Teachers: For instructor access, visit bedfordstmartins.com/highschool /henretta8e and register as an instructor. For technical support, visit macmillanhighered.com/techsupport Assign LearningCurve and watch your class excel. LearningCurve ensures your students do the reading and offers you reports on how well your class and individual students understand the topics. With LearningCurve, your students come to class better prepared, and you can adjust class time to focus on difficult material and help students achieve greater success. How it works. LearningCurve is a game-like adaptive learning tool informed by research in psychology. LearningCurve promotes retrieval practice through its unique delivery of questions and point system. Students with a firm grasp of the material get plenty of practice but proceed through the activity relatively quickly. Unprepared students are given more questions so they can learn from answer feedback and practice more. Because the activities can be assigned in weekly intervals, LearningCurve helps students retain the information far better than last-minute cramming. To learn more about how LearningCurve works and watch a demo , visit bedfordstmartins.com/learningcurve + You and your students have access to LearningCurve! BEDFORD INTEGRATED MEDIA “By requiring LearningCurve, I know that students have reviewed the material before class, which makes for more lively discussion.” — Beth Kontos, North Shore Community College About the cover image The Sources of Country Music In painting this vibrant work, artist Thomas Hart Benton captured many of the forces that shaped America. A preacher and hymn singers emphasize the importance of religious faith to both women and men. Fiddle players—with a decidedly less sacred outlook—keep a jug of whiskey on hand. A man playing the African-derived banjo represents the profound influence of African Americans on the nation’s culture. In the background, a steamboat and locomotive show the transformative role of technology and economic change. AMERICA’S HISTORY FOR THE AP® COURSE AMERICA’S HISTORY FOR THE AP® COURSE James A. Henretta University of Maryland Eric Hinderaker University of Utah Rebecca Edwards Vassar College Robert O. Self Brown University BEDFORD / ST. MARTIN’S #PTUPOt/FX:PSL E I G H T H E D I T I O N For Bedford/St. Martin’s Publisher for History: Mary V. Dougherty Executive Editor for History: William J. Lombardo, Daniel McDonough Director of Development for History: Jane Knetzger Senior Developmental Editor: Laura Arcari Production Editor: Annette Pagliaro Sweeney Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Peterson Senior Marketing Manager: Janie Pierce-Bratcher Associate Editor: Robin Soule Editorial Assistant: Victoria Royal Copyeditor: Susan Zorn Indexer: Leoni Z. McVey, McVey & Associates, Inc. Cartography: Mapping Specialists, Ltd. Photo Researchers: Pembroke Herbert and Sandi Rygiel, Picture Research Consultants, Inc. Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Designer: Maureen McCutcheon Cover Designer: Marine Miller Cover Art: Thomas Hart Benton, The Sources of Country Music , courtesy of Country Music Hall of Fame ® and Museum Composition: Jouve Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons President, Bedford/St. Martin’s: Denise B. Wydra Director of Marketing: Karen R. Soeltz Production Director: Susan W. Brown Director of Rights and Permissions: Hilary Newman Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008, 2004 by Bedford/St. Martin’s A ll righ ts r ese rv e d. No p a r t of t hi s book m a y b e r e produc e d, st or e d in a r et ri e v a l s y ste m, or t r a n s mi tte d in a ny form or by a ny m ea n s , e l e c t ronic, m e ch a nic a l, pho t ocopying, r e cording, or o t h e rwi se , e xc e p t as m a y b e e xpr ess ly p e rmi tte d by t h e a pplic a bl e copyrigh t stat u tes or in wri t ing by t h e P ubli s h e r. Manufactured in the United States of America. 5 6 7 8 9 10 19 18 17 16 15 For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN: 978–1–4576–7382–5 ISBN: 978–1–4576–2893–1 (with Bedford Integrated Media) AP ® i s a t r a d e m a rk r e gi ste r e d by t h e Coll e g e Bo a rd, which w as no t involv e d in t h e produc t ion of, a nd do es no t e ndor se , t hi s produc t vii e xp e r t in n at iv e a n d ea rly Ame ric a n hi st ory, E ric brin gs a fr es h in te rpr etat ion of n at iv e a n d coloni a l E urop ea n s oci et i es a n d t h e r e volu t ion a ry At l a n t ic W orl d of t h e e i g h tee n t h c e n t ury t h at e nliv e n s a n d e nrich es our n a r - r at iv e E ric j oin s James He nr etta , lon g t h e in te ll e c t u a l a nchor of t h e book, who se s chol a rly work now focu ses on l a w, ci t i ze n s hip, a n d t h e state in ea rly Ame ric a; Re b e cc a Ed w a r ds , a n e xp e r t in wo me n ’s a n d ge n de r hi st ory a n d nin etee n t h - c e n t ury e l e c t or a l poli t ic s; a n d R ob e r t Se lf, who se work e xplor