1 Turkey : Now & B efore Caliphate to Secularity Fatema Miah 2 In brief the history of Turkey 3 Holy Relics must be sought for immediate protection since Erdogan provoking West. There Arab region made a peace deal where Turkey been pushed out to its own direction. Turkey has long past History of tag of war against Europeans and Asians Constantinople and Roman s , the Christians history chapters written against Turk s Do we n ot only blame Crusaders for Dark bloody medieval history? The Turks to the later date , played partially and in provoking Crusaders and played fierce. Turks then cannot be anyhow overbeat Mongol s in f ierceness, Mongols were worse ruthless. 19 th century’s Turks, “ The Sick man ” was dying , and later on Greeks came in the scene and added an additional chapter on Turkey. World is alert and Europe is resentful of Turkey. Turkey Stands stepping on, both legs spread out, one in Europe and the other in Asia. Turkey is a Muslim county though it needs its identity ascertained and to be recognised and accepted with acknowledgement with their preferred choice of value system without any oppression 4 Turke y as Ottoman Empire, wasn’t great in justice. Turkey under military system applied dictation, and secularism hasn’t been politically correct on rights of values system either. Sultanate, is clearly an Aristocratic dynasty system of I n equality and unjust. Democracy also doesn't mean to dismiss rights of faith. It the balance is must, not to swing from one extreme to another. Since worlds demography, political stance and ruling power and system been shifting around phenomenally since civilisation began, what is expected to happen next to shape the next century/es? Boris Johnson is the descendent of last Ottoman Sultan Abdul M azid Sani, on that ground what and how Britain can strategize a movement about Turkey? The Lausanne agreement coming to end in 2023. What would be British, European, Arab and Russian steps towards future of Turkey? 5 Ch 1 p 6 Turkey Today Ch 2 p1 5 Ottoman Ch 3 p2 8 Turkey; Current Crises and C ountdown Ch 4 p3 8 The Fall of Ottoman 6 Ch 1 Turkey Today I respect Erdogan, and his stance as a Muslim though I envisage it’s a conflict inviting, his decision about Hagia Sophia to turn it into a mosque, I disapprove this decision because it’s a p r ovoking matter. There are plenty of Mosques in the city for pra yers, this Structure /dwelling itself is matter of conflict and this decision i s inviting conflicts. The Hagia Sophia as a museum is fine for the country, we visited there for a holiday. The Hagia Sophia is a different attraction, for its building struct ure, for its history, and its periodic time there in the region, it invites more tourists for its European and Christian history interest so it would be better t o leave it as it is. There are too 7 many conflicting issues already across the world need sortin g so, they must not create another issue. I empathically, do feel for the Turk ish Muslim faith people , had gone through tough bumpy phases of last century , maintained their identity , marked their existence and eventually , re - emerging back, with own faith value and it is to the new post - modern Univer se. For Islam love sake what Erdogan is trying to impose as he is standing for Islam, and the worlds Muslims are praising Erdogan singing about him as a Muslim Hero Muslims, must think and spea k wisely. Are every steps of every Muslim in every situation wow matter and positive picture for Islam? Timely matter, past millennium was different , and even at the pick of marked Muslims era, Muslims didn’t every time everywhere marked positive. Muslims , some, in some places and sometimes left negative marks those are shamed Islam bore bad remarks for Muslims and so did the Turks. Past is past, and history must be reflected upon. There are plenty of Mosques across the world needs protection, and more places need mosques. Muslim leaders must plan and work to Protect those mosques are already in place . P eople must fear unnecessary conflicts and leaders must be prompted too . In Ist anbul Mosques are empty at most of the times, when in places there aren't even a single mosque for 8 essential Friday and Eid Jamaths prayers . If Turkey, Erdogan wants to provoke West, by Hagia Sophia, I am not supporting this . Erdogan, didn't speak up abo ut the Uyghur mosque in China, when Erdogan is Chinas ally. I am not impressed about this provoking of Hagia Sophia to be turned into a Mosque from a Museum. Rather, I suggest Hagia Sophia to be turned into an educational institution , a centre of Multi faith study , centre of inter - culture , Inter - Faith and historical heritage , what would make it the world's attraction centre. Turkey itself is a cradle of worlds civilisation which our past historian addressed as such , also what I am adding is , Turkey is a key centre point of teaching of multi culture, multi faith, evolving history of civilisations, and it's the page marked changing chapter of crusade s Crusades what marked black - bloody - dark long era of melancholy . A long tale of many phase of chapters wit h bloodsheds for the possession over