4 7 10 13 18 21 24 27 30 34 36 39 43 45 47 50 53 56 59 65 67 69 72 75 78 80 84 TheOctoberRevolutionisnow100yearsold.Theupcomingturn oftheyearoffer sag oodop port un i tytog i veth eOc t oberRe volu tion acomp r ehensiveevaluat ion.Wi thinthefr ame wo rkofhuma nhist ory, t heOc toberRe vol utionwa sa nextraor dinaril yi mporta ntr evolut ion: af tertheeme r g e n c eo fstatesystems,thee xploi tingruli n gc l asswa s over throwni ntheSo vi etUn i on,a ndthusi nav erylargea rea.A syst emo fcouncil sors ovi etsrepresent ingtheinterest soft hewo rkers , t her ur alp opula tion,theo ppress e dpeople,ando t herso ci a lgroups cameini t sp l ace.In1 917,inthewa keoftheOc t oberRe vo l ution,a syst emb asedo nthewo r k er s'an dp e a s ants’cou nci lswa ss etupi n Russi a.No to nl y wa st her uli n gc la sso v erthrown t hr o ught he orga n i zi n gandl eaders hipo ft hewo rker s,b uta l sothee x ploi tat ive product ionsystem,i.e.capit a l isma ndf eudali sm we res hatte red.It wasreplace db yap roduct ions yst e mb as edo nc oll ect ivit y .Ofc our s e , t hereareissuesinthiscontextthatneedspecialatt ention,su c ha sthe i ncreasi ngt ransfo rma ti ono ft he So vi etsi ntop owera nds t ate st ruct ureso rt h ee xpropri a t ionsc a l ledc ollect iviz ation , which e vent ual lyl edt oaf ormofs tat eca pit al is m.But att hebe ginni ngofo ur a sse ssme nt,wewo u l dli ket ost at etha tthee xec uti ono far evo lut ion oft hiski ndha spr oduc edi npr inc ipl eve rys igni fi can tre sul tsf or huma nh i story.Th e Oc t ob er Revolut ionr epr esen t sa v ery i mp ort an tle adershipa ndse l f-admin i st rat ione xperie n cef r omt he per spectiveo ft hewo rkers ,a ndt heo ppresse d.Th epo sit ivea nd negat ives ideso ftherevolut ionh adani mportantinf lue nceont he pol iti cal,eco nomi c,soci alandc ultur alli fethatdevelopedd uri nga nd af tert her evoluti o ni nthes ub s equentc onst ructi ono fa f re e, democratica n ds ocial istli fe.I ns h or t:Th eOc toberRe vol u t ion r epresentsav eryimp or tantexpe r ienceforthehist o r yo fthef r eedom st ruggleo ft h ep eoplea ndt hel ongingf orac ommu nalli v i ng, cl assl essa ndf reeo fexploi tat ion. aMa nyi mp ortantachieveme ntswe r ewo nf r omt hep ointofv i ew ofthes trug gleo ft heo ppressedp eopleasp arto ft heOc tober Revoluti o n.Firstan dfore mo st,wemu stemph as izethattheOc tober Revoluti o nh asa gainproventh atideol ogya ndtheorya reextremely i mp ort an ttop o l iti csa ndpolit icalstruggl e.Th eOc toberRe vol u t ion devel ope db eca us eo fs ocia l,p oli ti cal,econo mica n dc ultur al probl ems .Bu tith adalsoit so wni deologyandtheo r y.Itassessedthe pre vaili ngs ociala nde conomi cs it uati oni n Ru ssi af rom a n i deologicalp osit ion.Th er efore,as yst ema t icwa yo ft hi n k ing,a hol ist icp oliti ca lapproacha ndap rogra mc o ul db ed eve l oped.Th e OctoberRe v ol u t ionisthusar e v olut ionthatdevelopedont hebasisof asocial istid eologya ndtheasso ci atedtheor y.Itc r eatedag r eatdeal ofexcit eme n tan denthusi asma mo ngthewo r k e rs,theo ppres seda nd t her uralp opu l a t iono ntheb asiso fsocial istideol ogya ndthe or y. UsingMa r xa n dEn gel s'understandingofsoci a l is m, wh ichisref e r red t oa sScien t ificSo cial is m,p eop l ea ndthev a rioussocialgroupswe re off eredclea randa chievabl eg oals.Societ ywa sgivenh opeint he for mo fat heor ya ndap rogramt oach i ev eaf reeande qualli fein t hisframewo rk,alif ewi thoutthep r essureo fther ul ingcla s ses,an d i nstea dt hes el f- g o vernme ntofth ewo r kin gc l assa ndtheru r al popul