es t h e r e l at ion s hip b et w ee n urb a n a n d s uburb a n poli t ic s , s oci a l m ov e- me n ts , a n d t h e state T o get h e r, w e st riv e t o e n s ur e t h at e n e r g y a n d cr eat ivi t y, as w e ll as our wi de e xp e ri e nc e in t h e st u d y of hi st ory, infu se e v e ry p age t h at follow s The cor e of a te x t book i s i ts n a rr at iv e , a n d w e h a v e e n dea vor ed t o ma k e our s cl ea r, a cc ess ibl e , a n d liv e ly. I n i t , w e focu s no t only on t h e ma rv e lou s d iv e r s i t y of p e opl es who c ame t o c a ll t h emse lv es Ame ric a n s , bu t a l s o on t h e in st i t u t ion s t h at h a v e for ged a co mm on n at ion a l i de n t i t y. M or e t h a n e v e r, w e da ily confron t t h e colli s ion of our p ast wi t h t h e dema n ds of t h e fu t ur e a n d t h e s hrinkin g d i sta nc e b et w ee n Ame ric a n s a n d o t h e r s a roun d t h e g lob e T o h e lp st u de n ts meet t h ese ch a ll e n ges , w e c a ll atte n t ion t o conn e c t ion s wi t h t h e hi st ori es of C a n ada , Lat in Ame ric a , E urop e , A fric a , a n d As i a , d r a win g link s b et w ee n e v e n ts in t h e U ni ted States a n d t ho se e l se wh e r e I n our con tem por a ry d i g i - ta l worl d , f a c ts a n d data a r e e v e rywh e r e W h at st u de n ts cr a v e i s a n a ly s i s As i t h as s inc e i ts inc e p t ion, America’s History provi des st u de n ts wi t h a co m pr e h e n s iv e e xpl a- n at ion a n d in te rpr etat ion of e v e n ts , a g ui de t o why hi s- t ory unfol ded as i t d i d a n d a ro adma p for un de r sta n d in g t h e worl d in which w e liv e O f cour se , t h e con te n ts of t hi s book a r e only h e lpful if st u de n ts r ead a n d ass i m il ate t h e mate ri a l b e for e co m in g t o cl ass S o t h at st u de n ts will co me t o cl ass pr e- p a r ed , t h e y now r e c e iv e a cc ess t o LearningCurve — a n ada p t iv e , game lik e onlin e l ea rnin g t ool t h at h e lp s t h em maste r con te n t — wh e n t h e y purch ase a n e w copy of America’s History. A n d b e c a u se w e know t h at your cl ass roo m n eeds a r e ch a n g in g r a pi d ly, w e a r e e xci ted t o a nnounc e t h at America’s History i s a v a il a bl e wi t h LaunchPad , a n e w robu st in te r a c t iv e e- book buil t in t o i ts own cour se s p a c e t h at ma k es cu st o m i z in g a n d ass i g nin g t h e book a n d i ts r es ourc es eas y a n d effi ci e n t The n e w Coll ege Bo a r d sta n da r ds for AP U S H i st ory pr ese n t e xci t in g oppor t uni t i es a n d bi g ch a ll e n ges As t h e a u t hor s of America’s History , w e h a v e clo se ly follow ed Coll ege Bo a r d ch a n ges by atte n d in g a n d p a r t icip at in g in nu me rou s AP work s hop s , w e bin a r s for tea ch e r s , a n d t h e AP A nnu a l Conf e r e nc e We b e li e v e t h e n e w e x am , wi t h i ts focu s on t h emes a n d H i st oric a l Th inkin g S kill s , r e p - r ese n ts a po s i t iv e d ir e c t ion. Bu t w e know i t mea n s maj or ch a n ges for you, s o w e’ r e h e r e t o h e lp. The AP U S H i st ory cl ass roo m pr ese n ts a uni q u e d il emma H ow d o w e o ffe r our st u de n ts a b as ic un de r - sta n d in g of k e y e v e n ts a n d f a c ts whil e invi t in g t h em t o see t h e p ast no t as a ro te li st of n ames a n d dates bu t as t h e f as cin at in g , con fl ic ted pr e lu de t o t h e ir liv es t o da y ? H ow d o w e tea ch our st u de n ts t o t hink lik e hi st ori a n s? As s chol a r s a n d tea ch e r s who g o in t o t h e cl ass roo m e v e ry da y, w e know t h ese ch a ll e n ges w e ll a n d h a v e co m po sed t h e e i g h t h ed i t ion of America’s History t o h e lp in st ruc t or s meet t h em America’s History h as lon g h ad a r e pu tat ion in t h e AP co mm uni t y for i ts b a l a nc ed cov e r age , atte n t ion t o AP t h emes a n d con te n t , a n d a bili t y t o e xpl a in t o st u de n ts no t j u st wh at h a pp e n ed , bu t why The l atest ed i t ion bo t h pr ese rv es a n d s ub sta n - t i a lly buil ds upon t ho se st r e n gt h s The foun dat ion of our a ppro a ch li es in our co m- m i tme n t t o a n in teg r ated hi st ory. America’s History co m bin es t r ad i t ion a l “t op d own ” n a rr at iv es of poli t ic a l a n d e cono m ic affa ir s wi t h “ bo tt o m up ” n a rr at iv es of t h e liv ed e xp e ri e nc es of or d in a ry p e opl e O ur g o a l i s t o h e lp st u de n ts a chi e v e a rich e r un de r sta n d in g of poli t ic s , d iplo ma cy, w a r, e cono m ic s , in te ll e c t u a l a n d cul t ur a l lif e , a n d ge n de r, cl ass , a n d r a c e r e l at ion s by e xplorin g how de v e lop me n ts in a ll t h ese a r eas w e r e in te rcon - n e c ted O ur a n a ly s i s i s fu e l ed by a p ass ion for e xplorin g bi g , con seq u e n t i a l q u est ion s H ow d i d a coloni a l s l a v e s oci et y sett l ed by p e opl e fro