ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁ ﻨﺪه ﺁﻥ ﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽ ﺩﻫﯿﻢ ،ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ،ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ .ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯼ :ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺩه ﺩﺍﺭﯼ ،ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﺌﻮﺩﺍﻟﯿﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯼ .ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻗﻠﯿﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﯿﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ .ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩه ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩه ،ﻓﺌﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺮ ﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩه ﺩﺍﺭﯼ ،ﻓﺌﻮﺩﺍﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻣﺮﯼ ﺭﺍﯾﺞ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ. ﮐﺪ ﺧﺒﺮ | 37536 :ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺧﺒﺮ18/03/1395 : ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﺼﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ ،ﺍﺯ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﮐﻪ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ،ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ ،ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ،ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ )ﮐﻪ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪهﺍﻧﺪ( ،ﺪ ﺪهﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻭ ﻭﯾﮋه ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪهﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﯼ ﺟﺪ ﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻋﻤﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩ ﮕﺮﯼ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺩﺍﺩه ﻭ ﺁ ﻨﺪه ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩ ﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺯﺩ ،ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﺍﺗﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ .ﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩه ﻭ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﮐﺴﺐ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ .ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﯿﻢ ،ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﮐﻠﯿﻪ ﺷﺆﻥ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ،ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ. ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ :ﺑﺸﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺩهﺩﺍﺭﯼ ،ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﺌﻮﺩﺍﻟﯿﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ .ﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻗﻠﯿﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﯿﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ .ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩهﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩه ،ﻓﺌﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺮ ﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺩهﺩﺍﺭﯼ ،ﻓﺌﻮﺩﺍﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻣﺮﯼ ﺭﺍﯾﺞ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮏ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﻭﯾﮋه ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ِ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻭﺝ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎ ﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭ ﺎ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺶﻗﺮﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻮﺩ ،ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ .ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺳﯿﻞ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﯿﮑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺳﺮﺍﺯﯾﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ .ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ،ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩه ﮐﺮﺩه ،ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺰﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ،ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻫﺰ ﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﻓﺮﺳﻮﺩﮔﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻌﺘﺮ ﺭﻗﻢ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮﺩهﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺟﺪ ﺪﯼ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺑﻮﺩ. ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺎﮎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻔﮑﺮﯾﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻼﺵ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺳﯿﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﮏ ﺳﻘﻒ ،ﻭﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺟﻤﻌﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺎﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ،ﮐﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻔﮑﺮﺍﻥ ،ﻫﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﯾﻦﮐﻪ ﻃﯿﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺁﮔﺎه ﻭ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﮐﻨﺪ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺑﺎ ﻗﯿﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﺍﺕ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ، ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺰﺩ ،ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺁ ﺪ. ً ﺟﻠﻮﯼ ﮏ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ،ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨﺪ ،ﺳﻮﺩﺵ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ" .ﻓﻮﺭﺩ" ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻓﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﯾﻞ ﻗﺮﻥ 20ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺰﺩ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﮐﻨﺪ .ﺭﻗﺒﺎﯼ ﻓﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺳﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻭﯼ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ .ﻓﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺰﺩ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ،ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ،ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺑﻮﺩه ﻭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ 6ﻣﺎه ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ،ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ. ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ،ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻐﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺱ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻤﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ ،ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻣﺘﯿﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ :ﺗﻌﻄﯿﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺧﺼﯽﻫﺎ ،ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻓﻨﯽ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ،ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ،ﺗﺸﮑﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ،ﻣﺬﺍﮐﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﭘﯿﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌﯽ ﮐﺎﺭ ،ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺑﯿﮑﺎﺭﯼ ،ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﯽ ﻭ ...ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﮐﺎﺭ ،ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺼﻮﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ" ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻀﻮ ،ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡﺁﻭﺭ ﮔﺮﺩ ﺪ. ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﮐﺎﺭ ّ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﯿﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺍﻣﺘﯿﺎﺯﺍﺗﯽ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ .ﺍﯾﻦﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﺪ .ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮏ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺭﻓﺎه ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ 1950ﺗﺎ 1970ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺷﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﺪﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ًﺎ ﺍﺯ ﮏ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ ﻧﻮ ،ﮏ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﯿﻞ ﮐﻬﻨﻪ، ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ "ﺑﺎ ﮏ ﻧﺎﻥﺁﻭﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺵ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺿﻤﻨ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﻣﮑﻔﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ". ﺍﻣﺘﯿﺎﺯﺍﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﮐﺴﺐ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻧﮑﺮﺩ .ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺳﻬﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺩ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ،ﺳﻬﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ،ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﻋﻤﺪهﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ. ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻬﺎﻡﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮑﯽ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻬﺎﻣﺪﺍﺭﻥ ﻋﻤﺪه ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 1388ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺭﺷﮑﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺟﻨﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺯ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪه ﺧﻮﺩﺭﺩﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ،ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺪ ﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ،ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ 60ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺟﺪ ﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ 17/5ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﺩﺍ 12ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮ ﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ .ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ،2009ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ67/69 ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﮐﺮﺍ ﺴﻠﺮ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ .ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺟﺪ ﺪﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﯾﯽ ،ﮊﺍ ﻨﯽ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﻧﯿﺰ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺷﺪ .ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ: "ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﯼ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺭﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪﺩ". ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺟﺰﻭ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﯼﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ. ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ :ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺎه ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍه ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﯼ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ( ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ )ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ( ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﺮ ﮏ ﻭ ﺳﻬﯿﻢ ﺑﻮﺩه ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ .ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ )ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ( ﻃﺮﻑ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ )ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﺍﻥ ً ﺳﻬﺎﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻤﺪه ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ( ،ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻌﻨﯽ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ً ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺘﺪ. ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺁﺷﺘﯽ ﻧﺎ ﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﯿﺪ .