NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 SPREP Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Niue National Environmental Management Strategy 2018–2022. Apia, Samoa : SPREP, 2018. 60 p. 29cm. ISSN: 1562–675X 1. Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP). I. Title 363.7099 SPREP authorises the reproduction of this material, whole or in part, provided appropriate acknowledgement is given. Cover photo: tba Other photos: Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs were taken by SPREP staff. An initiative of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States funded by the European Union. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union and the United Nations Environment Programme under the ACPMEA Phase II Project. The views expressed herein do not reflect the official opinion of the European Union, the United Nations Environment Programme or the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. PO Box 240, Apia, Samoa +685 21929 sprep@sprep.org www.sprep.org Our vision: A resilient Pacific environment sustaining our livelihoods and natural heritage in harmony with our cultures. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 CONTENTS Message froM the preMier 2 foreword froM the Minister of environMent 3 acronyMs 4 executive suMMary 5 introduction 7 theMe 1 conservation of niue’s Biodiversity and natural heritage 15 theMe 2 resource Management 23 theMe 3 waste Management and pollution control 29 theMe 4 atmosphere and climate change 33 theMe 5 sustainable development 39 theMe 6 environmental governance, Mainstreaming and capacity development 43 theMe 7 implementation and Monitoring framework 47 concluding reMarks 49 acknowledgeMents 50 references 51 appendices 53 MESSAGE fROM ThE PREMIER The National Strategic Plan (Ko E Tohi Fakatokatoka and use opportunities to Gahua Ha Niue) 2016–2026 for Niue is the guiding achieve our national goals, document that underpins the partnership between the as well as our regional government and stakeholders in achieving sustainable and global commitments. development. We must not forget that as global citizens, we The National Environmental Management Strategy (NEMS) have a commitment to do 2018–2022 is an important instrument of the National all that we can to protect Strategic Plan. The NEMS reflects the Government and our environment. By the community’s commitment to protect, conserve and successfully protecting sustainably use the country’s environment and resources. the environment we are The most recent state of environment report for Niue securing our future, the was completed some 25 years ago, which resulted in the future of our children, and development of the national environment management the future of our planet. strategy. Many changes to Niue’s environment have been Niue punches above its size in terms of global observed since then, with severe cyclones and droughts commitments and achievements. In many ways, Niue leads adversely impacting the ecology of the land, coastal and by example by reducing its carbon footprint and upholding marine resources, as well as damaging infrastructure and the global commitment towards reducing carbon and people’s homes. The Government implemented a number greenhouse gas emissions, and managing ozone depleting of measures and policies to assist with the recovery of substances. resources, as well as adapting to climatic events that are predicted to become the norm due to climate change. A Through this NEMS we will continue to lead and set key part of the Government’s strategy is forging a strong ambitious but achievable targets so we can continue to partnership with communities, the private sector and civil thrive on this island paradise. Niue is on its way with our society. Traditional development partners are a key part global commitment to protect 40% of our ocean to allow of Niue’s prosperity, and the role of the New Zealand life to find a haven in Niue, away from an increasingly Government is particularly noted. threatened and chaotic world. To achieve our people’s aspirations, we need a strong and united nation and This National Environmental Management Strategy (NEMS) enduring partnerships with all our external partners. I urge represents the aspirations of our communities and our all Niueans to do their part to help safeguard Niue’s cultural partners to move Niue forward to address new challenges and natural heritage. Honorable Toke Talagi Premier of Niue Alofi, Niue 2 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 fOREWORD fROM ThE MINISTER Of ENVIRONMENT Twenty-five years ago, the Government and the people of This NEMS is a Niue, adopted the first National Environment Management partnership agreement of Strategy. the Government and all stakeholders in a joint effort While we appreciate the role the environment plays in our to conserve and manage daily lives, we did not know the state of the environment Niue’s resources. It is a and resources. We took and used what we could, with framework to coordinate, the mentality that the environment would provide. Fast plan, communicate, forward to today’s situation, the environment is struggling collaborate and respond to provide. to the threats to our The global impact of climate change is no longer a environment, our natural challenge out there, but one that resides on the island and resources and our cultural in our communities. The changes in our weather patterns heritage. To be successful attributed to gases that industrialised countries have been in the implementation of this