m four con t in e n ts b e co me a plur a li st dem ocr a cy ? H ow h a v e lib e r t y a n d eq u a li t y infor med t h e Ame ric a n e xp e ri e nc e? Q u est ion s lik e t h ese h e lp st u de n ts un de r sta n d wh at’s at sta k e as w e st u d y t h e p ast I n America’s History , w e provi de a n in te- g r ated hi st oric a l a ppro a ch a n d brin g a ded ic at ion t o why history matters t o b ea r on t h e full s w ee p of Ame r - ic a’s p ast O n e of t h e m o st e xci t in g de v e lop me n ts in t hi s ed i - t ion i s t h e a rriv a l of a n e w a u t hor, E ric H in de r a k e r. A n Preface Why This Book This Way viii 13&'"$&8):5)*4#00,5)*48": T o l ea rn m or e a bou t t h e b e n efits of Lea rnin g Curv e a n d La unch Pad , see t h e “Ve r s ion s a n d S uppl eme n ts” se c - t ion on p age xii. A Nine-Part Framework Highlights Key Developments O n e of t h e g r eatest st r e n gt h s of America’s History i s i ts p a r t st ruc t ur e , which h e lp s st u de n ts i de n t ify t h e k e y forc es a n d maj or de v e lop me n ts t h at s h a p ed ea ch e r a A four - p age p a r t op e n e r in t ro d uc es ea ch p a r t , u s in g a n a ly s i s , st rikin g i mages , a n d a deta il ed thematic timeline t o ori e n t st u de n ts t o t h e maj or de v e lop me n ts a n d t h emes of t h e p e rio d cov e r ed N e w Thematic Understanding q u est ion s as k st u de n ts t o con s i de r p e rio d i zat ion a n d ma k e conn e c t ion s am on g ch a p te r s whil e r e inforcin g AP t h emes a n d Themat ic Lea rnin g O b je c t iv es By or ga ni z in g U S hi st ory in t o nin e d i st inc t p e rio ds , r at h e r t h a n j u st t hir t y - on e s ucc ess iv e ch a p te r s , w e e ncour age st u de n ts t o t r a c e ch a n ges a n d con t inu - i t i es ov e r t i me a n d t o g r as p conn e c t ion s b et w ee n poli t i - c a l, e cono m ic, s oci a l, a n d cul t ur a l e v e n ts I n t hi s ed i t ion, w e h a v e clo se ly a li g n ed t h e book ’s p a r t st ruc t ur e t o t h e r edes i g n ed AP U S H i st ory cour se t o ma k e t h e t r a n s i t ion t o t h e n e w e x am seam l ess F ro m b eg innin g t o e n d , you ’ ll fi n d t h at our nin e- p a r t or ga ni - zat ion corr es pon ds t o t h e Coll ege Bo a r d’s nin e p e rio ds T o h e lp your st u de n ts pr e p a r e for t h e n e w e x am’s e xp a n ded atte n t ion t o N at iv e Ame ric a n s , pr e con ta c t n at iv e s oci et i es a n d E urop ea n coloni zat ion a r e now cov - e r ed in t wo d i st inc t p a r ts , a llowin g u s t o de vo te co m pr e- h e n s iv e atte n t ion t o t h e whol e of Nor t h Ame ric a b e for e t h e 1760s I n t h e m o de rn p e rio d , our fi n a l t wo p a r ts o ffe r e xp a n ded cov e r age of t h e p e rio d afte r 1945 , m ir - rorin g t h e AP e x am’s incr eased atte n t ion t o t h e r e c e n t p ast Th rou g hou t , our p a r t in t ro d uc t ion s g iv e st u de n ts t h e t ool s t o un de r sta n d why t h e p e rio d i zat ion look s t h e w a y i t d o es , h e lpin g t h em buil d t h e H i st oric a l Th inkin g S kill s t h e cour se dema n ds The nin e p a r ts or ga ni ze t h e co m pl e x hi st ory of Nor t h Ame ric a a n d t h e U ni ted States in t o co m pr e h e n s ibl e se c t ion s wi t h d i st inc t t h emes , a st ruc t ur e t h at provi des in st ruc t or s wi t h t h e cruci a l hi s- t oric a l b a ckbon e whil e a llowin g t h em t h e fr eed o m t o ada p t s p e ci fi c e x am pl es fro m t h e ir cl ass roo m Part 1, “Transformations of North America, 1450–1700,” hi g hli g h ts t h e d iv e r s i t y a n d co m pl e xi t y of N at iv e Ame ric a n s prior t o E urop ea n con ta c t , e x am in es t h e t r a n s for mat iv e i m p a c t of E urop ea n in t ru s ion s a n d t h e Colu m bi a n E xch a n ge , a n d em ph as i zes t h e e xp e ri - me n ta l q u a li t y of coloni a l v e n t ur es Part 2, “British North America and the Atlantic World, 1660–1763,” e xpl a in s t h e d iv e r s i fi c at ion of Bri t i s h Nor t h Ame ric a a n d t h e ri se of t h e Bri t i s h At l a n t ic W orl d a n d em ph a- s i zes t h e i m por ta nc e of con ta c t b et w ee n coloni sts a n d N at iv e Ame ric a n s a n d i m p e ri a l riv a lri es am on g E uro - p ea n pow e r s Part 3, “Revolution and Republican Culture, 1763–1820,” t r a c es t h e ri se of coloni a l pro test aga in st Bri t i s h i m p e ri a l r e for m , ou t lin es t h e w a y s t h at t h e Ame ric a n Re volu t ion ch a ll e n ged t h e s oci a l or de r, a n d e xplor es t h e proc esses of con q u est , co m p et i t ion, a n d con s oli dat ion t h at follow ed i t Part 4, “Overlapping Revolutions, 1800–1860,” t r a c es t h e t r a n s for mat ion of t h e e cono m y, s oci et y, a n d cul t ur e of t h e n e w n at ion ; t h e cr eat ion of a dem ocr at ic poli t y ; a n d g rowin g se c t ion a l d ivi s ion s Part 5, “Cre- ating and Preserving a