, Europe also didn't have much courage left in them. It took a lot of wealth, strength, skills, courage and influencing power to gather Europeans together to go and fights for the Sake of the Cross. By then faith passion began to wearing off in Europeans for the new idea of Renaissance. Anyway, Crusades bloodshed and massacring marked horrible melancholy into communities, per misery brought with deaths of loved ones, loss of men, and money pushed communities to face depression, regression and slowed the progress and prosperity. Therefore, the Europeans changed the idea of Crusade. And Secularisation ideology brew up. During Suleiman’s rein in Mid 16th century Ottoman engaged in West Mediterranean for 26 conquest and targeted Spanish and Italian territories. Ottoman aggravated Spanish and Romans. Christians allied again to confront Ottoman, and by 1565 seized Malta. The Ottoman continued with conquests, ruling by might exercising and asserting power. The Europeans and rest of the World took Ottoman as the Muslim Power and the Caliphate. Ottoman reached to its height and marked its power across the world. Eventually, in the 20th century, it was forced to collapse down. Europeans called Ottoman ‘The sick Man’ of Europe and in the late 19th to early 20th ‘The Sick Man was dying’. It was forced to dye. At its death, or from Ottomans death current Turkey or a modern Turkey rose up, built up, or given birth to as a secular state. Nizam e Hyderabad of India, Mir Usman Ali extended a supportive hand towards Turkey Osmania descendants, and unconditionally, as a gesture of kindness, Nizam e Hyderabad began funding Abdul Mazid Sani’s, the last Sultan’s family, kept them boosting up. . Another chapter in the Ottoman tale been written up. Another chapter opened there, a link been created and Ottoman what already died, of the dead tree another sprout made to be germinating. Last Sultan Abdul Mazid Sani, who had to leave Turkey, as the Ottoman empire ended, ‘The sick Man’ of Europe died. Abdul Mazid Sanis daughter 27 Ayesha Durrusehva, was married off to the world's renown one of the top listed richest family in India, the Nijam of Hyderabad. Iranian Sultan and Egyptian Suntans sent marriage proposal for Ayesha Durrusehva, though, Abdul Mazid rather preferred the Hyderabadi Nizam family. Mir Usman Ali Khans eldest son Azam Zha, of Hyderabad who was 25 years of age, married to Ayesha Durrusehva in October 1932 at the age of 18. They had two sons. By this marriage Osmani Dynasty and Nizam e Hindustan, (the Indian) bond strengthened, and then Ayesha Durrusehva got her husband Azam Zha’s younger brother married to her cousin Niloufer. Niloufer was Abdul Mazid Sani’s sister’s daughter. 28 Ch 3 Turkey; current crises and countdown. Turkey facing water crises. Turkey is running out of water. Its water reservoirs are drying out because of droughts and without rain fall the reservoirs falling short of water. In January it was reported there in Turkey they facing water shortage and in Istanbul supply water there were only enough water left about will be last for 40 days. In the city 17 million people are struggling in water crises. There in Ankara facing the same water crises, about 110 days of water left in their supply line. The reservoirs shortened down to drying position now, what happened after 40 years in Turkey. The situation is not only desperate, it gone passed to dangerous. Turkey often faced severe droughts. What we cannot ignore, or escape the fact climate change, what is the factor. There Industrialisation and population are the other factors led to water crises topic. Turkey what is spoken about often as an advanced, or advancing, forward thinking has 29 ignored these factors. They only strived hard to economic and nuclear advancement in the past decades. Climatic issue comes in. In Turkey, forests been cleared out, and building of infrastructures was in fast rate in Turkey. The policy makers failed there in Turkey badly. They are and were lacking of instrumental, and accommodational, they are pragmatic in analyses, neither they were forward envisaged. Turkey didn’t work on conservation measures. Neither Turkey thought about their water necessity and restrictions and it has come to state of gone passed the urgency, desperation to danger level. On what ground, at this stage Turkey stands up posing power threat to others? Turkey doesn't have right to Bosporus water, no access, no rights of way, not allowed to drain from Bosporus water into Turkey reservoirs, while Istanbul standing on the Bosporus, even Turkey has no right of to talk about Bosporus issues. It's the Bosporus what cut through Turkey separating Istanbul out as an Ireland. Whatsoever, the Istanbul was Constantinople, not Turks’ territory originally what Mehmed II conquered at the last stage of final Crusade caused the fall of Constantinople and Mehmed II, made it Muslims Capital. Mehmed II, Ottoman Sultan who brought an end to Byzantine Empire. Mehmed II ruled, in later Mid 15th century. 