emitting, is causing unprecedented droughts, and high NEMS we need assistance and actions, and a change of intensity cyclones, that are impacting our lives. mind-set so that we value every bit of the land, and every part of the sea, that makes this country great. Hon. Dalton Tagelagi Minister for Natural Resources NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 3 Acronyms BCN Broadcsating Netwrok of Niue CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CMS Convention on Migratory Species DAFF Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries DOE Department of Education DOEnv Department of Environment DOH Department of Health EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations GHG Green House Gas GoN Government of Niue HFCA Huvalu Forest and Conservation Area INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements MPA Marine Protected Area NEMS National Environmental Management Strategy NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NISAP National Invasive Species Action Plan NiSERM Niue Strategic Energy Road Map NIWAR National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research NIWMS National Integrated Waste Management Strategy NNSP Niue National Strategic Plan NPC Niue Power Corporation NZD New Zealand Dollar ODS Ozone Depleting Substances POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants SOE State of Environment SOPAC South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission SPC Secretariat for the Pacific Community SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 4 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 ExECUTIVE SUMMARY The National Environmental Management Strategy 2018–2022 (NEMS) for Niue is a living document, a blueprint on strategic environmental planning and actions, over the next five years. The Niue NEMS is for all residents of Niue, for the regional and international development partners and organisations, and for Niuens residing in other parts of the world. The NEMS is a medium to long-term perspective of a set of objectives, with the aspiration of securing the environment, natural and cultural resources for the current residents and for the future generations of Niue. The strategy takes into consideration existing global and regional targets, and environmental frameworks, which Niue is committed to implement. The strategy is the outcome of a consultative process by the national stakeholders during the development of Niue’s State of the Environment report (SOE). The SOE report identified seven thematic areas, which are reflected in the 2018–2022 NEMS. The environmental challenge and agenda is organised under six thematic areas in this NEMS: i. Conservation of Niue’s biological diversity and natural heritage ii. Resource management iii. Waste management and pollution control iv. Atmosphere and climate change v. Sustainable development vi. Environmental governance, mainstreaming and capacity development vii. Implementation and monitoring framework conservation of niue’s Biological diversity and natural heritage From species to land and seascapes, Niue’s biodiversity is highly vulnerable to a multitude of threats. The impacts of climate change are the most concerning for the native biodiversity, as a severe cyclone can cut through rainforests in a few hours, leaving many of the species destitute and vulnerable. The unfettered growth of invasive species presents another problem for native biodiversity and ecological systems. It is important that the conservation agenda focuses on strengthening natural ecosystems through the maintenance of protected areas in a systematic and practical way. Invasive species must be addressed, and the National Invasive Species Strategic Action Plan (NISSAP) provides the implementation framework. The environment underpins development on the island. It is critical that sectors, communities, and partners implement this agreed environmental agenda, to guide development initiatives and sustainable living. Niue is in a position to harness its resources for the benefit of its current population, without compromising the future of its people to meet their own needs. By using the green and blue economies, Niue can derive modest benefits through policies and plans that foster partnerships with national, regional and global stakeholders. All economic developments must factor the environment and social obligations in a much higher platform than they currently are. The Government must take leadership, to ensure that this is the new way of generating economic outcomes for the benefit of Niue. Good governance can determine the outcomes of many of the Government’s policies and plans. The role of civil society and the private sector is critical in achieving beneficial outcomes to the nation. Good governance encourages investor confidence, and it helps in addressing some of the key challenges relating to poverty alleviation, health, education and unemployment. Environmental governance is closely linked to other aspects of this NEMS, primarily in the sustainable development agenda, where government leadership is paramount. It is important that the environment is no longer an opt-out in economic development, but a priority issue to be addressed first. A national capacity development plan will ensure that policies and programmes are being implemented to the highest standard. This may necessitate a review of the state of technical capacity and the level of training to be undertaken. The Implementation and Monitoring Framework is a key component of this NEMS, recognising