ation.andinsteadthes e lf-governme ntofth ewo rki ngc las sand t heruralp opula tion.Thisp r ograma ndt hish opeg avethep eopl e, andtheintell ectua lsg r eate xc itemen t .Th isne wu nderst and i ngo fl ife br o ughtthey o uth,thewo me n,theelderl y ,theme n , thep easant s,t he workers,t h erura lpop ul ationa ndtheop pressedin t oa ct ion. Especi a l lytheintel lect ualsan dthec r eatorso fartandl i ter a t urewe r e i nfect edb yt hi se xc itemen t .Th efactthatthes ocial istide a lwas for mu l a t edi nah ol is tican dsystemati cwa y,andt hatalifewi t hout oppre ssiona ndexploit ati o ninfreedoma nde qualit ywa sd efi nedasa goal ,inspiredthepeopleg re atly.Theide ologicalandtheo re tic al per spectiveformulat edb yMa rxandEn g elsinthe1 9thcen t uryas Sci entifi cSo cia lis mb ec a mea nimp ort an tvaluef orhuma nit y.Inthe 19t ha nd2 0thcentur ies,alli ntell e c tual s, arti sts , progres sivethinker s, al lthosea f fecte db yo ppress iona ndd e sp otis m, a ndallthosewh o wantedtolivefreel ya ndd emo crat ica lly,we resign i fic antly i nflue n cedb ytheappealo fsocial ism. Thisattractiontosocialismwasbestcommunicatedtosocietyby Lenin, wit hh isideological ,theoret ical,a ndp oli ticalskil ls .Heb ui lta bri dgeb et we ent helongingfora ne qual ,freean dd emo c rati cs ocial l ifean dt heso cia lis tid eal s,wh ichh epointedo uttot heop pr e s sed peoples tr ivingf orfreedoma sap ers pecti ve.Th ei deologi c a la nd t heoreticalapp r o a chwa scruci a lforthefactthatSo v ietUn i o ncou l d gat he ra l lthewo rkers ,t heruralpo pul ati o nandt hev ari ousp e opl e ar ou ndi t. Be caus eas yst e matici deologi c ala ndt he or e t ical per sp ecti vewa sdeveloped,sociali stideol og ytouchedp eoplede e p l y andse tthemi nmo t ion.Itrel easeds oci ety' slong i ngf orfre ed oma nd demo cracy,it se nergya nditsfo r ces.Itshowe dp eoplethewa ya nd becameag l imme rofh opef orthem.Th eo ppres sedl ookedtot he fut urewi thg r e athope,b el ievi ngt hatthi swo uldb ecomet heh i stori c phaseo fthepeo pl ea ndtheo ppr e s sed.Inparti cular,soci ali smb e c ame au niversalhu manv a l ue,wi t hi ntell ectual s,artis ts,wr i ter s,p oets, musicians,andp rogr essivethinkersg at heringa r ou ndthisideology anda dv ocat ingf orit .Th e ywe reinstr ume nta li nma kings oci alism sucha ni mportantvaluef orallhuma nit y.Th eyh elpedsociali smt o gr eats tre n gt ha ndp r estigeandma deitayearnin go fthep eople.This, i nt urn ,playedama jorrolei nma k i ngt here volut ions oci ala nd ul tima tel yimp leme nt ab l e.Lenin ' sp r onounceda bil itytothinka ndto anal y zec ontr ib ut eds ignif icantlytot hi s.Le ninwa sah olist icall y t hinkin gleader.Heh adi deol o gic a l ,theoret icalan do r g a nizationa l powe r . Hewa sag oodp ropagandis t,str ategis tan dtact ician .Th e deci dingf act orf orth i swa sh isunbrokenf ai thint hes oci ali sm mist akesa ndi nadequacies.Wi thh i sf ir mb el iefinMa r xiana nd Engel sians ocial ism,Le nind evelopeds ocia lis m i nto ah ol ist ic conce pti nav eryc reati vewa y,ina ccordanc ewi t ht heRu ss ian condi ti onso ftheti me . So,u s ingt hee xamp leo ftheOc toberRe volut ion,wes eethat i deologyandt heoryp l aya nimp ort antroleinrevoluti ons.Simi l arto howthewo rldreli gionsh aveshapedsocieti esinthec our seo fhuma n hi stor ywi tht hei rp owe ro ffait h;justa stheRe naiss anc eandt he Refor ma t iong avenewh opetoh umanit yt hr oughth ei rpowe roffait h; soci al ism,a bovea llthro ughitsp owero ffait h ,it si deologya nd t heory,t ou chedpeop l ea ndc r eatedana t mo spher eo