Continental Nation, 1844– 1877,” cov e r s t h e con fl ic ts ge n e r ated by Ame ric a’s em pir e buil d in g in t h e West , inclu d in g se c t ion a l poli t i - c a l st ru gg l es t h at l ed t o t h e Civil Wa r a n d n at ion a l con - s oli dat ion of pow e r d urin g a n d afte r Re con st ruc t ion. Part 6, “Industrializing America: Upheavals and Experiments, 1877–1917,” e x am in es t h e t r a n s for ma- t ion s brou g h t a bou t by t h e ri se of corpor at ion s a n d a pow e rhou se in d u st ri a l e cono m y ; i mm i g r at ion a n d a d iv e r se , urb a ni z in g s oci et y ; a n d m ov eme n ts for pro - g r ess iv e r e for m Part 7, “Domestic and Global Challenges, 1890– 1945,” e xplor es Ame ric a’s ri se t o worl d pow e r, t h e cul - t ur a l t r a n s for mat ion s a n d poli t ic a l con fl ic ts of t h e 1920s , t h e G r eat De pr ess ion, a n d t h e cr eat ion of t h e w e lf a r e state Part 8, “The Modern State and the Age of Liberalism, 1945–1980,” add r esses t h e po st w a r p e rio d , inclu d in g Ame ric a’s n e w g lob a l l eade r s hip rol e d urin g t h e Col d Wa r ; t h e e xp a n s ion of f ede r a l r es pon - s ibili t y d urin g a n e w “age of lib e r a li sm”; a n d t h e g row t h of mass con s u m p t ion a n d t h e m i dd l e cl ass F in a lly, Part 9, “Global Capitalism and the End of the Amer- ican Century, 1980 to the Present,” d i s cu sses t h e con - se rv at iv e poli t ic a l as c e n da ncy of t h e 1980s; t h e e n d of t h e Col d Wa r a n d ri s in g con fl ic t in t h e M i dd l e East; a n d g lob a li zat ion a n d incr eas in g s oci a l in eq u a li t y. Hundreds of Sources Encourage Comparative and Critical Thinking America’s History h as lon g em ph as i zed pri ma ry s ourc es I n add i t ion t o w ea vin g liv e ly q uo tat ion s t hrou g hou t t h e n a rr at iv e , w e o ffe r st u de n ts s ub sta n t i a l e xc e rp ts PREFACE: WHY THIS BOOK THIS WAY ix from hi st oric a l docum e n ts — l ette r s , di a ri es , a u t obiog - r a phi es , public test imony, a nd mor e — a nd num e rou s fi gur es t h at giv e st ud e n ts pr a c t ic e working wi t h d ata These docum e n ts a llow st ud e n ts t o e xp e ri e nc e t h e p ast t hrough t h e word s a nd p e r s p e c t iv es of t ho se who liv e d i t , t o und e r sta nd how hi st ori a n s m a k e se n se of t h e p ast u s ing d ata , a nd t o g a in s kill in in te rpr et ing hi st oric a l e vid e nc e Ea ch ch a p te r con ta in s t hr ee s ourc e- b ase d f eat ur es t h at pr e p a r e st ud e n ts for t h e rigor of t h e D ocum e n t- B ase d Q u est ion ( D B Q ). American Voices , a t wo - p a g e f eat ur e in ea ch ch a p - te r, h e lp s st ud e n ts l ea rn t o t hink cri t ic a lly by com - p a ring te x ts wri tte n from t wo or mor e p e r s p e c t iv es N e w t opic s includ e “The De b ate ov e r F r ee a nd S l a v e La bor, ” “Je wi s h Immigr a n ts in t h e Indu st ri a l E con - omy, ” “The odor e R oo se v e l t : F rom A n t i -P opuli st t o N e w N at ion a li st , ” a nd “ Immigr at ion Afte r 1965 : I ts De f e nd e r s a nd Cri t ic s ” N e w America Compared f eat ur es u se prim a ry s ourc es a nd d ata t o s i t u ate U S . hi st ory in a glob a l con - te x t whil e giving st ud e n ts pr a c t ic e in comp a ri s on a nd d ata a n a ly s i s Ret ool e d from t h e V oic es from A bro a d f eat ur e from t h e l ast e di t ion t o includ e d ata in a ddi t ion t o prim a ry s ourc es , t h ese f eat ur es a pp ea r in e v e ry ch a p te r on t opic s as div e r se as t h e fi gh t for wom e n ’s righ ts in F r a nc e a nd t h e U ni te d States , a n e x a min at ion of l a bor l a w s afte r e m a ncip at ion in Ha i t i a nd t h e U ni te d States , t h e lo ss of hum a n lif e in W orld Wa r I, a nd a n a n a ly s i s of t h e worldwid e e conomic m a l a i se of t h e 1970s F in a lly, w e a r e e xci te d t o in t roduc e a br a nd - n e w f eat ur e t o a id you in tea ching H i st oric a l Th inking S kill s A Thinking Like a Historian f eat ur e in e v e ry ch a p te r includ es fi v e t o e igh t bri e f s ourc es org a ni ze d a round a c e n t r a l t h e m e , s uch as “ B e yond t h e P rocl a- m at ion L in e , ” “Ma king M od e rn P r es id e n ts , ” a nd “The S uburb a n La nd s c a p e of Cold Wa r A m e ric a ” In t hi s D B Q- lik e e nvironm e n t , st ud e n ts a r e as k e d t o a n a ly ze t h e docum e n ts a nd compl ete a P u tt ing I t A ll T og et h e r ass ignm e n t t h at as k s t h e m t o s yn t h es i ze a nd u se t h e e vid e nc e t o cr eate a n a rgum e n t . B e c a u se w e und e r - sta nd how impor ta n t prim a ry s ourc es a r e t o t h e st udy of hi st ory, w e a r e a l s o pl ease d t o o ffe r a n a ll - n e w comp a nion r ea d e r, Sources for America’s History , f eat uring a w ea l t h of a ddi t ion a l docum e n ts , includ - ing uni q u e p a r t sets t i e d t o AP The m at ic Lea