that progress and achievements reflect the collective outputs stated in the National Strategic Plan 2016–2026, and the various sector plans. It is important to note that the NEMS should be viewed as a living document to be reviewed and amended as new information, knowledge, strategic focus and directions come to the fore. The implementation relies on a collective commitment and partnership from all government agencies, the private sector, the civil society, the village councils and the public. The role of the Department of Environment is critical in coordinating and providing the necessary support to the implementing partners, to ensure that the NEMS actions are pursued, documented and shared. The monitoring of the NEMS is a key part of the Department of Environment’s responsibility, to guide the management actions and to ensure that progress is made towards achieving the objectives and goals of this document. The review of NEMS should align with the SOE and be conducted regularly, such as every five years. The Strategic Themes of NEMS are purposely developed and prioritised to align with the many international MEAs and other regional environmental strategies, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the S.A.M.O.A. Pathway, the CBD Aichi Targets, and the Regional Framework for the Conservation of Protected Areas. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 5 1. INTRODUCTION About niue Niue lies in the heart of the Polynesian triangle with the Samoan archipelago to the north, the Cook Islands to the east and the Kingdom of Tonga to the west, at coordinates of 19o South and 169o West. It is a single uplifted island with a total land area of 259 sq. km surrounded by a 390,000 sq. km exclusive economic zone (EEZ). In addition to the main island, Niue’s territory includes the distant reefs of Beveridge, Antiope and Harran (see Fig. 1). Niue is an independent, self-governing nation in free association with New Zealand. The average height above sea level is 23 metres and the highest point is just under 70 metres. Niue is located at the edge of the tropical cyclone belt in the southeast trade winds zone, where the climate is pleasant with two distinct seasons: the hot wet season from November to March, and the cool dry season from April to October (Anthoni, 2004-2005). Niue experiences an average of one severe cyclone per decade, the most recent being category 5 cyclone Heta in January 2004, which caused NZD37.7 million in damage to infrastructure and the environment (PACCSAPP 2011). Rainfall averages 2,200 mm per year and the mean temperature is 25°C (SPREP 2009; PACCSAPP 2011). Droughts are not uncommon especially during ENSO events. Niue is self-governing, in free association with New Zealand. The New Zealand Government is responsible for the island’s defence and external affairs. Legislation is the responsibility of the Niue Assembly, which is based on a Westminster-style system. It has twenty members (14 village representatives and six elected on a common roll) but New Zealand, if called upon to do so by the Assembly, will also legislate for the island. fIGURE 1. Map of niue. source: government of niue. There is a New Zealand representative based on the island. There has been a steady decline in the population of Niue over the years with the most recent population of 1,716 (Statistics Department, Government of Niue 2017) (Fig. 2). This population decline is due to out-migration overseas. The 2013 Government of New Zealand Population and Housing Census recorded 23,892 Niueans living in New Zealand. While this is a concern for the island, measures to counteract the population loss have had limited success (NBSAP 2015:10). NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 7 fIGURE 2. population trend of niue from 1971 to 2017. source: statistics department. Niue’s economy remains highly fragile due to its small population, limited labour force, expensive and limited transport options, limited arable land and vulnerability to natural disasters (cyclones and droughts). The economy has traditionally been based on exploitation of natural resources including fisheries and agriculture. The agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for the export market. Niue’s soil is composed of eroded coral, and is generally fertile but limited in coverage. The soil fertility, rocky and broken terrain, make cultivation of crops challenging. Traditional slash and burn techniques have drained the soil of much of its nutrients. Less than 40% of the land is suitable for cultivation and the fragmented nature of land ownership, together with the considerable number of absentee land holders, contributes to low agricultural production. The sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue. The government expenditures regularly exceed the revenues, and the shortfall is made up by critically needed grants from the New Zealand government, which are used to pay wages to public employees. The recent focus on tourism has seen a rise of 56% in earnings from 2010 to 2013 (Smith 2015). Niue’s GDP remains one of the highest per capita in the Pacific, estimated at NZD17,820 in 2014, and is largely due to financial assistance from New Zealand. Economic aid allocation from New Zealand in FY13/14 was NZD12.1 million, increasing to NZD22.5 million in the 2015/2016 before a reduction to NZD13.8 million in the 2016/2017 period. The small size of the island, in addition to the limited infrastructure and difficult operational conditions, may be a contributing factor for Niue’s level