30 Constantinople, what was the central capital of the Eastern Roman Empire since dated back to 330 AD. In the late middle age era, or the at end of the medieval era what others call it, it was a turning point in history. Mehmed II claimed Roman Empires Title, ‘Caeser’, what Mehmed II viewed the Ottoman as the continuation of Roman Empire, he didn’t think of to replace it to Ottoman Empire instead. Mehmed, who at the age of 21 conquered Constantinople, he continued and reached towards Bosnia, and to Anatolia. The Conqueror Mehmed II was Sultan of two lands and two seas and chosen title of Ceasar of the Romans. In his social reforms at homeland, he encouraged arts and sciences. Mehmed II strived to keep the Europeans impressed. May be so did follow Kalam Ataturk? Mehmed II with his men broke through walls of Constantinople, and conquered the capital in 1453, the wall was known to be was last filed since 1066 according to Pantheon history. Mehmed II who ended the Christian rule in Eastern Europe on the May 29, was he a good Muslim, did he do such for Islam? Surely no. Mehmet II was addressed and honoured as a secular ruler and he's portrayed as a pro-Western, and his interests in renaissance art been revealed. Known for his best in military technology, he was Greek and Latin knowledgeable. It was he who 31 converted the Hagia Sophia Church into a mosque, was it his idea of Mosque for the Muslim prayers? Mehmed II, from all angles portrayed secular and Western rather different to Arabian Muslims. Mehmed II and the later Ottoman rulers maintained the different approach and style, image and ideology to Arabs. They, claimed as they're Western and Europeans. In spite, Europeans, the central and Westerners didn’t acknowledge Turks as their fellow Europeans, neither played allied not could forgive them for the fall of Constantinople. The resentment kept brewing inside. Further, the Islam rising fact was another irk to the Europeans’ hearts and minds. On the one hand Europe lurked up to Secularisation idea, over Christianity faith for its Crusades causing dark chapters versus, European interest of central point of historical Capital, the ancient attachment, and it marked cultural and political defeat. ‘East is East’ for the Westerners and why and how not? Westerners weren't impressed. Is it Turkey couldn’t impress West, or the West wouldn't anyhow be impressed? The resentment remained that’s one thing. Turkey developed with its manpower and began power exercising. Turks took on as an Empire, competitive to other Empires, however, Turks been playing both Eastern and Western into its Empire. And 32 Ottoman automatically flushed power of its might through its manpower. Question comes in did Turks seek knowledge equal to its European counter parts or Islamic faith knowledge of Arabs? Ottoman didn't even learn or applied correct Arabic for Quran teaching. After all Ottoman Empire been formed and declared in the name of Osmani family dynasty line, in the line of Mehmed II. Ottoman empire neither impressed Europeans, nor the Asians, neither Muslims of Arabs. There in Hind regions Turks were fear factor to the Indian regional kings/rulers. It was a dynasty system of aristocracy, duplicate of Europeans tier system dictation by class. Inside, and within the Ottoman all kind of cruelty, oppression and dictation continued under might. Ottoman was powerful by power abusing. It was a mighty Empire by might of right. Genocides were common as norm in Ottoman. Ottoman used name Islam, built countless Mosques, didn't apply Islam’s mercy neither applied Hudud of Sharia in punishments. Selim Awal, son of Bayzid II, was known as the spirit of the Osmani Sultanate, who spread across to Saudi Macca And Madinah and took the Holy places under the Ottoman Empires protection. Selim attacked Mamluk rule in Cairo and 50,000 Cairo citizens were assassinated by Selim despite they surrendered to Ottoman Selim continued 33 with asserting ruthless