rning O b je c t iv es As in p ast e di t ion s , a n ou tsta nding visual program e ng a g es st ud e n ts’ atte n t ion a nd giv es t h e m pr a c t ic e in working wi t h vi s u a l s ourc es The e igh t h e di t ion f ea- t ur es ov e r 425 p a in t ing s , c a r t oon s , illu st r at ion s , pho t o - gr a ph s , a nd ch a r ts , mo st of t h e m in full color a nd mor e t h a n a q u a r te r n e w t o t hi s e di t ion. Inform at iv e c a p t ion s set t h e illu st r at ion s in con te x t a nd provid e st ud e n ts wi t h b a ckground for m a king t h e ir own a n a ly s i s of t h e im a g es in t h e book. K ee nly a w a r e t h at st ud e n ts l a ck g e ogr a phic li te r a cy, w e h a v e includ e d do ze n s of maps t h at s how m aj or d e v e lopm e n ts in t h e n a rr at iv e , ea ch wi t h a c a p t ion t o h e lp st ud e n ts in te rpr et wh at t h e y see Ta k e n t og et h e r, t h ese docum e n ts , fi gur es , m a p s , a nd illu st r at ion s provid e in st ruc t or s wi t h a t rov e of tea ching m ate ri a l s , s o t h at America’s History o ffe r s no t only a comp e lling n a rr at iv e , bu t a l s o — righ t in t h e te x t — t h e rich docum e n ta ry m ate ri a l s t h at in st ruc t or s n ee d t o bring t h e p ast a liv e a nd in t roduc e st ud e n ts t o hi st oric a l a n a ly s i s Study Aids Support Understanding and Teach Historical Thinking Skills The st udy a id s in t h e e igh t h e di t ion h a v e b ee n com - pl ete ly r e vi se d t o b ette r s uppor t st ud e n ts in t h e ir und e r sta nding of t h e m ate ri a l a nd in t h e ir d e v e lop - m e n t of H i st oric a l Th inking S kill s . N e w Identify the Big Idea q u est ion s at t h e sta r t of e v e ry ch a p te r guid e st ud e n ts’ r ea ding a nd focu s t h e ir atte n t ion on id e n t ify - ing no t j u st wh at h a pp e n e d, bu t why. A v a ri et y of l ea rn - ing t ool s from t h e b e ginning t o t h e e nd of ea ch ch a p te r s uppor t t hi s big id ea focu s , which i s in lin e wi t h t h e n e w AP e x a m ’s e mph as i s on The m at ic Lea rning O b je c - t iv es As t h e y r ea d, st ud e n ts will g a in pro fi ci e ncy in H i st oric a l Th inking S kill s vi a marginal review ques- tions t h at as k t h e m t o “ Id e n t ify C a u ses , ” “T r a c e Ch a ng e ov e r T im e , ” a nd “U nd e r sta nd P oin ts of V i e w, ” a mong o t h e r s kill s W h e r e st ud e n ts a r e lik e ly t o st umbl e ov e r a k e y conc e p t , w e boldf a c e i t in t h e te x t wh e r e i t i s fi r st m e n t ion e d a nd provid e a glossary t h at d efi n es ea ch te rm. In t h e Ch a p te r Re vi e w se c t ion, a set of Review Questions i s giv e n for t h e ch a p te r as a whol e t h at includ es a n e w Thematic Understanding q u est ion, a long wi t h Making Connections q u est ion s t h at as k st ud e n ts t o con s id e r bro a d e r hi st oric a l i ss u es , d e v e lop - m e n ts , a nd con t inui t i es a nd ch a ng es ov e r t im e A bri e f li st of More to Explore s ourc es dir e c ts st ud e n ts t o a cc ess ibl e prin t a nd We b r es ourc es for a ddi t ion a l r ea d - ing. Last ly, a Timeline wi t h a n e w Key Turning Points q u est ion r e mind s st ud e n ts of impor ta n t e v e n ts a nd as k s t h e m t o con s id e r p e riodi zat ion. x 13&'"$&8):5)*4#00,5)*48": New Scholarship Includes Latest Research and Interpretations I n t h e n e w ed i t ion, w e con t inu e t o o ffe r in st ruc t or s a bol d a ccoun t of U S hi st ory t h at r efle c ts t h e l atest , m o st e xci t in g s chol a r s hip in t h e fie l d Th rou g hou t t h e book, w e h a v e g iv e n incr eased atte n t ion t o poli t ic a l cul t ur e a n d poli t ic a l e cono m y, inclu d in g t h e hi st ory of c a pi ta li sm , u s in g t hi s a n a ly s i s t o h e lp st u de n ts un de r - sta n d how s oci et y, cul t ur e , poli t ic s , a n d t h e e cono m y infor med on e a no t h e r. W i t h n e w a u t hor E ric H in de r a k e r a bo a r d , w e h a v e ta k e n t h e oppor t uni t y t o r e conc e p t u a li ze m uch of t h e pr e-1800 mate ri a l. Th i s ed i t ion op e n s wi t h t wo d r a- mat ic a lly r e vi sed ch a p te r s ma rk ed by clo se r a n d m or e s u sta in ed atte n t ion t o t h e w a y N at iv e Ame ric a n s s h a p ed , a n d w e r e s h a p ed by, t h e con ta c t e xp e ri e nc e a n d hi g hli g h t in g t h e te nuou s a n d v a ri ed n at ur e of coloni a l e xp e ri me n tat ion. These ch a n ges c a rry t hrou g h t h e ed i t ion in a s h a rp e n ed con t in e n ta l p e r s p e c t iv e a n d e xp a n ded cov e r age of N at iv e Ame ric a n s , t h e e nviron - me n t , a n d t h e West in e v e ry e r a We h a v e a l s o brou g h t clo se r atte n t ion t o t h e p atte rn s a n d v a ri et i es of coloni a l e n te rpri se a n d n e w atte n t ion t o t h e At l a n t ic W orl d a n d t h e ma ny r e volu t ion s — in prin t , con s u m p t