of participation in the tuna fishery industry. Entering into partnerships with foreign vessels allows for some participation in the tuna fishery. Reef gleaning and fishing are important activities but these are limited due to the absence of a wide protective lagoon. Most fishing is carried out in the open sea using small canoes (Fig. 3), which are carried down steep cliffs. The capital Alofi, has a harbour equipped with a crane, for lifting of boats in and out of the water. Most of Alofi was seriously damaged during cyclone Heta. Niue has adopted the New Zealand system of parliamentary democracy comprised of national and local administrations. There are several government agencies under the three ministries: the Ministry of Infrastructure, the Ministry of Natural Resources, and the Ministry of Social Services. At the level of local government, there are 14 Village Councils: Makefu, Tuapa, Namukulu, Toi, Hikutavake, Mutalau, Lakepa, Liku, Hakupu, Vaiea, Avatele, Tamakautoga and Alofi South and Alofi North (Government of Niue, http://www.gov.nu/wb/). fIGURE 3. fishing in an outrigger canoe. photo: huggard tongatule. 8 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 Niue’s culture and traditions remain an important part of its identity (Fig. 4). These traditions are closely associated with the environment, from the water lens secured within the island, the trees and animals in the forests, the crops and farming practices, the preparation of food for subsistence and traditional ceremonies, to navigating and harvesting marine life in the ocean. These are the stories and the lore of Niue’s past, present and future. Such assets are worthy of preservation and protection for future generations, and for the identity of all proud Niueans. The national environmental management strategy is the blueprint to inspire and guide this aspiration. fIGURE 4. traditional crafts remain important to all niueans. photo: huggard tongatule. WhAt is the nAtionAl environmentAl mAnAgement strAtegy? The NEMS is a set of strategies and programmes for Niue to guide development that meets the needs of today’s population without jeopardising the ability of future generations to meet their own (NEMS, 1993). This strategy is presented in light of the rapidly declining population and the realisation that sustainable development for Niue requires a strong and stable partnership with New Zealand. The first NEMS was developed in 1993. A review of that NEMS was conducted in March 2017 (Annex 1) describing changes and achievements. The review also provided the groundwork towards the development of the 2018–2022 NEMS. Since 1993 many changes have occurred, including the devastation of infrastructure and the environment caused by cyclones, and a significant reduction in population caused by out-migration, mainly to New Zealand. There has been a significant increase in legislation of environmental relevance (Powell 2007, and Table 1 below). This NEMS was developed alongside the 2018 State of the Environment Report for Niue, as well as the 2015 National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan for Niue. rAtionAle for the nems The NEMS is a national instrument that will assist with the coordination and collaboration amongst all the stakeholders in Niue and abroad on key policies, programmes and actions to promote sustainable development and conservation of Niue’s natural resources. It provides guidance for the proper safeguarding of natural resources. The NEMS is about capturing the aspirations of the people and developing steps towards achieving them. The NEMS is a framework that links related policies and provides a roadmap for environmental actions and stewardship. It promotes the establishment of good governance and policies and highlights shortcomings that must be addressed for the protection of the environment, achieving economic aspirations and enhancing community wellbeing. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 9 FORMULATION OF THE NEMS The review and revitalisation of Niue’s NEMS was initiated following the SPREP meeting held in Niue in 2016 (Fig. 5). From then, the NEMS was developed through consultations with the national government stakeholders, communities and civil society (Fig. 6). It was based on a review of the 1993 NEMS and aligning it with thematic areas in the State of Environment Report (SOE 2018). Two national workshops were organised by SPREP in partnership with the Department of Environment and the Government of Niue. In developing a forward focused and relevant framework, other sectors’ programmes, plans and projects were included in the formulation of the NEMS. As with all good planning processes, it is important to recognise that this NEMS FIGURE 5. SPREP meeting in Niue in 2016. provides the foundation for the government and its Photo: Jope Davetanivalu, SPREP. partners to work towards achieving sustainable living. It is a document that should be changed and adapted according to circumstances and priorities of the nation. It is important also to acknowledge the need to embrace the evolving and fast-paced flow of information and knowledge, which potentially could help improve and influence management outcomes. Under the 2018 SOE, seven thematic areas were assessed, and these are incorporated in the 2018–2022 NEMS. Many of the actions and recommendations in the NEMS are supplementary to those presented in the country’s NBSAP 2015 and other nationally endorsed policies and programmes. Some of the text has been freely derived from sources listed in the references and from other reputable sources. FIGURE 6. Stakeholder consultation. Photo: Paul Anderson, SPREP. 