Jerusalem , demised with rise of Ottoman. Ottoman remained engaged in constant battles against Europeans, also had to face Asian attacks while arrived to sustain in its own position. In this globally aware apolitically correct society , Turkey coming out of its century restriction, Lausanne treaty, Turkey must process carefully. Turkey marked the highest jump of evolution. Yes, evolution. Constantinople has a lengthy 9 history. This great evolution turned history over. For Muslims, though not only for Muslims, it was not a mere victory in Europe, it was a new phase began, every time as an evolution. The face of earth’s history, system and culture changed by toppled over full scale. World changed to a new enlightening. The Giant Otto man empire began by Osmani . The Caliphate took on , turned it in a different direction and expanded across, from Euro - Asia , through Europe to Africa. Islamic Holy places came under Ottoman and well protected and managed by Ottoman. The Giant Empire, or the “Sick Man” , The Ottoman has undeletable legacy. Legacy of power ; exercise and abuses. Legacy of faith banner and declaration and practice. And legac y of law and order , conquer and control. The Ottoman, or the Osmani , was heavy handed on its ruling, dictation was prime factor on the political stance, for Islam or on the Islamic practice it was easy, relax ed what by the Europeans or negligenc e you can say from Islamic perspective. Teaching and learning of Islam wasn't its priority. I wrote in detail in my book Varied Expressions. It was more of control , and power, and dictation was its prime f ocus, Agenda Some practices were not praise worthy in Ottoman. Pompous and tier system was i n high practice Slaves rapture and even worse its systematic abuses o n human 10 beings, uh, sadly inhumane treatment was in by legalised. I wrote about Harem in my book the Varie d Expressions. Passion for Empire run injected into men and passed down to next generations . Empire running made into must and handed down as an inheritance. Killing for Empire running, both internally and externally , made it the regulation. Life expectan cy shortened, to a very short live, and within that it was ‘do or die’ , and the empire running was must. It was Europe after all, broke out the blood thirst normalisation and brought in place the enlightenment , diverted to interest of Arts , to expressions feeling and skills through creative methods , diverted from a millennium long, the blood - shedding might and conquering tactics. The rise of Ottoman marked the interesting phase into history chapter as well as it brought the gest and aroma to history, by interconnecting the world, by faith, politics, culture and Asia to Europe. Turkey itself standing by its legs in both Asia and Europe continent , had its arms across to Africa and Russia. Ottoman exercised might as right. Istanbul the capital of Turkey, it is in Europe, is the part of Constantinople. The conquer of Constantinople was the greatest history mark on the earths record. In t he same city of Istanbul there are countless Mosques. It's a city of Mosques. A Mosque at a every step within a 11 metre apart. Endless Mosques in a world tourists attraction city , where no many Mussallis , the praying Muslims around the re to pray in those mosques. The mosques are e mpty, people walking in them pass ing across by the tourists like any normal visiting public places. The Grave Yards are well marked symbolised and regarded. One other significant land mark is the Constantinople Museum tells the story of two split contine nts , tale of how they adjoined into one. The same also tells the story of mending and br eaking the relationship between the Western allied. Holy relics kept in display in Topkapi palace there in Istanbul S ubha n Allah, Stunning , the eyes and heart comforting image. I was deeply touched by the Holiness of the Holy Relics and extreme ly pleased to witness, see, touch and feel and so were my Prophet loving sons. Alhamdulillah! Thank God. The Topca p i Palace in itself there are inner sect ions of Mosques in there. Further the famous Blue Mosque, the land mark Muslim symbol is there as a Mosque for prayers, where they recited Quran Wrongly, like in some Pakistani region pronunciation of letter Dhad, as Zhad. I explained Zhad , Dhad conflict i n my book Reiterating Unspoken The pronunciation what is incorrect and forbidden, and wrong, haram in another word. It was Friday Jumna, the congregation, we attended in Blue Mosques me 12 with our sons and Mr Miah. Certainly, it vibe s through , into your psyche, heart body and mind , the land mark of spiritual battle point it is. Mark point of millenniums old faith play , the game changed from one scale to another , there Coming back to Erdogan's decision of to turn Hagia Sophia into Mosque, It’s a provoking act as it was Europeans centre of attraction. If European any country go and invade Istanbul now , Turkey what is hanging by a thread string to Europe just b y Istanbul , it will fall off the string and be left in with its Asian rest of the country Even they don't have right to their Bosporus water, no right of way or