power, and conquered. Selim also reached across to Hindustan the India, allied Babur, supported Babur to defeat Delhi’s Aladin. Mughal Empire I wrote about in my book Varied Expressions. Together both Ottoman and Mughal Muslim Sultanates promoted fear in the hearts and minds of Indian people. There Abbasid ruler in Saudi of Makkah and Madinah without any confrontation or to avoiding conflicts handed over everything to Ottoman. The Abbasid ruling ended there. Selim Awal, Ottoman imperialist not only a Sultan anymore, he became the Khalifa. The Caliphate was declared. When Western people have distaste word Caliphate, it is because those Imperialists or the Empire builders have marked chapters of unpleasant legacy. Hungary cannot be passed out. Year 1526, there laid rows of graves. Hungarians couldn't withstand Turks advanced Weaponries. Hungarian Knights faced Suleiman Awal. The Knights so successfully and bravely reached to Suleiman to capture him, at the point of high aspiration within few seconds of gap, another group of Ottoman force jumped in and began to injuring the Knights’ horses and the Hungarian knights defeat was inevitable. Ottoman rejoiced the victory of Europe. There in Vienna Ottoman attacked aggressively, and eventually had to turn back. Then Suleiman changed his direction towards Asia, and it was Iran this time. 34 There they aggravated South Europeans the Spanish people, Geneva and Italian people. Battles after battles continued under Khyr Uddin admiral and in Suleiman's command. Khyr Uddin, however, managed diplomatic relation with France and set up an embassy in France so, Suleiman's brother was acknowledged with an award of Grand General (Kadupan Pasha). A treaty was signed with Italy. Ottoman also in 1580s Seized Dui in Portugal. Post WWII, Greek - Turk war began, not many historians talk about this war as much. British and other Europeans allied power felt exhausted from WWII what dragged on for 6 years. Since, Ottoman was defeated with its allied power, it was presumed that Ottoman began to weaken after the dreadful European years long War and facing a defeat Ottoman collapsed. British began to face short of Manpower. Greek joined in the war later on and British encouraged Greek to Attack on Turkey. Izmir and Anatoli regions under Ottoman Turks were attacked. There were some 30% Greek living in Izmir those supported Greek against the Turks, Greek invaded Izmir. The War continued till 1921, in conflict both sides equally exchanged in confronting and Turks backed off. Kamal Pasha, stood up with a strategy and a year later 1922 with full preparation went on and 35 attacked on Greeks in Izmir, on its depart from Izmir Greek set fire on Izmir. A republic was proclaimed with Turkish independence. With signing the treaty of Lausanne Agreement, it turned to a modern Turkey the Turkey bind in for 100 years. In 1923 Atatürk was elected the 1st leader and it took a big turn. Kamal Atatürk is blamed for oppressing Islam in Turkey from the fall of Ottoman. How far much different was Kalam Atatürk from Mehmed II? Mehmed II jumped in fast, at high power and brought Istanbul into Turkey, so Kamal Atatürk jumped in, held on the Turks rocking ship’s rope and saved it from toppling over and sink. The Europeans, the line of Crusaders, didn’t forget their Crusade defeat and backing of it. Further, the fall of Constantinople marked resentment in their hearts and minds. At the new turning point in European history as modern, they attempted to turn the table back and Kamal Atatürk stood up as the chosen. Ottoman claimed Islam. Question comes in where was Islam in Ottoman? It was just a mere empire. What about slaves in Ottoman and the harem? Turkey, industrialised equal to its other Europeans in fact better than many. It's a modern country with all modern facilitation, advanced in up-to date tech knowledge and education than other Muslim nations. As far as Islamic practice 36 disallowed, it’s a shame unethical of ethical value respective Europeans. When Mehmed II changed a century old historical Church into Mosque, such or worse reverse reaction he must have feared about. Instead, Renaissance loving Mehmed II should have thought carefully, and must have made the Hagia Sophia into the world's interfaith/cultural centre, to comfort the Europeans, Christians, Crusaders and the future political reactive groups. Greek - Turk enmity began from 1048 AD, since the Byzantine period. Ottoman didn’t take precautions about