fchang e.Hist ory showsthatt h ose ,wh od evelopedas ys tema t icthe o r yth a tma tchedthe er a,point edt hewa y,andp res entedas ol u t iontothecurrentproble ms wereabl etoi nfl uences ociet y.At t hetimeo fsl avery,Jesusdeveloped par ame t ersthatp r o misedl i berat ionfroms l avery,af r eel i fe,anda democrat icands oci a lcoexis tence.Heg avepeoplean ewh opeanda n ai m.Hep rovedh isa bil itytod evelops ol uti onst op eople' ssevere probl ems.Hi si deasturn edou ttob eme di cinef orthee veryday probl emso fthepeop l ea ttheti me .Hep r o cl aimedt h attheseideasare t hei dea so fGo d.Eq ualit y,justi cea ndt helawa redivine.Jesus emphasi zedt heholinesso fthe sei dea s.So ,hecon vi ncedt hepeople andst ooda gainstt heRo manEmp ir e.Romewa sforcedintoma ki nga synt hesi swi t hCh r ist ianityinordertosecureit sowne xi stence.I slam, t oo,q ui cklyd evel op eda sar e sp ons et othes ever ep roblemsoft he Arabi anPe ninsulaa tthet i me ,p r oclai mi ngan e w wayo flif e.It i nflue ncedl a rgep art so ftheearthwithitsideas .Be caus eo fu si ng it sp oweroffaithandid e as,i tshowe dtheoppres seda ndexploi ted gr oupso fs ociet y af undamental lyd if ferentwayo fl i vinga nd i nfl uencedt he ms i gn i fic antl y.Th epeoplerecogni zedinI sl am afree andequall i fe.Th eys awjusti cei nIsla ma ndthereforejoi nedi t . Soci al ismh adas i mi l are ff ecto np e o pl ei nthe2 0thc ent ury.It i ndic atedma nk i ndawa youto ftheprofoundp r oblemsc reat edb y ca pit ali sma ndimp eri alis m.Ma r x,En gel sa ndLenina nnouncedthe l iber ati on.Th eirme ssagewa ssimila rt othatofthep rophets .Th e oppr esseds oci alg roupsg at hereda r oundt hismessage.Themo st i mp or tantlessono ft heOc t oberRe volut ion,the refore,isthatthe pol it ica ls t rugglec a nnotb ec onduc ted wi t houta na ppr opri ate i deologyandt heor y .TheOc tobe rRe volut ionshowst ha tr e volut ions ca nnottakep lacewi thoutanideologi cala ndtheor etic a lapproa ch. Withoutanideol o gi c a landtheoret icaldi rect ion,apol iti ca ls truggl e,a st ruggl efo rfr eedoma ndd emocracycannotsucceed.Th i sisshown bythee ventso f1 917.Th eOc t oberRe volut ionh asp rove nh ow i mp or tant , howin f luenti al,howp r oductiveandexpedientideo logyis. AnotherparticularityoftheOctoberRevolutionistheorganizing pusheda l ongb yLe n i n.Ide ol ogya ndt heo r yc anb eright ,theyc an exci tep eople,b utther ulersc annotb eo ve rthrown unti lt hi si s t ransl atedintoco ncr eteo r ganizing.Ther uli ngc l assescan’t bep ushed back withouto rgani zing.Th ep eoplec an’te xpr esst he irwi l lt o f reedomwi thou tor ga ni zingthems el ves. Againstthi sbackdrop,Lenin mustbec onsi d er eda soneo fthemo stimp ort antorganize rsofhistor y. Asf a ra so r gan i zingisc oncerned,Le ninwa se xt reme l ytactf ula nd sens it ive.Hee mp hasizedthatideol o gya ndtheoryalonewo ul dn otbe enough,andas tr ongo rganizat ionwo uldb ecrucia lforwi nni ngt he f ight.Un doubt e dl y,ano rgani za t ioncano nl ywi nifithasanideology andtheory.Bu tevena na ppr o pr iateideo l ogya ndtheorycanle adto vic toryo nlyint hec ont exto fa no rg ani zati o nan da no r ganized st ruggle.Th i si sparti cularl yt rueint hec ontextofac apit ali sta nd i mp eri alis tsystemt hatputsallofso c iety,citi es,nei g hbor hoods,jobs andpeop l e'sho mesu nderma ssi vea ndc omprehensiv ep res sure.So, wea ret a lkinga boutas yst emo rganizedo na ne conomic,social , poli ti calandc ult urallevel . As ys temo r g ani zedwi thi ntheframewo rk ofnat ions t atesinac ent rali z e da nda ut h ori tari anp ol iti calsyst em. It is