10 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 the nems And multilAterAl environmentAl Agreements This NEMS aligns and assists with achieving one of the pillars under Niue’s National Strategic Plan 2018–2026, as illustrated below: niue nAtionAl strAtegic PlAn nAtionAl develoPment PillArs ———————————————————— sector strAtegies (nems) sub-nAtionAl strAtegies Niue is party to a number of international and regional environmental agreements. The NEMS provides an overarching implementation framework for many of these multilateral environmental agreements. Niue is not party to a few other MEAs, such as the Noumea Convention, the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora, and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing. Important elements of these MEAs are also included in this NEMS. niue – nems Mainstreaming; Biodiversity conservation; resource Management; waste Management and pollution control; atmosphere and climate change; sustainable development; governance and capacity development; implementation and Monitoring framework multilAterAl environmentAl Agreements convention on Biological diversity (cartagena protocol on Bio-safety); world heritage convention; stockholm convention; vienna convention (Montreal protocol); united nations convention on the law of the sea (part xii: protection and preservation of the Marine environment); united nations framework convention on climate change (kyoto protocol) (paris agreement); united nations convention on combatting desertification; waigani convention. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 11 2. VISION, MISSION, GOAL AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES Every Niuean has the duty and responsibility to be a guardian for Niue’s environment. This duty extends to culture and heritage, as the environment is an important consideration and part of tāoga (culture) Niue. The state of Niue’s environment has fared reasonably well, compared to many other islands in the Pacific. Population decline plays a large part in the state of the environment, where the demand for resources remains stable or has declined. Various government measures, including policies and programmes, have contributed to the protection of Niue’s resources. For example, the moratorium on harvesting of the lupe (pigeon) and the peka (fruit bat) for three years after cyclone Heta, assisted in the recovery of their populations. The banning of the exportation of uga (coconut crab) means the population of this iconic crab remains in fair condition. These successes highlight the important work undertaken by the government, but equally significant is the partnership and support by the people. Challenges remain in areas of energy, climate adaption, pollution and waste management, as well as land use planning and the increasing demand for resources. How to accommodate developments to improve Niue’s economic opportunities, while maintaining the integrity of Niue’s biological diversity, is part and parcel of this 2018–2022 NEMS. Natural resource development and management holds the key to economic sustainability for Niue. Exploitation of renewable resources at a pace higher than the natural rate of replenishment could prove detrimental to the sustainable development plans of the country. vision our environment and heritage inspiring a prosperous nation. mission Working together to sustainably develop and manage niue’s natural resources, to protect and preserve our cultural heritage. goAl A national environmental strategy and action plan for the protection, conservation and sustainable use of niue’s natural resources and cultural heritage, ensuring ecological, economic and social processes are maintained for the people and the future generation. 12 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 guiding PrinciPles The NEMS 2018–2022 is guided by global principles that are well aligned with those outlined in the Niue’s Ke Monuina 2016–2026 document, and with the values of Niue’s culture and society. The principles include leadership and good governance, collective responsibility for the environment, indigenous knowledge, practices and innovations and integration of the environment and development. leadership and good governance The Government of Niue will lead efforts to protect, manage and promote the sustainable use of the country’s environment and its natural resources. This involves upholding good governing practices of transparency, accountability, shared responsibility and fairness in the consideration of environmental requirements in development practices. It respects everyone’s right to a clean and healthy environment. It also recognises key principles for respecting the needs and capacities of the natural environment such as the precautionary, polluter pays and carrying capacity principles. • The Precautionary Principle is defined in the UN Agenda 21 Rio Declaration as “Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation”. • The Polluter Pays Principle means that populations are justly responsible for the waste and pollution they generate either directly or through payments for the available mitigation and management services. The principle extends to society’s responsibility to pay for the programmes that help to replenish, restore and rehabilitate natural resources and the environment that were exploited or degraded through extensive development activities. • The Carrying Capacity Principle may be defined