access , neither right of speech over it. It’s wise not to overbeat the bush. There are few more year s till 2023 , the Turkey still is bind in the Treaty that Erdog an should have thought about. Further, Turkey threatened its European counter part by declaration of Cyprus partition. Under Kamal Ataturk relation between Greece and Turkey normalised to an extent, then over Cyprus the relation spoilt again. Turkey invad ed Cyprus in 1974 after Geneva convention collapsed , Turks got impatient over Cyprus , Turks invaded Cyprus The Cyprus is a divided territory between Greece and Turkey. Now Erdogan want a partition of Cyprus. Turkey must think carefully and must steps wit h precaution because it’s an aggravation matter and world is in a critical point. Turkey also 13 coming up to a decisive stance. The decisive stance for Turkey can be positive turning if Turkey proceed thoughtfully. Turkey facing warning from West against its nuclear weapon procession and by ignoring sanction Turkey went on and brought Russia’s advanced nuclear missiles , provoked Western Nuclear legislators. Erdogan going ahead as if he wishing is to re - establish the Ottoman Empire Turkey in tod ay’s date going ahead, in its own will attempting to empowering itself with highest nuclear power for its defence system refusing Western and its European countries sanctioning Turkey have suffered under European dictation on its nation's Political state what caused to make their faith to suffer and rights were restricted for an entire century, which Turkey is still bound to till 2023. Coming up to 2023, the surviving Sultanate lineage descendants are in West, and in Europe. Turkey by ending Sultanate, ch ose democracy, which is correct choice in politics, though Turkey, didn’t have right s of freedom under democracy , a century passed now Turkey lived under imposed restriction s In some modern era advancement s, Turkey made itself competitive to other Europeans. Turkey continued in creating its own nuclear power system, Turkey stood up with Ukrainians , been empowered by Ukrainians advanced nuclear 14 facilities, Turkey spoke for Ukraine against Russia, and they are in agreement of Nuclear deal exchange s Turkey in the recent years voic ing against European s discriminative towards Muslim acts, and also spoke against Russia about Ukrainian issue. Turkey in the recent years made good relation with Korea , working on to Bond relation with Iran while Pakistan is already Turkeys ally since Mr Imran Khan became the prime minister of Pakistan Turkeys recent attitudes and ways Turkey raising hic ups , that Turkey won't back off if Russia crossed their paths and Russia is acting as such After all is alarming issue, after a century long recovery phase of world is going back to, same old world of past loop of conquering and dividing and for assert ion to battle. The world is possessed with nuclear power possession , and result of nuclea r battles is known irreversible devastation for the Planet Earth. However, Turkey is on the phase of critical point for next two years, when Entire world is facing austerity as well as fighting against deadly pandemic for the dear lives. I believe it’s time to move the Holy Relics out of Istanbul soon, immediately 15 Ch 2 Ottoman By Mid 15 th century the Ottoman Empire or Osmani (Uthmani) , consolidated its territory and settled up its internal conciliarity Ottoman reached all the way to Iceland in early 17 th century. Morocco was renowned for the rai ds into Iceland , and on their exit pirates took Icelanders by capturing along with fish and other goods and sell them to Arabs in s lave trade market. Danish, Algerians and others raided into 16 Iceland, have been taking the goods and silver alongside capturing Icelanders , took them away and sold as the slaves , on attempting to escape from the captives, the Icelanders were gruesomely murdered by the captives. Among the pirates also the Ottomans men also were sent to Iceland raid s It was Osman decided to pirate with his men to Iceland , who was assassinated, for the renowned silver and to catch Icelanders It wasn't much worth after all for the effort for the Ottoman to pirate into Iceland for its twisted twined long passage way, from Turkey to exit out into Atlantic , and to cross to Iceland Ocean. Ottoman was the main sla ve market c onsumer f or its hare m and other manpower. The whitest shaves those were brought from Iceland were in Turkey, the Whitest skin colour of Turkish Understandably are the Icelanders, Romanians and the P ersians in Turkey. Turkey ethnicity is mixed o f many different geographical genes. In 17 th century a treaty was signed between Italy and Ottoman, it forced Ottoman to give up some of the territories. Ottoman also seized Rhodes in 17 th century in 1622. Ottoman spread across Europe and Africa during 17 th century. The dismantle of Ottoman , what A sian Muslims cannot see or do not admit, n either appreciate, and not shown the picture of that it freed human beings from systematically legalised abuses , to a hopeful 17 Norma l Humanly living. What people see and perceive as the oppression of faith Islam at the fall of