noteasyt op ushb acko ns uchp oli ticalsystemsa ndt oh e lpt he workerstog aininfluence.Th i sr equir e sawe l l-or ganizedstr u ct ure ando r ga ni zing.Th e ren eedstob ear evoluti onaryo r ganizat ionthat cantakeal ea di ngr olei ns ociet y.Th ei mp or tanceo fs ucha n orga nizati onh asb ee nc learl yd emo nst ra t edb ytheOc tobe r Re vol ution.Th r ought hi sf ormo fo rganizati on ,Len i nwa sa bleto makea nadvan c ed uri ngt heOc toberRe vo l ution.Le ni ni sao rganize r. Heu nderst oodt heimp ort a nceo fano rganiza tionf orth esuc c esso f t hef i ghtve r ywe ll.Hefo undth atano rganizat ionc apableo fcarrying outtherevoluti o nwa sn eeded.J ustasNa poleons pokeo f"mo ney, mon ey, mo ney, " Le nind ema nde d" o r g ani zation,o rganizati on, or g ani zati on."AsAr chime dess ai d ,"Giv emeap lacet os t a nda nd wihal t everIwillmo vethewh o lewo rl d . "Le ninde man ded,"Giv eme suchano rganiz a t ionan dIwi llma kear e vol utiont hatwi l lu psetthe world. "Be causeo fh i sa bil ityt oo rgani z ep e o pl e ,wef i rstthinko f Lenintodaywh enwet hinko ftheso cia listl e ader so fthe2 0thc e n t u r y. Wer e me mb erhimb ecauseh ewa sal e a d erwh oma na gedt oma kea re vo l uti on.Ont heideo l ogicala ndt heoreti callev el ,th ereh adb een al readyv eryi mp ort an ts ociali stl e a d ersb efo r e Le nin. Ro sa Luxemb urgiskn owntob ec l ea rl ymo reinfluent ialthanLe ninont he i deologicalandt heore ticalleve l s.Bu tt her e v ol u ti oni nt heSo vi et Unionwa scarriedoutb yLen i n .InEu rope,c a p i talis mwa sinac ris is backthena nds oci ali stideolog yh adag reatimp acto nth ewo rking cl ass.Butthef acttha tn os ui tab l eo rganizati onc ou l db ee stabl ished, andn orevoluti onc ouldb ec arrie do utinGe r ma n ywa sd uetot he i nadequacyo fs ocia li stl e ade r sa ndt husb ecameah e avyb urdeni n t heirli v e s.Th es t ruggl eo fth ewo rk er se xperiencedag reatupswi ng andd eve lopeds trongl yi nGe rma ny ,butwh e nt her evo l utionfa i led andthewo rkingc l ass,thei ntell ectuals,social istsa ndp r og r essive for ceswe recrushed,fasci smc a met op owe ralit tlelaterinGe r ma ny. Whe nwel ooka ttheOc t ob e rRe voluti o n,weha vet oa s ko urs elves wi thwhatki ndo forga niz ati ona ndorgani zi ng,whatki ndo f s tra tegi can dtac ti calunde rst andi ngthi srevol uti onwasca rri edout . revoluti on ,wh odon o twa nttoma keid eol og yan dtheoryap artof t heirlive s ,wh odon otwa nttod oeve r ythi n gtheyc antoc ar ryo utthe r evo l ution,wh od onoth a veana ppropria tefaithinth erevolut iona nd whod on otwa ntc ommi tt hems el vestos uchaf ait hwo n’tdevelopa pr op erun d e rs tandingo fth enec ess aryo r ga ni zation.Inthissense,the r ightu nd erst andingo ft heo rg ani zati oni sa tth es amet imea n exp r ess iono fac or recti deologicala ndtheoretic a lap pr oach,o fa r evo l utionarya t tit ude.I tisa n ecess ityo ft her evol utionary per son al ity.Th osewh oh avear evolut ionaryp ersonali tya ndrea l ly wanttoc arryouttherev oluti o nwi l lfirs tofa l lwa nta ndn ee dtob u i ld upa napp r o pri ateo r ga nizati on .Talkingab outrevo l uti o n,soci alism, i deology,e quali tya ndf reedomr ema i nsme ani ng l essa slonga so ne doesnotb uil da no r ganiza ti on.Th eseconce pt sa r eo nlyfil ledwi t hl i fe bya na p propri ateo rga nizat ion.Th i sme anst hatt hed efens eo f i deology,th eory,though t,goals,andr evolut ionwi llonlyg ai nmo re i mp ortancewh e nt heya rel i nk edtob uil dinga no rganizat ion.Ifthat doesnoth appen, onl yd ema gogy, t alkands el f-deceptionremain.Th e or ga ni zationp