Greeks. Instead, Ottoman been busy going out and massacring Romanians and other tribes. While declared Caliphate, Ottoman didn’t put in place proper Islamic teaching system either. Caliphate phrase the Ottoman Empire used for further empowerment. Under Caliphate it was all about might, conquest and order, in which didn't reflect true Islam. Ottoman Empire nurtured original Turks culture of grave worshipping and they continued the tradition with their heartfelt emotion. With such tradition Ottoman guarded the Makkah and Madinah, under Ottoman, they garnished Prophets mosque in Madinah with Gold and Jewels still there in present day. Inside the Shrine, remained the original built of wood and clay from the time of Prophet peace be upon him. 37 38 Ch 4 The Fall of Ottoman Battle of Lepanto and beginning of age of sail. The Ottoman wars in Europe would have continued for another century as it was for the Ottoman Empire marking the turning-point of Ottoman military expansion into the Mediterranean, though Lepanto defeat shaken Ottoman. In entire Europe they rejoiced the Lepanto Victory. Turks again in few years went forth and Challenged Spain, it was Turks last phase of glory. Then Murad II took on, came to rule who was absolutely mad in womanising, harem was his usual common place, he died living 130 sons and unless daughters. Understandably, this is the sign of Empire weakening itself. Murad’s son Mehmed Soem proven eviler, cruellest. Obviously, he got some of his brothers and many of his sisters killed. It doesn’t need to question whether all the brothers and sisters not from same mother, were from same father, certainly by many countless Mothers. In the History of Ottoman this was for the first time for the throne sisters were killed. Mehmed Soem was such suspicious minded that he got his own son killed too. 39 The Ottoman men the soldiers rebelled against Sultan and they been looting. More and more people joined in looting the rich houses, in groups by threatening with knives and guns. The soldiers, ottomans men began other business, trades and auctioning using Ottomans name and the palaces. The Sultan gave into rebels’ demand, the looters came in to Istanbul began terrorising, looting and killing in the month of Ramadan. Then in 1699 an agreement took in place and Ottoman had withdrawn out of European territories and had to back off Ukraine also. Ottoman couldn't rise back up again. In 18th century those Regions were under Ottoman were later taken by Russia. The French Bonaparte came in the scene from 1640. Napoleon attacked on Ottoman in Cairo in Egypt. It was Battle of Pyramid Egypt gone out of the hand of the Ottoman. Napoleon further attacked on other Ottoman territories, Jaffa, Gaza and in Syria they killed all Ottoman men. Ottoman and British attacked Egypt soon after Napoleon Bonaparte left Egypt. Ottoman empire survived from the hand of Napoleon Bonaparte it was not by chance because the British were there too. Then onwards, next 100 years, for the whole century it was a down slide phase of time for the Ottoman. Ottoman empire was on the verge of death, it was dying though, still Ottoman is Ottoman, the mark of pride and power, an Empire 40 of height. In 19th century the Turkey lost its shine and glare and its streets, pathways and places became gloomy and dirty. Dogs, other pets and animals began to roaming around in the city Istanbul, and collection of donation Ottoman began to take from the citizens. Mahmoud Sani 1808 was in rule, Ottoman other external regions stopped paying tex. There Unan rebelled and Ottoman took Egyptian support to oppress the rebels. The Ottoman force rebelled 1826. The traditional Force what was Ottomans power for centuries was pressed down and killed by new force. Then reforms began. Reformations continued for a century. There a new political system been put in place and a new system of Parliamentary was set up, where law and regulations been discussed and passed. A law was passed on though Sultan in short period of time disregarding it called it nothing but a sheet of paper. It was democratic approved new system would give people some rights. There in Europe, Muslims were minority and the Christian communities suddenly began to harassing, going against the Ottoman rule. Unan rose again with other European support for it's independent from Ottoman and in 1832 gained its independence. There the ‘Great Game’ what is highlighted the beginning of the Modern-day History, began. The Britain and Russians