Ottoman, which is also correct in a way, and freedom of rights was violated, though in worse case the freedom of rights ha ve been violated under Ottomans slave system. It was a sharp shift from one way to the other. A strike of balance hasn’t been taken in place. A balance is must in politics. By defeating the Byzantine Empire , the Ottoman Empire shoo up sky high, what is well known. The Hagia Sophia is the living story of Byzantine Empire. History shouldn't be destroy ed or distorted , for education sake. Rewriting on the old writing over the prewritten chapter is unwise. It's not only conflicting, its devaluing of morals. Good and better teaching can only be given and taken when the chapters not distorted. Clear marked chapters are well researchable and educational for better understanding and clear perception of direction for decision making , reasoning and for awareness to reject or to support the matter. By distorting chapters, land marks and record history can never be change , or destroyed or completely wiped off. It's better to take on from there, to move on with and go ahead in the moving direction. This is how the steps can be traced back. Anyhow, world revolves throughout the time and the time cannot be 18 reversed back. From hi story better lessons always can be learnt from to bend the present and plan the future. Empires rose and fel l , and so did Ottoman. Ottoman Empire spread over, across, the regions of Al - Jazeera , Egypt, Saudi Yemen, Kuwait, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, sham, Lebanon , Turkey Unan , Bulgaria, Albania, Romania to Servia and Kosovo Ottoman was a super power. About a 1000 years ago the Turks snatched the Antonia region from the Romans by r unning on horses without holding on the straps, and shoo ting arrows by turning their face backwards, this is a game of Turkey commemoration celebration. Serjuk and Roman ians were in conflicts. On the defeat on Roman ians , Serjuk roo k over Turks region including Anatolia. Serjuk sultan the ruler was a kind hea r te d, merciful person, he spared Roman ian ruler Romano and treated him with regarded There Turks , the Osmani tribe lived in and near by Anatolia. They were brave. Who were they? Usman or Osman (Uthman in proper Arabic) was son Ertugurul , who ruled a small territory as Bey in Sogul , O sman was born in Kayi tribe in the year the Mongol s seized Baghdad , in 13 th century Many Anatolians ran into their territory, scaping out of Anatoli to save themselves from Mongol s cruelty, O sman ’ s tribal people supported them 19 and sheltered them. O sman grew up learning about the conflicts, diplomacy and conquering. O sman and his people seized many territories, and in doing so, they made a rule with Nomadic people. Before his death he stablished a l arge territory under his dynasty, and died with pride of success, left a legacy for his son Urhan, who then declared the Ottoman Empire or the Osmani Sultanate There ruthless Genghis Khan also comes in the scene. Ira ni ruler Sha killed Gen ghis Khans trade men , Genghis Khan sent for fancy material collection for his fancy. Genghis Khan got in rage and with his men he stormed down on Muslim regions, causing distraction, fighting through regions , including in Iraq , with his men came all the way down to Serjuk territory Anatoli and destroyed them. Then rose up Osman , (Uthman) Osman ha d team of brave men The Genghis Khans people faced confrontation from Osman ’s group and backed off. O sman then in Early age period attacked on Byzantines terri tory after the natural disaster, when Romanians weakened and moved out of Byzantine’s territory Anatoli. Osmani group used tactics he learnt from Genghis Khan and won over some regions from the Byzantine , Anatoli an and Turk ish regions a nd the people came under Osman and Osmani Dynasty began. 20 Osman’s son Urhan marked the Dynasty already in his father Osman’s name , the Osmani Sultanate, or the Ottoman Empire , what had challenges to face from both directions. The Byzantine to W est and the o ther Turks Dynasties to the East backed by Mamluk. Ottoman took over other the other two Turks, Muslim Dynasties integrated into Ottoman Empire and became bigger more powerful. In 1328, from a battle Byzantine left the Anatoli, backed off to Constantinopl e territory. The world's renown thousand years old powerful empire soldiers backed off from a tribal group newly rose u p Now Turks are united and reached to the coast, matter of crossing the water, it became Ottomans dream to Ste p in Europe continent They by ally agreement entered to Gallipoli. Turks nurtured passion to conquer Constantinople and to become part of the Europeans. In 1362, Murad , Urhan ’ s son, killed his own brother Khalil for the throne Turks although had power, and bravery though t hey didn’t have the precise system of tactics and discipline of what W e stern rulers and conquerors had established, well developed system they were trained in and nurtured Murad though t of a different system of manpower by bringing men into enslavement by hiring , buying young men, boys off their famil ies to train them. Murad through his men Pasha