olit ici zesp eoplea ndg ive st hem ap oli ti cala ppr o ach appropri atet ot herev olu t ion.No tt oo rgani z eme anstor efusea r evo l utionaryp olit icallifea ndf i ght.Ag ainstthisb ackground,a n or ga ni zationme ansap o l iti call i fea ndth epo l iti cizati ono fl i fe.It meanst oa li gnl if ea l o ngp ol itic sa ndr evolut ion.Th istopicisv ery i mp ortant.Becausea gaina nda gainwet alkabo uti d eol o gy,f reedo m, equal ity,values,revol u ti o n,goa l s,demo cracyan dsoc i ali sm. Aslo ng ast hi si sn otc onnec t e d wi tha no rgan i zati o n,a sl onga sn o or ga ni zationi ss etupt h atc anp uttho s eg oal sa ndth ought si nto ac ti o n,thenl i fewo n’tb ep ol iti c alei ther.Evenac adreand r evolut ionar ya t ti tudet hrough wh i cht her evoluti onc anb e i mp lemente d , willnotdevelopinthiscase .De f eatsandv ict ori esh a ve t od owi t hthisquesti on.Wh ethertheeffor tsreal lyc orr espondtothe goalofap ol it icall ifeisshownb ytheme ansoftheo r ga ni zati on.Of c ou rs e,thosewh odon otwa nttod eve lopap oli ti c a ls t ance,wh odo notwanttopoli tici zetheirthei rlives, wh odon otwant t od evot etheir l ivestotherevolut ion,wo n’ td evel opan eedfora norganizat ionand c on si dersucha no r ganizat iontob eu ni mp ort ant.Tho s ewh oatta ch l it tleimp or tancetot heo r gan i zati ona l soa tt achl i tt lev aluetothe r ev ol uti on.Th os ewh oa tt achlit tl ei mp or tancetotheorganizat ionh aveabandonedtheirconnecti onto t hea ct ualai m. Theyh avegoalsonthelingui sti candi nt ellec tuall evel, butnotinthei rpract ice.Theorya ndpract icearethenn otone. ideasa repart yme mb e r s,b utallthosewh op art icipat eint h ewo r k ofthec o mmi t tees,wh i c ha r ea l sop ar to ftheo rganizat ion .Le ni n r eferr edo nlytoth epe r so nswh owo rkinap artyc ommi t teeo rint he organi za t iona spartyme mb er s. Tha t ’sh owh ed e f inedthec ad r e.Th e Me ns he viksd idn otc onsidert h ata sn e ce ssar y.Al lt ho se who suppor te dthep art yp rogramwe r ep artyme mb erstothem. Bu tsucha part yca n’tbecomear evo l u t ionaryp arty.Th erema yb ethosewh odo notatt a chi mp ort a ncet os ociali s m,b u ttheywi lln e verb uildan organi za t iont hatc onvertst hef a ithi ns o c ialismi nt oar ev olut ion, organi ze st hes oci e t y,p ushe sb ac kt h ec o unt errevolut io na nd capi tal ism, a ndp utsini t sp laceas o ci alistli fe. Wi t h outad oub t ,o uru nderstandingo fther evolut ionh asc hanged. Wed on o tconsiderbr e ak i n gas ta tea ndb u i ldingas tat eo fitso wna s arevol u ti o n.Wi t ho u run ders tandin goft herev olut iontoday ,wea im t oo rganizesoc i ety,therebye mp owe ri n gs oci e t ya sawh ol etog over n i tsel f.Ofc ourse ,th er es til ln eedstob ea no rgan i zationthatc anfight agai nstth estat e,imp e r iali sma n dc apit alisma n ddefenditselfa gai nst t heiratt a cks.Ano rga ni za t ion,fitforthes truggle,canb ecreatedwi t h anorgan i z at ionalund ers tand i ngo ft hi ski nd.Th es t ruggletak esplace withtheh elpo fa no r g anizati on ;wi t ht heh e l po fa no r ganize d soci ety.Th eorgan i zeds ocietyisc reat edb ythea ct iveme mb erso fthe vari ousc ommi tt e es.Theywi l lwo rkb othi nthec ommi tt eesa nda tthe samet imet oo rg a n iz et hes ociety!Th ey wo n’tsimp l yp r esent consi dera t ionstos ociety;theywi llnotd eclarewh atisrighto rwrong andimp os eac orr espo ndingc ourseo ns ociety;theywi l ln otd emand t hatsocietys i mp lyfollowst heirinstr uc t ion s ; t he ywillemp hasizethat t heircon sider ati o nsc ano nl yb ei mp leme ntedb yano rganization. Wi t ht h i sa pproacht heo r