ﻣﺎﺭﮐﺲ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺎ ﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻀﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎﻟﯿﺴﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺩ ﮑﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﻟﺘﺎﺭ ﺎﺋﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮ ﺪ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺩ. ﺷﺪﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻼﮐﺖﺑﺎﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﯼ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﯿﻠﺴﻮﻑ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺍﻣﯿﺪﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻤﯽﺩ ﺪ ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩه ﺳﺎﻝ ﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻣﺎﺭﮐﺲ ،ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺲ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ :ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ....ﺩﺭﮎ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ،ﮐﻪ ﺑﻮﺭﮊﻭﺍﺯﯼ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻫﯿﭻﮔﺎه ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻠﺖ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺎﻓﺖ .ﺑﺪﯾﻦﺳﺎﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺎﻓﺖ .ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ،ﮐﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺟﻦ ﺧﺒﯿﺜﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ،ﺣﺎﻝ ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﭘﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ،ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﮐﻤﺎﺑﯿﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺩه ﺷﺪ .ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﯼ ﭘﯿﺶ ﮏ ﺪ ﺪه ﺷﯿﻄﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺪﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ،ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﻠﻖ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎ ﺶ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻖ ﻭ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪﺍﯼ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺷﺎﻋﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ،ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎ ﺖ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻧﺪ ،ﺣﺘﯽ ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ 1848ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻟﻌﻦ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺮﯾﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ،ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﺎهﺑﻪﮔﺎه ﻣﻔﯿﺪ ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺩﺍﺩه ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻧﺪ ،ﺑﻮﯾﮋه ﺁﻥﮔﺎه ﮐﻪ ﺁﻗﺎ ﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ .ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ِ ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺶ ﻏﺼﺐ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ،ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻧﻔﺮﺕﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﻧﺪهﺗﺮ ﻨﺸﺎﻥ ﻟﻐﻮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ... .ﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻃﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭه ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ،ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﺪ )ﻓﺮﺩﺭ ﮏ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺲ ،ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ-ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ .(1892 ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﻤﻪﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪ .ﻭ ﺷﺎ ﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎﻟﯿﺴﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﺭﮐﺲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﺧﻮﺩﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺻﺪﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﮑﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁ ﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻘﻮ ﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ .ﺑﯽﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻔﮑﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎﻟﯿﺰه ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮔﻮ ﻨﺪ" .ﻭﺣﺪﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮ.ﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ،ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻨﻪﺗﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ً ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﻬﺎﻥّ ﺗﺴﺮﯼ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ. ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺩه ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ،ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮه ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺒﺎ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ" :ﺩﺭ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ 80ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ 20ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﺳﻬﺎﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 2003ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ،ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ 28/3ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ 21ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ 26/6ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ 13/7ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻤﻪ 7/9ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮏﻫﺎ 2/5ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ...ﻫﻢ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ 25/2ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ً 15/9ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ 16/5ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺑﺎﻧﮏﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ 4/9ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺗﻌﺎﻭﻧﯽﻫﺎ 1/2 ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺟﻤﻌﺎ ً 16ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ 21ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻞ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ" .ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ،ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﺎ )ﻋﻠﯽ ﺻﺎﻟﺢﺁﺑﺎﺩﯼ ﺭﺋﯿﺲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﻬﺎﺩﺍﺭ – ﺗﺒﯿﺎﻥ – (1388/7/21 ً ﻫﻤﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻇﺮﻑ 70-60ﺳﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ،ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺳﻬﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﺩ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺒﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﻓﻮﺍ ﺪﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩهﺍﻧﺪ" .ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ESOPﺎ Employee Stock Ownership Programﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﻫﺪﻑ ESOPﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ،ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺨﺶ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﭘﯿﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩه ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﻠﺐ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ" .ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﯽ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ،ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﻮﺩ .ﯾﻮﺳﻼﺕ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ "ﮔﺮﻭه ﺩﺭﺍﮎ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺩﯾﻮ" ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺳﻠﺪﻭﺭﻑ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﮔﻮ ﺪ :ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﺪهﺍ ﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﮎﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺘﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻬﺮهﻭﺭﯼ ،ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﯿﺎﻓﺰﺍ ﺪ" :ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﺖ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺁﮔﺎه ﮐﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁ ﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﮐﺖ ﺩﻫﺪ" .ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﻟﺮ ﺭﺋﯿﺲ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﭼﺎﭖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ) ،ﺁﻣﻮﻟﺮ ﺩﺭﺍﮎ( ﻣﯽﮔﻮ ﺪ" :ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻠﯽ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺪﺭﻡ 30ﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ) (1981ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ ،ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮑﺴﺎﻥﺗﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ ،ﺍﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺖ ﻧﺤﻮه ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺍﺩه ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪﺗﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ". )ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﯼ ﺭﺍه ﺣﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﮐﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺴﯿﺮﮐﺎﻣﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﭼﺎ ﺨﺎﻧﻪ -ﻣﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻣﺎه .(1392 ﺗﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺑﺎ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺑﺸﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﺪ ﺪﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺪﺕﻫﺎ ﺗﻀﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻠﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﯾﻠﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭه ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩهﺩﺍﺭﯼ ،ﻓﺌﻮﺩﺍﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ،ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﻧﯿﺰ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺬﮐﻮﺭ ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻫﻢ ﭘﯽﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﯽﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺷﺎﺭه ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ: .1ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻭ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ ﺎﻥ ﺻﺮﻑ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﻭ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻼ ﺻﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ،ﺗﻮﻃﺌﻪ ،ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﯼﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒً ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ،ﺣﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁ ﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ. ً ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﺪ ﺪ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﯼ .2ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭهﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺘﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩه ﻭ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺗﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﻣﺎﻧﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺻﻒﺑﻨﺪﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺸﮑﻞﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯ ﺴﺖ ،ﺻﻠﺢ، ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ )ﻓﻤﯿﻨﯿﺴﻢ( ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ .ﺑﯽﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﯼﺧﻮﺍه ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﺒﺰ )ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯ ﺴﺘﯽ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭ ﺎ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﺶ ﻓﻤﯿﻨﯿﺴﻢ ﺩﻟﯿﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪه ،ﺣﮑﺎ ﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ ﻭ ﺁ ﻨﺪهﻧﮕﺮ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ" :ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭه 1960ﺗﺎ 1972ﻋﺪه ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺣﺰﺑﯽ ﺩﺭﺍ ﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪه ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ 400 ،ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮏ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 1972ﻋﺪه ﻣﻨﻔﺮﺩﯾﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪه ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻀﻮ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ،ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩ ﺪ .ﮔﺮﺍ ﺶ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺭﺩ .ﺣﺰﺏ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ 1979ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺘﺎﻧﯿﺎ ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ ﺁﻥﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺿﻌﯿﻒ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮏ ﻣﻤﻠﮑﺖ 56ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﯽ ﺻﺪﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ" )ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ -ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ -ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﻬﯿﻨﺪﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﯽ -ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(546ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ،ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﯿﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﻭﺻﻒﺑﻨﺪﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ،ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺍﻧﻌﮑﺎﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﺣﺰﺑﯽ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ. .3ﺑﺎ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭه ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ،ﺟﻬﺖﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﭼﺎﺭهﺍﻧﺪ ﺸﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯿﺖ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﯼ ﮐﺎﺭﯾﺰﻣﺎ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺧﺒﺮﯼ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺳﭙﺮﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ. .4ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ،ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﮐﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﻃﻠﺒﺪ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ ،ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻈﯿﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﺮﺩه ﻭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺯﯾﺮﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ، ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ،ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ،ﺁﺏ ،ﺑﺮﻕ ،ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ )ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ( ،ﺍﻣﻼﮎ ،ﻋﻤﺪه ﻓﺮﻭﺷﯽ ،ﺧﺮﺩه ﻓﺮﻭﺷﯽ ،ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﺍﯾﻞ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩه ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ ،ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺍﻭﺍﯾﻞ ﻗﺮﻥ 19ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ: "ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 1800ﻣﯿﻼﺩﯼ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ 3ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻞ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﮐﺮه ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﭙﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ" )ﻭﺏ ﺳﺎ ﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﯾﯿﻞ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ( .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﻗﺮ ﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ً ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ 3ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻮﺩه ﻭ ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﻝ 1900ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ 10ﻧﻔﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻘﯿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ 1950ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯه ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ 50ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺩ .ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ 10ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﺋﯽ ﻫﺸﺖ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻗﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ " :ﮏ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ19 ،ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭ 80ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ").ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ-ﻭ ﮑﯽ ﺪ ﺎ ( ﺩﺭ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ 1/5" :ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ 25 ،ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭ 5/73ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ" .ﻭﺩﺭ ﺑﻠﮋ ﮏ ﻧﯿﺰ 0/8" :ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ24/5 ، ً ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺁﻥﭼﻪﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭ 74/4ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ".ﺩﺭ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺒﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﺟﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ً ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ ،ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩ ﻨﺎ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﺑﻮﺩ )ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ( ،ﺣﺎﻻ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑً ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺪهﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﯽﮔﻮ ﻨﺪ. ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻣﻌﯿﺸﺖ ،ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻒ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ،ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻃﯿﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩهﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ ،ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ .ﺷﺎ ﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺭﺍ؛ "ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ،ﺭﻓﺎه ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺢ" ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ .ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ،ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ،ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ،ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﯼ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ. ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ،ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﮔﯽ ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻥ ﺗﺸﻮﯾﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ .ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪﮐﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻢ ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﯿﺶﺗﺮ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﻮ ﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﺮ ﺪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﯽ ﺭﻭ ﻪ ،ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ،ﺍﺻﺮﺍﻓﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺗﻤﺎ ﻼﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻠﯽ ،ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮ ﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻣﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ" :ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﮊﺍ ﻨﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺭﺍﺣﺖﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻟﭙﺬﯾﺮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺖ ﮔﺮﺍ ﺶ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ" )ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ،ﺝ- 2:ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﻬﯿﻨﺪﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﯽ -ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(734ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﺪ .ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ،ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ،ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ،ﺳﻔﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻔﺮ ﺤﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ، ﺑﺎﺯﺩ ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ... ً ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺁﻣﺎﺩه ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮏ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺎه ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺪ ﺪهﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎه ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪﺍﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺢ ،ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﯽ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺷﮕﺬﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻔﺮ ﺤﯽ ﻭ ﺳﺮﮔﺮﻣﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺁ ﺪ :ﻭﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎ ،ﺑﺎﺯﯼﻫﺎ ،ﻓﯿﻠﻢ ،ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻧﯽ ،ﺑﺎﺯﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺎﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻭ ... ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﻦﻫﺎ ﭘﺮﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐﺗﺮﯾﻦﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ .ﻓﯿﻠﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ ،ﺳﺮ ﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻧﯽ ،ﻭﺭﺯﺷﯽ ﻭ .... ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺒﯿﻞﺍﻧﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻌﻨﯽ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺎﻥ ،ﺑﺎﺯ ﮕﺮﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺭﺯﺷﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺭﮐﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﯽ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﺩﺭ ﮏ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺧﻼﺀ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺎ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﮐﻤﺮﻧﮓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺟﺎ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ،ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﮐﺰ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺍه ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﻣﻮﻓﻘﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺭﺯﺷﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭ ﺎﺳﺖﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﯼ ،ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﻮﺍه ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺁ ﻨﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﻏﯿﺮﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ،ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺖ ﻭﯾﮋه ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻌﻨﯽ ﺍ ﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊ ﮏ ،ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﻮ ﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺍﯼ ﺧﺎﺹ ،ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮕﺮﺍﻥ ،ﻫﻮ ﺖﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺤﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ،ﺣﺎﻻ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﯼ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺜً ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ،ﮔﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﮏ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺶ ﻧﻤﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ ،ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ،ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺫﺏ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮕﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯼ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻭﺳﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍ ﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊ ﮏ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،ﻧﻤﺎ ﻨﺪه ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺒﻮﺩه ﻭ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺭﻭﺣﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﯽ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﭙﺬﯾﺮﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺩﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺭﻭﻧﺎﻟﺪﺭ ﮕﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮕﺮ ﺳﯿﻨﻤﺎ، ﺭﺋﯿﺲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯ ﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺷﺪهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺪ ﺪه ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﯿﻘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺮﺟﺎ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺳﺮﮔﺸﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮ ﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ. .5ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﯼﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﮐﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺭﺥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰه ﺷﺪﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺖ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﮕﯽ ﺍﺯ 84ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﯾﻞ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ 37ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ 35ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺟﺪ ﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ.ﺭﻓﺎه ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺖ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻬﻮﺩه ﻭﺑﯽ ﺑﻨﺪﻭﺑﺎﺭﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ.ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮕﯿﺮﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ.ﺑﻪ ﺍﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮﺁ ﻨﺪه ﻧﮕﺮﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﺋﯽ":ﭘﻮﻝ ﺯ ﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺑﻮﯾﮋه ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﯽ ﺑﻨﺪﻭﺑﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ").ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ -ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ -520ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﻬﯿﻨﺪﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﯽ( .ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﯽ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﯼ ،ﺑﯽ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺿﺪﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ،ﺑﯽﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ، ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﺷﮑﻨﯽ ،ﺑﯽﻋﻔﺘﯽ ،ﮔﺴﯿﺨﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ،ﮔﺮﺍ ﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﻧﻔﺮﺍﺩﯼ ،ﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲﮔﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﻭ ...ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ ٌ ً ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺪﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍ ﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻓﺰﺍ ﻨﺪه ﻭ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎ ً ﺍﺯ 1965ﺗﺎ 1995ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩ ...ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻪ ﺩﻫﻪ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺒﺎ ﭼﺸﻤﮕﯿﺮ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺯ ﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺪ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭه ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ )ﻓﺮﻭ ﺎﺷﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩ .ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ)" ...ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ- ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 20-21ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻏﻼﻣﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﺳﻠﯽ( .ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ "ﺩﺭ ﺍ ﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪه ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ 1940ﺗﺎ 1993 ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺄﻫﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﯿﺎ ﺁﻣﺪهﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺍﺯ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ 5ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ 31ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ")ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ -ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ -27 ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻏﻼﻣﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺗﻮﺳﻠﯽ(. ﻭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ":ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ،ﺍﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺩﯾﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺷﺪ ﺪﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ)".ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ -ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(29ﻭﯼ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭه ﺯﺷﺘﮑﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺯﺷﺖﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻥ ﻃﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ....ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﺷﺖﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺭﺳﻤﯽ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﮑﻨﺠﻪ ﺟﺴﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩه ﺟﻨﺴﯽ ،ﻣﺴﺎﻣﺤﻪ ﻋﺎﻃﻔﯽ ﻭ ﺟﺴﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﺩﺍﺭه ﺳﺮﺷﻤﺎﺭﯼ )ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ( ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ 1990ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ" )ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ -ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ 33 -34ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻠﯽ( .6ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺪ ﺪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻄﯽ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺯﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﯽﻧﯿﺎﺯﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺷﻮﻫﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪﺣﺎﻝ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻻﯾﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﺯﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﯼ ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﺳﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﻃﻼﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ "ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﺯ 1967ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪﺕ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺎﺑﺪ ...ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ")ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ -ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ-ﺻﻔﺤﻪ -22ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻠﯽ(. ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﻭ ﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ" :ﺣﺎﮐﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺯﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﻃﻼﻕ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﻭﺳﯿﻌﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ" )ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺎﻣﺎ -ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ-ﺻﻔﺤﻪ -56ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻠﯽ(. ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻃﻼﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭه ﺗﻮﺍﻡ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﺠﺮﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺯ ﺎﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﺩ ﮕﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺤﻤﯿﻞ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ. .7ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ )ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ( ،ﺍ ﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭه ﺩﺭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺩه ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﺘﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮔﺮﺍ ﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺑﯿﻨﺪ .ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺣﻤﺎ ﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﯽﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺪ .ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺩ ﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ) ﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺭﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺧﻮﺭﺩهﺍﻧﺪ( ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﻓﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ "ﺍ ﺴﻢ" ﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ ،ﮐﻤﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ ،ﻣﺎﺭﮐﺴﯿﺴﻢ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺎﺑﯽ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺧﻼﺀ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ،ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ .ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻓﺴﺮﺩﮔﯽ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﮐﺸﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ. .8ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﯽ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩه ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺷﮕﺬﺭﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺎﺑﺪ ،ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ،ﻫﻤﺰ ﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻣﯽﺁ ﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺩ ﺪﮔﺎه ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﯼ ،ﺍ ﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ،ﺩﯾﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﻨﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ،ﺑﯿﻦ ﺩ ﻨﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺑﯽﺩﯾﻦ ،ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ،ﻭ ...ﻫﻤﺰ ﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﺗﻘﻮ ﺖ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ)ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﮏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ( .ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺗﻌﺼﺐﻫﺎﯼ ﺩ ﻨﯽ ،ﻗﻮﻣﯽ ﻭﻣﻠﯽ ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﻭ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩ ﮕﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ. .9ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﭼﻨﺪﻣﻠﯿﺘﯽ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ،ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻧﺰﺩ ﮑﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍه ﺩﻭﺭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍه ﺩﻭﺭ) (tele workﺯﻣﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻘﻮ ﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻠﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ .ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻪ ﺍﺭﻭ ﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﮐﻢﮐﻢِﻋﺮﻕ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻭﻃﻨﯽ ﺗﻘﻮ ﺖ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ. .10ﺑﺎ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ،ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻋﺪه ﻣﻌﺪﻭﺩ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺎﻓﺘﻪ ،ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻗﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻘﻮ ﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ،ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺗﺪﺭ ﺠﯽ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻧﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ" :ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 1919ﻓﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺴﺮﺵ ﺍﺩﺳﻞ ،ﮐﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺳﻬﺎﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ،ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮ ﺪﻧﺪ")ﻓﻮﺭﺩ-ﻭ ﮑﯽ ﺪ ﺎ( .