ion, a n d poli t ic s — t h at t r a n s for med t h e e i g h tee n t h c e n t ury. I n our cov e r age of t h e nin etee n t h c e n t ury, t h e d i s- cu ss ion of s l a v e ry now inclu des mate ri a l on A fric a n Ame ric a n chil d hoo d a n d t h e i m p a c t of hir ed- ou t s l a v es on bl a ck i de n t i t y. The s piri t u a l lif e of J o se ph Sm i t h a l s o r e c e iv es g r eate r atte n t ion, as d o t h e co m pl e x att i t u des of M or m on s t ow a r d s l a v e ry. N e w fi n d in gs h a v e a l s o dee p e n ed t h e a n a ly s i s of t h e w a r wi t h Me xico a n d i ts i m p a c t on d o mest ic poli t ic s Bu t t h e r ea lly n e w f eat ur e of t h ese ch a p te r s i s t h e ir h e i g h te n ed in te rn a- t ion a l, in deed g lob a l, p e r s p e c t iv e I n t h e po st– Civil Wa r ch a p te r s , e nh a nc ed cov e r age of ge n de r, et hnici t y, a n d r a c e inclu des g r eate r em ph as i s on ga y a n d l es bi a n hi st ory a n d As i a n a n d Lat ino i mm i - g r at ion, a lon gs i de t h e e n t ir e ch a p te r de vo ted t o t h e civil ri g h ts m ov eme n t , a maj or add i t ion t o t h e l ast ed i - t ion. F in a lly, w e h a v e k e p t up wi t h r e c e n t de v e lop me n ts wi t h a n e xp a n ded se c t ion on t h e O b ama pr es i de ncy a n d t h e e l e c t ion s of 2008 a n d 2012 Acknowledgments We a r e g r ate ful t o t h e followin g s chol a r s a n d tea ch e r s who r e por ted on t h e ir e xp e ri e nc es wi t h t h e se v e n t h ed i t ion or r e vi e w ed f eat ur es of t h e n e w ed i t ion. The ir co mme n ts o fte n ch a ll e n ged u s t o r et hink or j u st ify our in te rpr etat ion s a n d a lw a y s provi ded a ch e ck on a ccu - r a cy d own t o t h e sma ll est deta il. High School Reviewers: Chri st in e Bon d- Cur t ri g h t , Edmond Memorial High School Matt h e w E llin gt on, Ruben S. Ayala High School Jas on Ge or ge , The Bryn Mawr School Ge ri Hast in gs , Catonsville High School S u sa n I k e nb e rry, Georgetown Day School J ohn I ri s h, John Paul II High School J oc e lyn M in e r, Mercy High School L oui sa Bon d M o ffitt , Marist School C a r e n R B. Sa un de r s , Kent County High School N a ncy S chick, Los Alamos High School W illi am A S h e l t on, Trinity Valley School College Reviewers: Jeff r e y S Ad l e r, University of Florida Je nnif e r L B e r t ol et , The George Washington University V icki Bl a ck, Blinn College Ste f a n Bo s wor t h, Hostos Community College Tamm y K. Byron, Dalton State College Jess ic a C a nnon, University of Central Missouri R o se Da rrou g h, Palomar College Pet r a DeW i tt , Missouri University of Science & Technology N a ncy J D uk e , Daytona State College R ich a r d M F ilipink, Western Illinois University Matt h e w Ga rr ett , Bakersfield College B e n jam in H Ham p t on, Manchester Community College and Great Bay Community College Isad or a He lf g o tt , University of Wyoming Ste ph a ni e Ja nn e n ga , Muskegon Community College A n t oin e J o se ph, Bryant University L orr a in e M Lees , Old Dominion University J ohn S Le iby, Paradise Valley Community College K a r e n Wa r d Ma h a r, Siena College 13&'"$&8):5)*4#00,5)*48": xi T i m o t hy R Ma hon e y, University of Nebraska–Lincoln E ric Ma y e r, Victor Valley College G l e nn Me l a ncon, Southeastern Oklahoma State University James M ill s , University of Texas, Brownsville F r a nc es M i t ilin e o s , Oakton Community College A nn e Pa ul et , Humboldt State University Th o mas Rat li ff , Central Connecticut State University LeeA nn Re ynol ds , Samford University Je nny S h a w, University of Alabama Cour t n e y Sm i t h, Cabrini College T i m o t hy Th urb e r, Virginia Commonwealth University Sa r a h E Va n dame n t , North Lake College of the Dallas County Community College District J ulio Vasq u ez , University of Kansas L oui s W illi ams , St. Louis Community College–Forest Park As t h e a u t hor s of America’s History , w e know b ette r t h a n a nyon e e l se how m uch t hi s book i s t h e work of o t h e r h a n ds a n d m in ds We a r e in de b ted t o Ma ry D ou g h e r t y, W illi am J L o m b a r d o, Da n M c D onou g h, a n d Ja n e Kn etzge r, who ov e r sa w t hi s ed i t ion, a n d La ur a A rc a ri, who as k ed t h e ri g h t q u est ion s , s u ggested a m ul - t i t u de of i m prov eme n ts , a n d e xp e r t ly g ui ded t h e ma n - u s crip t t o co m pl et ion. As u s u a l, De ni se B. W y d r a a n d J o a n E Fe inb e r g ge n e rou s ly provi ded t h e r es ourc es w e n eeded t o pro d uc e a n ou tsta n d in g volu me A nn ette Pag li a ro S w ee n e y d i d a maste rful j ob con s ul t in g wi t h t h e a u t hor s a n d see in g t h e book t hrou g h t h e pro d uc t ion proc ess K a r e n R S o e l tz , Sa n d i M c G uir e , a n d Ja ni e P i e rc e- Br at ch e r in t h e ma rk et in g de p a r tme n t un de r - st oo d how t o co mm unic ate our