g ani zationc an ga i ns t rengtha nd i mp ort ance.Pro fes s i onalrevo l utionari esa rea l sothel eadersoft he re voluti on.Th isisaq ue sti o noft hev a n guard.Becausea l lme mb ers ofsoci etyn everwi l lb eabletot akeal eadin gr oleandp art icipat ein t her evol u t ionint hiswa y.Itre qui resa no rgani zationan dal eader whol eadst hes ociet y,p rovidest hem wi t ht houg h tsa ndt heory, orga n i zesthem, pointsoutandt eachesthemg o a ls,wayso fresi stance andformso faction,a nden couragesthemt oact.Fort hisreason, Leni na tt acheds omu chimp ort ancetot heleadershi po fthep ar tyand consi deredthec onceptofleadershiptob esos i gnifi cant.Her egarde d t hep art ya sal ea d i n gp owerf ora l lwo rkers ,p easan ts,th erural popula tionandf ora l ltheop pre ssed.Soh er ewes eethen ot iono fthe par tythatb ecome smo r ec oncretean dma teria liz edt hroughLe nin. Themo stimp ortantfeat ureo ftheOc t ob e rRe voluti oni sthefurther devel opme nto fthisn ot iono ftheo rganizat ion.Int hed ecadesthat fol lowed,Le nin'so rr at hert heBo l sheviks'u nder standingo ft he orga n i zat ions erveda sab a s isf orther evol u t ionarystr u ggleoft he soci ali sts .I fonet hinksa bouttheq uestiono forgani zation,Le ni n's unders tandingo fo rgani zationinev i tablyc omest omi nd.Le ni n i sm t husa lsop roducedt he' t h e o r yo fr e v ol utionwi ththeh elpo fa vanguar dp arty' . Ofc ou rs e,I sla ma nd Ch r ist ianit y we res imilar .I na llso c ial moveme ntstherehasb eenk i ndo fav anguardp ar ty.Perhapstheyd i d notfindth esamee xpress iona sduringc apital is mo rth esocial ist moveme ntemb odiedb yLe ni n .Butso c ietycanb ec ha n gedon l ywi t h t heh el po fap artyandt hedo minantp owerrep l acedbyap owerwi t h adif ferentunderstandingofp oli tic s.Th isrequir esa theoreti cal-i deol ogicalforce , a no rganiz ati ont hatfor mu la tesgoals andp ersp ec t ives .Th e sea resecretorgani zati ons.Th roughouthis tory wef indma nysecr etorga ni zati on s .Th eya r ed iff erentfromt oday 's par t i es,buttheyals oo r ga ni zea l ltheo ppos iti onal f orcesofthei rtime. Thep eoplesandtheoppressedgatheraroundtheirl eadersontheb as is ofat he o r ya ndideol ogytor es istt h erule rsandop press ors.I ne vi ta b l y, l ead er se me rgewhos pearheadso ci alinci dents.Th es el e adersarea par t yorparty-l ikest ruct u re s.On l ywh ensuchpa rt iesexis tandtakea l ead er shipro l e,soc ialmo vementscana chi evethe i rgoalsandachieve success.Be caus eu norganized,theoret ical lyfo rmulat edg o a lsa nd t h oughtso n l y willn everf ulf illthems el veso rb ri nga bouta socio- po l it icalmo ve me nt.Evenift heyproduces uchamo veme nt ,it willneverb esucce ssful . me ansofpowe ra ndt hes tate.Ba ckt he nthe yha vel edint hi s conte xta nd wi tht hispe rspective.Ac c or dingly,t hec haracterof lea dershipwi llc hangei fwer eplaceth ec on c ep tofs tat ea ndp ower witht he mo delo fDe mo crati c Co nfeder a lis m a nd De mo cr ati c Social ismb asedo nad emo crati c,o rganizeds ociety.Le aders h i pwi l l bethene xercisedd i fferently.Le adershi pwi llbeb asedo nd emo cr ati c l e a dershipa ndth usintendt ob uil ds truct ureswi thinth eframewo rkof t h evan guardp ar t y,t hemu nici p ali tie s,p eo ple' sc ou nci lsa ndo the r organi zedwo rkt hatd oesn otstr iv eforp owe randas tat e. Th eimp ortanceo far evolutionaryp art yi su l ti ma t elysh ownb ythe exper ienceo fth ePKK.Be forea ndi mme d iat elya fterthec oupo n Septe mb er1 2 ,19 80,thereh aveb eenn ume ro usrevo l u t ionaryp ar ti es i nTu rkey .Bu tth e ya l lc ouldn