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 2012ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﻓﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ 2ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻓﻮﺭﺩ ،ﻣﺎﻟﮏ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ)ﻓﻮﺭﺩ-ﻭ ﮑﯽ ﺪ ﺎ(. .11ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﯽ ،ﺍﻋﺘﺼﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻗﯿﺎﻡﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﯿﺎﯼ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ،ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺩﻧﯿﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ،ﭼﺮﺍﮐﻪ ً ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﯾﻠﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﺀ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﺖ ،ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺘﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﺎﻡﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩه ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. .12ﻣﻮﺿﻊﮔﯿﺮﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺍ ﺪﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊ ﮑﯽ ،ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﯿﺎﯼ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪه ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﯿﺎﯼ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ ،ﻓﻨﯽ ،ﻫﻨﺮﯼ ،ﻭﺭﺯﺷﯽ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﻣﯿﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭهﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ .ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻥﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﭘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺗﺨﯿﻼﺕ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻫﻨﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺩﺑﯿﺎﺕ ،ﺷﻌﺮ ،ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ ،ﻓﯿﻠﻢ، ﺑﺎﺯﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺎﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺟﻮﻻﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ. ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﺷﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﺁﻣﺪ ،ﻫﻢﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻭﺭه "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺎ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻌﻨﯽ ﺩﻭﺭهﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ،ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺰﺍﺭﯼ ،ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ" :ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺯ ﺎﺑﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﻝ ،2012ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ )ﺗﺤﮑﯿﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ( ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﯽﮔﻮ ﺪ ،ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻧﺎﻧﺴﯽ ﺑﺮﺩﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ )ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ( ﻧﻤﻮﺩه ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬﺍﺭﯼ "ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﻓﻘﺮﺍ" ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﯼ "ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ" ﮔﺮﺩ ﺪ)".ﯾﻮﺭﺍ ﻥ ﺗﺮﺑﻮﻥ-ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﯿﺴﺖ ﻭ ﮑﻢ-ﻧﺸﺮ ﻪ ﻟﻔﺖ ﺭﻭﯾﻮﺷﻤﺎﺭه -78ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﺟﺎﺳﮑﯽ(. ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻫﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺟﺪ ﺪ ﻣﯿﻼﺩﯼ ) (2015ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ 18/11/1393ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺎﻓﺖ ،ﺁﻣﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ" :ﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻭﯾﺞ ﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﺮه ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎ ،ﺍﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻣﻮﮐﺮﺍﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺤﻨﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﯼ ﺍ ﻔﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ،ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ .ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ،ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ،ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﻧﺪ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ...ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺻﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﯽ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﺁﻓﺮ ﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﺤﺮﮎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﮏ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺣﻔﻆ ﮐﻨﺪ". ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ "ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ،ﺭﻓﺎه ﻭ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺢ" ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪ ،ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻧﯿﺎ ﺭﺧﺖ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﻨﺪﺩ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﯿﻢ ،ﺑﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺑﻪ ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﯿﻢ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ،ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻃﯿﻒ ﻭﺳﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﯽ ،ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﯽ ،ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﯽ ،ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ،ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ،ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ،ﺗﻔﺮ ﺤﯽ ،ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ. ﺭﺷﺪ ﻓﻦﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﺟﺪ ﺪ )ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ( ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺸﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ،ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ .ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻧﺌﻮﻟﯿﺒﺮﺍﻟﯿﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺴﻬﯿﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍه ﺩﻭﺭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﺭﺗﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﻭﺍﻟﯿﻮﻥ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ﮔﺮﻭه ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ" :ﺗﻮﺯﯾﻊ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ 1990ﻭ 2005ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ :ﻃﯽ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ 1990ﺗﺎ 2005ﺳﻬﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﭼﯿﻦ ﺍﺯ 15ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ 62ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺎﻓﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺷﻮﺭﺍﯼ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 2005ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ 5ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 2015ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ 20ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ 2025ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ 40ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ... ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺟﺎﺭﯼ ) (2015ﺗﺎ 2030ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻣﯽ ﺎﺑﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﮊﺭﻓﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍه ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ")ﻣﺎﺭﺗﯿﻦ ﺭﺍﻭﺍﻟﯿﻮﻥ :ﺻﻌﻮﺩﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ )ﺍﻣﺎﺁﺳﯿﺐ ﺬﯾﺮ(ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ (. ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ.ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ .ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺼﯽ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﯼ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ،ﺍﺩﺑﯿﺎﺕ ،ﻫﻨﺮ ،ﺷﻌﺮ ،ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ ،ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ...ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﻭ ﻋﻠﯿﺮﻏﻢ ﻫﺠﻤﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﺪ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﺪﺭﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺩ ﺎﻥ ،ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻏﺮﺑﯽﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺴﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪهﺍﻧﺪ. ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪه ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺁﻣﺪﻫﺎ ،ﺪ ﺪهﻫﺎ ،ﺟﺮ ﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮه ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ،ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﯽ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ .ﺑﯽ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻼ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺎ ﻧﺎﮔﺰﯾﺮ ﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻌﻞ ﻭ ﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺦ ﻣﯽﺯﻧﻨﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﯾﻮﺭﮔﻦﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﻣﺪﺕ ،ﺣﺮﻑﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺎ ﺲ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﺎ ﮐﺎﻣً ﻣﺎﺱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﯽ )ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ (1929ﻧﻈﺮ ﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ ،ﺍﺯ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻃﺮﺩ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ .ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ِ ﺩﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ "ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﯾﻦ" ﺍﺯ "ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ" ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ .ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ "ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ". ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﻟﯿﻮﺗﺎﺭ ،ﻣﯿﺸﻞ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﻭ ...ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻋﻘﯿﺪه ﺩﺍﺩه ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺭﮐﺴﯿﺴﻢ ﺭﻭﯼ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺰﻭ ﭘﯿﺸﻘﺮﺍﻭﻻﻥ ً ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﯿﺸﻞ ﻓﻮﮐﻮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺼﯿﺼﻪ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺴﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﺴﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﮏ ﺗﻌﺮ ﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺴﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺷﺎ ﺪ ﺍﯾﻦﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﮏ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺩﻗﯿﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﮔﻮﺋﯽﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻪﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺩهﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ،ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺩ ﮕﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ ،ﺑﯽﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ً ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺩ ﺪﮔﺎه ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﻭ ﺴﺖ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﻋﻠﺖ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﯿﺎﻥﮔﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻪ ﺩ ﮕﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﮊﺭﻑﻧﮕﺮﯼ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﯿﻖ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺩﻗﯿﻖﺗﺮﯼ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺩﺍﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻦ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺎ ﺪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﺁ ﻨﺪهﻧﮕﺮ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﮔﺮ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩ ﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪﻧﮕﺮﺗﺮ ،ﺑﻨﯿﺎﺩﯼﻧﮕﺮﺗﺮ ،ﺍﺻﻮﻟﯽﻧﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ .ﻭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﻫﻪ 1970ﻣﯿﻼﺩﯼ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻫﻤﻪﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ،ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ،ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ "ﺁﻥ ﺳﻮﯼ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻥ"" ،ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ"" ،ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ"" ،ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺁ ﻨﺪه"" ،ﺑﻪﺳﻮﯼ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺟﺪ ﺪ-ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ" ﻭ ...ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ .ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺒﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ،ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺎﺭ ﺨﯽ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﻭﺭه ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ .ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭه ﮐﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩه ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩ ،ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﯼ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ. ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ،ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﯽ ،ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﯿﺪه ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ،ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺳﯿﺼﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭه ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ،ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ، ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﯽ ،ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ .ﻭﯼ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﻣﯽ ﺭﺍ ،ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯﯼ ،ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ، ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯﯼ ،ﺗﺮﺍﮐﻢ ،ﺑﯿﺸﯿﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﯼ ،ﻭ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩه ﺑﻮﺩ )ﺯﻥ ،ﻣﺮﺩ ،ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ،ﻋﻤﻮ ،ﺩﺍﯾﯽ ،ﻋﻤﻪ، ﺧﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ...ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ( ،ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﻌﻨﯽ ﻣﺘﺸﮑﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩ ،ﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﯼ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ،ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﺶ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ-1 :ﺍﻧﺒﻮه ﺯﺩﺍﯾﯽ -2ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﯿﻢ -3ﮐﺎﺭ ﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ -4ﮐﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ -5ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ -6ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ "ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭ" ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ -7 ﺑﺎﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮑﯽ ،ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ -8ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ -9ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺪ ﺪﯼ ﺟﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ. ﻋﻠﯿﺮﻏﻢ ﺷﯿﻮه ﻧﻮﺁﻭﺭﺍﻧﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﯾﻦﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻌﯽ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﮐﺮﺩه ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍ ﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﮑﺸﺎﻧﺪ ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﻣﻮﻓﻖ ﻧﺸﺪه ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ِ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﯼ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﺍﺯﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻓﮑﺮﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ ،ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ "ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭ" ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ" :ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺩﻭﻡ )ﭘﺮﻭﻟﺘﺎﺭ ﺎ( ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ،ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺑﮕﻮﯾﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺪ ﺪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ )ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭﺍﻥ( ﺍﺳﺖ .ﮔﺮﻭﻫﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻪ ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺁﻥ )ﺩﺍﻧﺶ( ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩه ﺍﺯ ﻗﻮﺍﯼ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﯽ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ) ".ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺁ ﻨﺪه-ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﮏ ﮔﻬﺮ-ﺻﻔﺤﻪ (180-181ﺍﻭ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ً ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺨﺶ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻼﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ،ﻭ ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﺎ ً ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﮏ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪ")ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ-ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﻬﯿﻨﺪﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﯽ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ.(605 ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﮐﻤﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﮊهﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﯼ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ،ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ "ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭ" ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯽ ﻗﻮ ﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻭ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﻣﺎﺭﮐﺲ ...ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺎ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ )ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ( ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﮓ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ،ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﺴﺎﺯﻧﺪ ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﯽ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ. ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯه ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻃﻨﺰﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﺎﺯهﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻧﻮ ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺟﺪ ﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﮕﺮ ﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺷﯿﻦ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺩﻭﺩﮐﺶﻫﺎ ﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﮐﺎﺳﻪ ﺳﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﮐﻢ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ")ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ-ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﻬﯿﻨﺪﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﯽ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(371 ﻼ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻗﺴﻄﯽ ﺑﺨﺮﺩ، ﻭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺤﯽ ﻋﻤﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺮﻣﯿﻨﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﯿﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﺜً ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﺁ ﺪ ،ﺗﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ .ﻭﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ )ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ( ﺍﺳﺖ")ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ-ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(285 ﺍﻭ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺩﻧﯿﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯿﺎﻥ ﻧﻪ ﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ .ﺩﺭ ﻋﻮﺽ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﻭﻇﯿﻔﻪﺍﯼ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ")ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺪﯼ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﯼ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺟﺪ ﺪ-ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ-ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎﺟﻌﻔﺮﯼ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(14 ﺍﻏﺮﺍﻕ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻭﯼ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺭﺯﻭﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ )ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ( ﻭ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻠﯿﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ً ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻭﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺎﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻌﻨﯽ :ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ،ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ،ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ،ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻻ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺟﺮ ﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ،ﺍﺯ 30ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ 1900ﺑﻪ 50ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ً ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ" :ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ... 1965ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍ ﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪه ﺗﻌﺪﺍ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﻘﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ ﺑﺮ 1950ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻭ ﺿﻤﻨﺎ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻘﻪ ﺁﺑﯽ ﻓﺰﻭﻧﯽ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ")ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ-ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(88ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ 1955-1965ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ً ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ" :ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ،ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﯼ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ .ﺛﺎﻧﯿﺎ ً ﺑﺎ ﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺩهﻓﺮﻭﺷﯽ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺭﻭﺩ ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝﺯﺍﯾﯽ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ 2020ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ".ﺿﻨﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ 16ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ ،ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ .ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ،ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺯﯾﺮﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ،ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ،ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ،ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ،ﺣﻤﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ،ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ، ﻋﻤﺪهﻓﺮﻭﺷﯽ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺩهﻓﺮﻭﺷﯽ ،ﮔﺮﺩﺷﮕﺮﯼ ،ﺭﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ ،ﻣﻬﺪﮐﻮﺩﮎ ،ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳﯿﻨﻤﺎ ،ﺷﻬﺮﺑﺎﺯﯼ ،ﺧﺸﮑﺸﻮﯾﯽ ،ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎه ،ﻭﮐﺎﻟﺖ ،ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭه، ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮﺍﺕ ،ﭘﻠﯿﺲ ﻭ ﺁﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﻏﯿﺮه؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝﺯﺍﺋﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻮﺋﻞ ِﺘﻠﺰ ﺁ ﻨﺪهﻧﮕﺮ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ" :ﺩﺍﺩهﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺐﺗﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺩهﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ 50ﺳﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﺎﺳ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺍﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺑﺮ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺮهﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺍ ﻔﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻠﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﺸﮑﻞﺳﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪﻫﺎﯼ 1970ﻭ 1980ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﯼ ،ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ،ﺎﯾﯿﻦﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎﻻ ،ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ )ﮐﻪ ﺳﺮﯾﻊﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﻬﺮهﻭﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﮐﺮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ( ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺶ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﯿﻢ ،ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﺶ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻐﻞﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺎ ﺍﯾﻦﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁ ﻨﺪه ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺩﻭﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﺮﻭه ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭه ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺍ-ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺑﺎ ﺪ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻧﯿﺰ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﺎﺯﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﮊﺍﭘﻦ ،ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮏ ﻨﺠﻢ ﺗﺎ ﮏ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﮐﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺮﻭه ﻫﻔﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ")ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ :ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ-ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻋﻠﯿﻘﻠﯿﺎﻥ- ﺍﻓﺸﯿﻦ ﺧﺎﮐﺒﺎﺯ-ﺣﺴﻦ ﭼﺎﻭﺷﯿﺎﻥ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﺍﺯﺍﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﯿﺎﺕ--ﺻﻔﺤﻪ.(34 ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﻧﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﮐﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺵ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﮐﺜﺮ ﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﯼ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﻧﺪ. ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ 1980ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻃﻼﻕ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻼﺷﯽ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩهﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﺟﺪ ﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻌﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩه ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩهﻫﺎ ﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻣﺘﺰﻟﺰﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻠﺞ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽﻣﺎﻥ ،ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ" )ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﯽ -ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(17 ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﮔﺴﯿﺨﺘﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﺩﺍﺭ ،ﺟﺎﯼ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪ ،ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﮐﻠﺒﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮏ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ؛ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﺷﺎﺭه ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﯼ ﺭﺍ ً ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﻋﺎﺩه ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﮐﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺯﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺟﺎ ﮕﺰﯾﻦ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ،ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ")ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺪﯼ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﯼ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺟﺪ ﺪ-ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ-ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎﺟﻌﻔﺮﯼ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ .(16 ﻭﯼ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻮﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﻓﻌﻠﯽ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺑﯿﻨﻨﺪ ،ﺑﺎ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺻﻤﯿﻤﺎﻧﻪﺗﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ")ﻣﻮﺝ ﺳﻮﻡ-ﺻﻔﺤﻪ.(300 ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﺁﻣﺪ ،ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﯼ ﻧﻈﯿﺮ ﺍﺣﺰﺍﺏ ،ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ،ﺩﯾﻦ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ً ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻌﮑﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭ ﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺩ ﮕﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ "ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ" ﻭ ﺍ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺭﻓﺎه ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷﮑﺎﻻﺕ ﮐﺎﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺫﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ ،ﺁﻧﺠﺎﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﮔﻮ ﺪ" :ﻣﻦ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺳﺘﯿﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻔﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺗﯽ ﻫﻢ ﻫﺴﺖ" )ﺁﻟﻮﯾﻦ ﺗﺎﻓﻠﺮ-ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﯼ ﺁ ﻨﺪه-ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﮏ ﮔﻬﺮ- ﺻﻔﺤﻪ.(84 ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯼ"ﺑﺮﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻝ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺎ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻥ ،ﺎ ﺣﺎﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺷﺎ ﺪ ﺩهﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﻃﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭه ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻭﺭه ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪ ،ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ً ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭه ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻭ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺷﺪ ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺘﺎ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ. ً ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ :ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﯽﺭﻭ ﻪ ،ﺭﻓﺎه ،ﺗﻔﺮﯾﺢ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﯽﺑﻨﺪﻭﺑﺎﺭﯼ ،ﺳﺴﺖ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻼ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒً ﮐﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩه ،ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺭﻭﺯﺍﻓﺰﻭﻥ ،ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﺷﮑﻨﯽ ،ﺑﯽﺩ ﻨﯽ ﻭ ﺿﺪ ﺩ ﻨﯽ ،ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺟﻨﺴﯽ ،ﺑﯽﻗﯿﺪﯼ ،ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﺷﮑﻨﯽ ﻭ ...ﺟﺰﺀ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﯽ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻧﮑﺮﺩﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺭﺍﺩﯾﻮ ،ﺗﻠﻮﯾﺰﯾﻮﻥ ،ﻓﯿﻠﻢ ،ﺳﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍ ﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﯿﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ ،ﺗﻘﻠﯿﺪ ً ﺑﺎ ﺳﻨﺖﻫﺎ ،ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻗﺸﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﻓﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻗﯿﻘﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺒﺎﯾﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﺩ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺪ ﻣﺤﮑﻢ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﻣﺘﻌﺼﺒﯿﻦ ،ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺩه ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺻﯿﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﻦ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﯽﺧﯿﺰﻧﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﻃﯿﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩهﺍﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﺗﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻔﮑﺮ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺧﻮﺩ ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ. ﺑﻨﯿﺎﺩﮔﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﻃﯽﮔﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﺩ. ﺑﻨﯿﺎﺩﮔﺮﺍﯾﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻋﺼﺒﯽ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺑﯽ ﻣﺤﺎﺑﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻭ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻡ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﻌﻀﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺩ ﺎﻥ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ .ﺳﺎﻣﻮﺋﻞ ﻫﺎﻧﺘﯿﻨﮕﺘﻮﻥ) (2008-1927ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﻊ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯼ "ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ" ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ" :ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯه ﺯ ﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮐﻨﺶ ﻭ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺎ ﻫﺸﺖ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ :ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ،ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﮐﻨﻔﻮﺳﯿﻮﺳﯽ ،ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﮊﺍ ﻨﯽ ،ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ، ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻫﻨﺪﻭ ،ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻭﯼ-ﺍﺭﺗﺪﮐﺴﯽ ،ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎﯼ ﻻﺗﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺁﻓﺮ ﻘﺎﯾﯽ" .ﺍﻭ ﻣﯽ ﻧﻮ ﺴﺪ" :ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ،ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ،ﺳﻨﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ،ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﺯ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﯾﺰ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ" .ﺍﻭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﮐﺎﺗﻮﻟﯿﮏ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ" :ﺟﺪﺍﯾﯽ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﮐﺲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭه ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ") .ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﯽ -ﺁﻣﺮ ﮑﺎ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ -1993ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﺠﺘﺒﯽ ﺍﻣﯿﺮﯼ -ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ -ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺷﻤﺎﺭه (70-69ﺍﻭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻮﯼﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﮐﻨﻔﺴﯿﻮﺳﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻗﻮﯼﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ. ﻫﺎﻧﺘﯿﻨﮕﺘﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏﻧﺎ ﺬﯾﺮ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﻭ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﮐﻨﻔﺴﯿﻮﺳﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه ﭼﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺪ. ً ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ،ﺩﯾﻦ ،ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ،ﺳﻨﻦ ،ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﻏﯿﺮه ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﺎﻧﺘﯿﻨﮕﺘﻮﻥ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﺪه ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺒﺎ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻤﺎﺭﺩ :ﻣﺎﻟﮏ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭهﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ،ﻋﻤﺪهﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ،ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﺪه ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎﯼ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ،ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ،ﺭﻫﺒﺮﯼ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ،ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ،ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺁﺑﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ،ﺍﺟﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻓﻨﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ،ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ،ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﯿﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ. ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎ ،ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯽ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ .ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻭﯾﮋﮔﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﺟﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﻨﺪ ،ﻫﯿﭻ ﺩ ﻨﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﺪ .ﻟﺬﺍ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺴﺤﯿﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺑﯽﺭﺣﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ً ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻪﻣﺎﻧﺪهﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﺪﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ "ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺗﻘﺪ ﻢ ﻋﻘﺐ ﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺧﯿﺮﺍ ً ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲ ﮔﺮﺍ ﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﮔﻔﺖ" :ﺍﮔﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲﮔﺮﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﮐﺮﺩ .ﺎﭖ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﯿﺲ ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻃﯽ ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﻠﻮ ﺤﺎ ﺧﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺵ ﻧﯿﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﻣﻦ ﭼﻪ ﺣﻘﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭه ﺍﻭ ﻗﻀﺎﻭﺕ ﮐﻨﻢ؟" ﻭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﯼ ﮐﻠﯿﺴﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻪ ﺑﯿﮓ ﺑﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯼ ّﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳﻄﻮﺭه ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪ. ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺣﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺪه ﺑﺸﺮ ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺖ" :ﮐﻠﯿﺴﺎ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﻨﻢ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ،ﻋﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﻝ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﺮﺩ" .ﺍﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ: "ﮐﻠﯿﺴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺷﮑﻠﯽ ﻧﺎﺭﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻗﺎﺿﯽ ﺎ ﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩه ﻭ ﺁﻏﻮﺵ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻭهﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﺠﻨﺲﮔﺮﺍ ﺎﻥ ،ﻟﯿﺒﺮﺍﻟﯿﺴﺖﻫﺎ ،ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﻪﮐﺎﺭﺍﻥ ،ﮐﻤﻮﻧﯿﺴﺖﻫﺎ ،ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭ ﺳﻘﻂ ﺟﻨﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﺑﺎ ﻣﯿﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﯽ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﺸﻮﺩه ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﭙﯿﻮﻧﺪﻧﺪ ...ﻭﻗﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺳﯿﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﺼﺐ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﺩﯾﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻭ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ" )ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﮐﺎﺩﻣﯽ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺗﯿﮑﺎﻥ-ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻔﻘﻨﺎ-ﻭﻣﺮﺛﺎ)ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺯﺍﻥ ﻋﯿﺴﯽ ﻧﺒﯽ(-ﺩﯼ ﻣﺎه .(1392 ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺳﺮﺍ ﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﯿﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﺴﺖﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﺩﺍﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ،ﺗﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰهﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺍﺩ ﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ. ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﯿﻦ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺩ ﺎﻥ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﺩ ﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﺍ ﺶ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ،ﺭﻭﺣﯿﻪ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﻔﺎﺳﯿﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﻦ ،ﻫﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﯿﭽﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻀﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻌﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻮﺩهﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ،ﻋﻼﻭه ﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦﮐﻪ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﺩﮔﺮﺍ ﺎﻥ ﺷﯿﻮه ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﯽﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪ ،ﺍﻫﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﯼ ﺗﺨﺮ ﺒﯽ ً ﺑﯽﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﮔﺮ ﮏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺷﺪ ﺪ ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭه "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺑﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﯼ ﺩ ﻨﯽ ﻭ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﯽﮔﻮ ﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻨﺪه ﻗﺸﺮ ﻭﺳﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﻠﻘﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ،ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩ ﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻗﺸﺮ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﯽ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ، ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﻓﺮﺩﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﯿﻠﯿﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩ ﮕﺮ "ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎ ﻨﺪه ﺍﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺟﺎ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻧﻤﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺑﯽﻣﺤﺎﺑﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺪ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﯽ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺷﺪه ﻭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﻋﮑﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﯽ ﺗﻮﺩهﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﺷﮑﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺗﯽ ،ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﯼ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﻮﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪهﺍﻧﺪ ،ﺎ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﺑﻮﺩه ﻭ ﺎ ﺯ ﻨﺘﯽ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩهﺍﻧﺪ .ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ً ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻮﺩه ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺖ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻃﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ،ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺁ ﻨﺪه ﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﯼﻫﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺷﺪ ﺪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺷﺪه ﺍﺳﺖ ،ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ .ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺑﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﺭﮔﺴﯿﺨﺘﮕﯽ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯼ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪ ﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ،ﻣﺴﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽﺗﺮ ،ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪهﺗﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪﺍﻧﻪﺗﺮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ. ﻋﻘﻞ ﺁﻣﺪ ،ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎّ ﻼ ﺩﮔﺮﮔﻮﻥ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﯿﺎﯼ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ،ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ "ﻭﺣﺪﺕ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ" ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﮐﺎﻣً ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﯿﻊ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ،ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ .ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﯽ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻓﮑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣﺰ ﺪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﮎ ﻋﻤﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ،ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ،ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﺍ ﻣﯽﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ .ﺩﺭﮐﯽ ﻭﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﮎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ "ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﯼ" ﻭ "ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻪﺩﺍﺭﯼ". ﺑﯽﻧﯿﺎﺯﯼ ﻣﺎﺩﯼ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺶ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺱﻫﺎﯼ ﺯ ﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ،ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺧﺼﻠﺖﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﯿﮏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ ،ﻧﯿﺮﻧﮓ ،ﺩﺯﺩﯼ ،ﺩﻏﻞﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ...ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰه ﺷﺪﻥ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝﻫﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ .ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﺰ ﺴﺘﯽ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﮕﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯼ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﺩﺩ .ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﺯ ﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ،ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺄﻧﻮﺱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮐﺮﺩ .ﺷﺮﺍ ﻂ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﯼ؛ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺯﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻤﯿﻖﺗﺮ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ .ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﻮ ﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﯾﺞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻟﯽ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ .ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺖ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺑﺸﺮﯼ. ﺍﺯ :ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ ﺍﺭﺩ ﺒﻬﺸﺖ 1394
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