vi s ion t o tea ch e r s; t h e y a n d t h e mem b e r s of coll ege a n d hi g h s chool sa l es forc es d i d won de rful work in h e lpin g t hi s ed i t ion r ea ch t h e cl ass roo m We a l s o t h a nk t h e r est of our ed i t ori a l a n d pro d uc t ion team for t h e ir ded ic ated eff or ts : Ass o - ci ate Ed i t or s R obin S oul e a n d Je n J ovin ; Ed i t ori a l Ass i sta n t V ic t ori a R oy a l ; S u sa n Z orn, who copy ed i ted t h e ma nu s crip t; proofr eade r s A r t hur J ohn s on a n d L in dsa y D i G i a nvi tt orio ; a r t r esea rch e r s Pem brok e He rb e r t a n d Sa n d i R y g i e l at P ic t ur e Resea rch Con s ul - ta n ts , I nc. ; te x t p e r m i ss ion s r esea rch e r E v e Le h ma nn ; a n d K a lin a I n g h am a n d H il a ry N e w ma n, who ov e r sa w p e r m i ss ion s F in a lly, w e w a n t t o e xpr ess our a ppr e ci a- t ion for t h e inv a lu a bl e ass i sta nc e of Pat rici a De v e n ea u, who e xp e r t ly s u ggested t opic s a n d s ourc es for t h e Th inkin g L ik e a H i st ori a n f eat ur es in Ch a p te r s 8–14; K e n d r a K e nn ed y, for cruci a l r esea rch a i d; a n d E li za Bl a nch a r d a n d E rin Bo ss , a n d es p e ci a lly M ich e ll e W h a l e n a n d t h e U S hi st ori a n s — R ob e r t Bri g h am , M iri am Coh e n, James Me rr e ll, a n d Q uincy M ill s — for t h e ir inv a lu a bl e h e lp a n d ad vic e at Vassa r. Ma ny t h a nk s t o a ll of you for your con t ribu t ion s t o t hi s n e w ed i t ion of America’s History James A He nr etta E ric H in de r a k e r Re b e cc a Ed w a r ds R ob e r t O Se lf xiii Versions and Supplements Ad op te r s of America’s History a n d t h e ir st u de n ts h a v e a cc ess t o a bun da n t e x t r a r es ourc es , inclu d in g d ocu - me n ts , pr ese n tat ion a n d test in g mate ri a l s , t h e a ccl a i med B ed for d Se ri es in H i st ory a n d Cul t ur e volu mes , a n d m uch m or e See b e low for m or e infor mat ion, vi s i t t h e book ’s c ata lo g s i te at highschool.bfwpub.com /henretta8e , or con ta c t your loc a l B ed for d , F r eema n, a n d W or t h sa l es r e pr ese n tat iv e N EW Assign LaunchPad — the Online, Interactive e-Book in a Course Space Enriched with Integrated Assets The n e w sta n da r d in d i g i ta l hi st ory, La unch Pad cour se t ool s a r e s o in t ui t iv e t o u se t h at tea ch e r s fi n d i t’s eas y t o cr eate ass i g n me n ts , t r a ck st u de n ts’ work, a n d a cc ess a w ea l t h of r e l e v a n t l ea rnin g a n d tea chin g r es ourc es It i s t h e i dea l l ea rnin g e nviron me n t for st u de n ts t o work wi t h t h e te x t , ma p s , d ocu me n ts , vi de o, a n d assessme n t La unch Pad i s lo aded wi t h t h e full in te r a c t iv e e- book a n d t h e Sources for America’s History d ocu me n ts coll e c - t ion — plu s Lea rnin g Curv e , s hor t a u t hor vi de o ch a p te r pr e vi e w s , add i t ion a l pri ma ry s ourc es , vi de o s , g ui ded r ead in g e x e rci ses des i g n ed t o h e lp st u de n ts r ead a c t iv e ly for k e y conc e p ts , box ed f eat ur e r ead in g q ui zzes , ch a p - te r s u mmat iv e q ui zzes , a n d m or e La unch Pad c a n b e u sed as i s or cu st o m i zed , a n d i t eas ily in teg r ates wi t h cour se ma n ageme n t s y stems A n d wi t h f ast w a y s t o buil d ass i g n me n ts , r ea rr a n ge ch a p te r s , a n d add n e w p ages , se c t ion s , or link s , i t l ets tea ch e r s buil d t h e cour se mate ri a l s t h e y n eed a n d hol d st u de n ts a ccoun ta bl e N EW Assign LearningCurve So You Know What Your Students Know and They Come to Class Prepared Ass i g nin g Lea rnin g Curv e in pl a c e of r ead in g q ui zzes i s eas y for in st ruc t or s , a n d t h e r e por t in g f eat ur es h e lp in st ruc t or s t r a ck ov e r a ll cl ass t r e n ds a n d s po t t opic s t h at a r e g ivin g st u de n ts t roubl e s o t h e y c a n adj u st t h e ir l e c t ur es a n d cl ass a c t ivi t i es Th i s onlin e l ea rnin g t ool i s popul a r wi t h st u de n ts b e c a u se i t w as des i g n ed t o h e lp t h em r e h ea r se con te n t at t h e ir own p a c e in a non - t hr eate nin g , game lik e e nviron me n t The f eed b a ck for wron g a n s w e r s provi des in st ruc t ion a l co a chin g a n d se n ds st u de n ts b a ck t o t h e book for r e vi e w. St u de n ts a n s w e r as ma ny q u est ion s as n e c essa ry t o r ea ch a ta r get s cor e , wi t h r e p eated ch a nc es t o r e vi s i t mate ri a l t h e y h a v e n ’t maste r ed W h e n Lea rnin g Curv e i s ass i g n ed , st u de n ts co me t o cl ass b ette r pr e p a r ed N EW Annotated Teacher’s Edition for America’s History The A nno tated Tea ch e r ’s Ed i t ion provi des a w ea l t h of g ui da nc e a n d s uppor t for AP tea ch e r s De v e lop ed for t h e AP U S H i st ory e x am r edes i g n, a nno tat ion s inclu de m o de l a n s w e r s for q u est ion