otwi thsta n dt hed evelopme ntsinthe cont ex to ft he1 2th Se ptemb era n db rok ea p art .Ou rc hairman Ab dul lahÖc alane xp r esslyd idn otassociatet hiswi ththema ssi ve pres sureo ft heSe ptemb er1 2c ou p.Un dou btedly,thea tt ack softhe couph aveb eens evere.Bu tOc al ane xplainedt hed est ructi ono f l e f t- wi ngo rganizati o nsan dthe i rin abi lit yt or eorganizeab ovealldue t ot hei rfailuretob ecomer e v oluti o nar ymo v eme ntsa ndtod evelopa poli ti callife.Th eTu rkishl eftwa sc rushedd espi tet heg reatsocia l potent ial ,b eca u s eitd i dn ’tprodu cear evolu ti ona r yo r gan i zatio na nd nop ol iti ca ll ife.Itd idno talignlifewi ththec orrespo ndi n gaimsa nd t h er evolu t ionaryo rganizati o n, wh iche ventuallyl e dt oi t s dest ructi on .Ho we ver,de spi tet hec oup,thePKKma n a g edtoregroup andspearh eadar evo l utionb ecausei thadc reateda no r gan i zationand buil tap oliti callifeforth eca useo ftherevo luti on .Inthisrespect,t he underst and ingo fpartya ndo rgan i z a tionb yLe n i na ndt heBol shevi k Part yi sveryimp ort a nt .Ofco ur se,atthesamet ime ,wemu s tdeal c rit ical lywi ththea i mo fpowerandt hestat e,wh ichwa spar tofthis under standingo fthepartyandtheo r g a nizati o n.Toda y,wes pea ko f l eaders hipi nb ui ldi n gas oci al ismt hatai msa tdemo cracy.ThePKK a n do urc hair ma nAb dull ahÖc ala nh aved ev e lopedt h eSo viet ’s vangua rdp artyconceptfurt her.ThePKKh a sma na ge dtoe xi standto f ighttot hi sd ayb yb ui ldi ng ar evoluti on aryo rganizat iona nd c o r respondingp ol it icizat ionandap olit icalli fe.Itdids oontheb as is oftheinsightthat ,ap roperunderst andingo ftheo r g anizat ionanda pol it icall i fea p p ro pr iatefort her evolut ionaryo rg ani zat iona re nec essaryinv ie wo fthesever ec ondi tionsinKu rdis tan. cond i ti onsf orar evoluti onwe r ea bundant yp l re sen t .Asp artofthe war,Ru ssi ah a dc omet otheb rinko fc ol lap s e.Int hewa r,Ru ss ia ac tuallyfoug hta l ong si det hosewh owo uldl at ere me r gev i ctorious . Butint hec o u rseo ft hewa r,th ep ol itical ,s ocia l,e conomica nd cul turalcri sisinRu ssiahadi ntensif ieda ndar evoluti onarysituat ion hadarisen.I nt hissit u at ion,theBo l shevikPa rt ya ndLe ni nc ar riedout t her e v ol ution.Itisimp orta n tt ol ooka tt heme thodstheyusedtoc ar ry outtherevolution.Fo rarevolutionthataimsa tsociali sm, de mo cracy i so fp ar ti cu l a rimp o rt ance.By Fe bruary ,as o - call edb o ur g eoi s r ev ol utionh ada l readyb egun .Itwo ul db eo fco ur seami sta k eto descr ibed emo crati cr evolut ionsa sb our g eois.Breakingfeudali smi s notab ourg e oi sr evolution.Toc allthemth atwo ul db ead et ermin i st ic wayo fl ooki n ga tt hi ngs.I two uldb et her esul to fa l inear , det ermi ni st icu n der stand i ngo fh i storythatc onsi derscap i ta lismtob e t hei nevit ables u cc es soroff euda l ism.I two uldt her eforeb emo re appropri atet oc a llt heser e v oluti onsn o tb ourgeois ,b utp eople ’s democ ra ti cr ev olut ion s .Th esep e ople 'sd emo crat icr evol uti o nsare veryimp ort a nt.Th eya retheb asi so ft hes ocia listrevol ution.All so c i ali s t revolutionsc anult ima tel yo nlyh appenwi th intheframe work ofp eo pl e’sd emo crati cr e v oluti ons.Ac co r dingly,t hep eople' s democ ra ti cr evo l uti on ,i. e.thed emo crat icre vol uti o n,ensur esthatthe peopl eb ecomea no rganizedfo r cea ndth er e f o r ea ct ive.Ar evolut ion t hatd oesno tac t ivat et hep eopled oesn ote xi st.De mocracya ndthe democ ra ti cr e v oluti o na ree xp r e s sedt hroug hth ea