s in t h e book, tea chin g t ip s , H i st oric a l Th inkin g S kill s pr a c t ic e , p a cin g g ui des , e x am a l e r ts , a n d m or e The tea ch e r ’s ed i t ion h e lp s tea ch e r s at a ll l e v e l s buil d t h e m o st s ucc ess ful AP U S H i st ory cour se t h e y c a n. A u t hor s Matt h e w J E llin gt on of R ub e n S A y a l a Se nior H i g h S chool, Jas on Ge or ge of t h e Bryn Ma wr S chool, a n d Ge or ge W He nry J r. of East H i g h S chool a r e a ll e xp e ri e nc ed AP in st ruc t or s , e x am r eade r s , a n d work s hop l eade r s wi t h a dee p f am il - i a ri t y wi t h t h e AP U S H i st ory r edes i g n. Strive for a 5: Preparing for the AP U.S. History Examination Re vi sed for t h e r edes i g n ed cour se , t hi s prin t g ui de provi des st u de n ts wi t h n a rr at iv e a n d t h emat ic ov e r - vi e w s of ea ch hi st oric a l p e rio d , ch a p te r r e vi e w s or ga- ni zed a roun d AP k e y conc e p ts , a n d AP-st yl e pr a c t ic e e x ams , inclu d in g s ourc e- b ased m ul t ipl e- choic e a n d d ocu me n t- b ased q u est ion s as w e ll as s hor t- a n d lon g- a n s w e r essa y q u est ion s The g ui de i s a u t hor ed by Wa rr e n H i e rl of t h e C a r ee r C e n te r, W in st on -Sa l em , NC (r et ir ed ), L oui sa M o ffitt of Ma ri st S chool, At l a n ta , GA , a n d N a ncy S chick of L o s A l am o s H i g h S chool, N M (r et ir ed ), a ll e xp e ri e nc ed AP tea ch e r s , e x am r ead- e r s , a n d work s hop l eade r s Take Advantage of Instructor Resources B ed for d/St Ma r t in ’s h as de v e lop ed a rich a rr a y of tea chin g r es ourc es for t hi s book a n d for t hi s cour se The y r a n ge fro m l e c t ur e a n d pr ese n tat ion mate ri a l s a n d assessme n t t ool s t o cour se ma n ageme n t op t ion s M o st c a n b e d ownlo aded or or de r ed at highschool .bfwpub.com/henretta8e xiv 7&34*0/4"/%4611-&.&/54 Computerized Test Bank. The test b a nk inclu des a m ix of fr es h, c a r e fully cr afted m ul t ipl e- choic e , s hor t- a n s w e r, a n d essa y q u est ion s for ea ch ch a p te r. It a l s o con ta in s br a n d n e w s ourc e- b ased m ul t ipl e- choic e q u est ion s a n d p a r t wi de essa y q u est ion s A ll q u est ion s a pp ea r in M icro s o ft W or d for mat a n d in eas y -t o - u se test b a nk s o ft w a r e t h at a llow s in st ruc t or s t o add , ed i t , r e-seq u e nc e , a n d prin t q u est ion s a n d a n s w e r s I n st ruc t or s c a n a l s o e xpor t q u est ion s in t o a v a ri et y of for mats , inclu d in g Bl a ckbo a r d , Des ir e2Lea rn, a n d M oo d l e N EW Teacher’s Survival Guide. Cr eated for tea ch e r s , by tea ch e r s , t hi s uni q u e set of r es ourc es — a test b a nk a n d a roun dta bl e — o ffe r s APUSH tea ch e r s assessme n t t ool s , h e lp wi t h r edes i g nin g t h e ir U S hi st ory cour ses , a n d t hou g h t ful ad vic e fro m v ete r a n tea ch e r s a n d col - l ege prof ess or s Cr eated by Matt h e w J E llin gt on, James Bok e rn, M ich ae l A Sm i t h, a n d W illi am P ol as ky III — v ete r a n AP U S hi st ory tea ch e r s , e x am r eade r s , a n d work s hop l eade r s — t h e E x amV i e w U.S. History Test Bank for the New AP® Course a llow s tea ch e r s t o cr eate a n d ed i t tests a n d q ui zzes for in - cl ass or at- ho me u se O r ga ni zed a ccor d in g t o t h e r edes i g n ed curriculu m fr ame work, t h e test b a nk ’s nin e p a r ts inclu de 250 for mat iv e m ul t ipl e- choic e q u est ion s focu sed on k e y conc e p ts , m or e t h a n 300 st i m ulu s- b ased m ul t ipl e- choic e q u est ion s , nu me r - ou s s hor t-a n s w e r a n d lon g-essa y q u est ion s , a n d 8 co m- pl ete D B Qs The test b a nk i s a cco m p a ni ed by Teaching U.S. History: A Roundtable Discussion focu sed on tea ch - in g t h e n e w AP U S H i st ory cour se wi t h in s i g h ts fro m e xp e ri e nc ed AP tea ch e r s in t o t h e r edes i g n of t h e U S hi st ory s urv e y, inclu d in g tea chin g wi t h t h emes , em ph a- s i z in g hi st oric a l t hinkin g s kill s , a n d b a l a ncin g br eadt h a n d de p t h in t h e cour se The Bedford Lecture Kit Instructor’s Resource CD- ROM. Th i s r es ourc e provi des r ead y -made a n d fully cu st o m i za bl e P ow e r P oin t m ul t i med i a pr ese n tat ion s t h at inclu de l e c t ur e ou t lin es wi t h em b edded ma p s , fig- ur es , a n d se l e c ted i mages fro m t h e te x t book a n d e x t r a b a ck g roun d for in st ruc t or s A l s o a v a il a bl e a r e ma p s a n d se l e c ted i mages in JPEG a n d P ow e r P oin t for mats; con te n t for i > click e r, a cl ass roo m r es pon se s y stem , in M icro s o ft W or d a n d P ow e r P oin t for mats; t h e I n st ruc - t or ’s Res ourc e Ma nu a l in M icro s o ft W or d for mat; a n d ou t lin e ma p s in PDF for mat for q ui zz in g or h a n d in g ou t A ll fi l es a r e s ui ta bl e for co