ct ivi tyo ft he peopl e .Thiswa sthec aseinth eFe br uaryRe volut iona ndape ople' s r ev ol utiontookp lace.Di f ferentg roupso fs oci etytoo kpartint h is peopl e ' srevolution.Th eOc toberRe voluti onc omp lete lytransf orme d thi s d emoc rati c p eople 's r e vo l ution i nto a s ociali st r evoluti on.Unde rthecondit ionscrea t edb yth edemo cra ticrevol u t ion, t hep eoplehado rg a n i zedthems el ve s ;wo r kers ,ther ur alp opulat ion, so ldie rsa ndyou thorganize dt hemse l vesa ndc arr iedo u tar evol u t ion. I nt hi sc o n text,th eme thodsu s edt oc a r r yo utther evol utiona re i mp or tant.On eo ft he mo stimp ort a ntf eature so fthe Oc tober Revol u t ionwa si tsrel ati ont otheSo viets.Th es l ogan'AllPo we rto t heSo viet s'i sint h i scontextak eystat e me ntthatpoi n t stoas ociali st r evoluti on.Th eSo viet swe ret hep eople' sc ounci lsa ndg overning bodi esf ounde db ythee xpl o i tedando p pr e ssedsocialgroups.Inthis r egard,theri ghts tepshadb eentakena ttheb eginni ngo ftheOc tober Revol u t ion.Wi tht hehelpo ftheSo viets ,as ocia lis trev ol utio nh ad bee nc ar riedou t.Itisv eryi mp ort antt ou nder sta n dt hep eople 's counc ils,t hes oviet s,a sc ruci a lt ot her evo luti o n,f ori ts i mp l eme ntat iona ndfortherepresentat iono ft hepeople.Theya r et he r elevantdeci sion - ma kinganda dmin i st rativeb odies .Th efactthatthe OctoberRe vo lutionwa sb asedo nPe op l e'sCo uncil so rtheSo v i ets pr ovidesanimp o rt antexperi encef orthepe ople,t heso c ialgroupsa nd t heo ppres sed. bi ggestmi st a keo ft her e v olutions tar tedh e re.Be causet he commu ne sandp eo pl e'sc oun ci lswe ren otdevelopedint oas yst e mo n ad emo crat ic-confederalb asis ,t her ewa sas hiftawa yfromt he demo cr aticchara ct erth atp revai le dattheb egi n ni ngo fsoci ali sma nd t ot hed e v elopme ntofas ys t emt hatwa sa ut horit ari an;ithadlo stit s demo cr aticc haracter ,a n dh ads t rayeda wa yf r omt heessenceo f soci alis m.Th erei su n dou btedlyad i rectcon nect ionb et weent hi s abandonme nta n dt het h eoret ica la pproachd evel op edbeforet he r e vol ution.Af t e rther evo l u t ion,a ne venmo rea uthor ita ria na tti tude wa sd is p la y e d .Th ef und ame ntala pp r oach wa st ob uil dt he dict ators h i po fth eproletariatint hen ameo fo vert hrowingther ul ing cl a s ses,c apit alisma ndf eudalism.Ap proachest hataimeda tthe const ructiono fap r o l e t ar i ans tate,as tateoft hepeople,asoc i a l is t st ateserveda sar easonf o ra band oni n gsocial ism.Itwa sint end edto buil das o cial iststat eu ndert hec o nt rolo fthewo rker sa ndpea sant s aft erthed est ructiono fthep r esen tst a t e.An dthisisexact lywh erethe abandonme ntofs ocial ismh ap pened. Eversincethemo mentthewo rk t o wardsas tat eh ads t arted ,thes ociali strevoluti on,d a yb yd aya nd st epb yste p ,b r o kea wa yf r o mi tsv er yc ore,destr oyedi t sdemo crati c charact era ndbu il tane co no mics yst e mofs ociet ywh ichwec allstat e capit ali smo nt heb asiso fac entr a li zeda pproach.Ifthes oviets , commu ne s,andg ras sroo tsstructuresthateme r g edatthebegi nn ingof t h e Oc t o ber Re voluti o n we r en oto rganized with ac e n tr a l is t underst an di ng,b uto n ad emo c r atic- co nf ederalb asi s,theSo vie t r e vol utionwo ulds urelyh av eha dad i ffer ento ut come .Theo p e rat ion ofad emo cr ati c -cent ralisti co rgan izedv a n guar dp art ywa scomp lete ly t ransferr edt othes ocialsy stem. Th i sl e dt oaninc r easi nglystr o ng
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