as the ability of the environment to sustain the needs of human development and its own natural requirements. Development should respect the limits of the carrying capacities of its hosting environment if it is to achieve a more sustainable pathway. collective responsibility for the environment Biodiversity and the environment provide important goods and services for communities. It is the responsibility of individuals, organisations and societies to protect, manage and sustainable use biodiversity. The extraction or exploitation of resources have economic and environmental costs. It is our collective responsibility to ensure that these costs, are not detrimental to the state of biodiversity and the goods and services it provides. indigenous knowledge, practices and innovations The people of Niue have acquired indigenous and traditional knowledge and practices, which have guided their survival and development for thousands of years. This knowledge and the practices can contribute to the sustainable use and management of resources in Niue. They are also inspirations for Niue’s culture, traditions and ceremonies. The participation of key stakeholders, including village council, civil society and the public will help strengthen the use of indigenous knowledge and practices. integration of the environment and development This principle recognises that the environment underpins development. It recognises the challenges in balancing the needs of the environment and the development needs of Niuean society. It is vital that economic and/or physical development must ensure environmental protection, to facilitate long-term sustainability. This principle emphasises the importance of credible scientific information to support the integration of the environment into development planning and implementation. It also recognises appropriate value systems of the people in Niue that promote the integrity of the environment. The Niue NEMS and SOE reports contribute to a larger global effort towards the conservation of biodiversity and improving the environment for the benefit of all. It is important that this NEMS, while local in its approach, is closely linked with regional and international environmental conventions and agreements (see Annex 2). NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 13 ThEME 1 CONSERVATION Of NIUE’S BIODIVERSITY AND NATURAL hERITAGE sdg sustainable development goals cbd convention on biological diversity – Aichi biodiversity targets nnsP 2016–2026 niue national strategic Plan environment and climate change pillar. component: biodiversity objective 1.1 niue’s biodiversity is protected and conserved through the establishment and the maintenance of managed and protected areas. objective 1.2 niue’s endangered, threatened and endemic species and ecosystems are protected through the implementation of effective management plans and programmes. objective 1.3 niue’s biodiversity and ecosystems are effectively managed from the harmful impacts of invasive species. objective 1.4 traditional knowledge and new technologies are promoted and used for the management of niue’s biodiversity and ecosystems. objective 1.5 biodiversity protection is enhanced through the preservation, and the conservation of cultural, historical, religious and tourism sites. Niue has a few endemic species that are of global importance. The flat-tail sea snake (Laticauda schistorhynchus) is the most iconic of Niue endemic species. A number of birds are also unique to Niue and their populations remain precarious, due to loss of habitats from cyclones and hunting. Niue is increasingly attracting visitors for whale watching, and the vantage points throughout the island make it accessible for all. The marine species are vulnerable due to climate change and over- harvesting. The threat of invasive species to native animals, plants, as well as the landscape, increases every year, if no action is taken to halt or eliminate their spread. Niue is blessed with many interesting landscape formations from unique chasms, intricate and ornately coloured caves and karsts that are important parts of the history and lore of the people. These sites deserve to be preserved as part of the nation’s natural and cultural heritage. Their preservation will also help preserve many of the vulnerable native species. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 15 OBJECTIVE 1.1 niue’s biodiversity is Protected And conserved through the estAblishment And the mAintenAnce of mAnAged And Protected AreAs Niue has two key conservation areas (Hakupu Heritage and Cultural Park, and the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area). The Huvalu Forest Conservation Area (HFCA) was established in 1992, covering 5,400 ha (Fig. 7). It is Niue’s premier conservation area, having the largest intact primary forest on the island. The HFCA is divided into three areas according to local traditional practices. The core is about 100 ha and is a tapu area, a most sacred site where hunting, logging or even research is prohibited. An area of about 2,500 ha of primary forest provides some protection to the core but is used for hunting and other activities. Outside of this is a buffer zone of 2,800 ha of agricultural land. The HFCA extends seawards towards the fringing reef (about 20 m from the high tide mark). The Hakupu Heritage and Cultural Park was designated as a national park in 1998. It extends south from the Tuhia access track in the village of Hakupu, and very close to the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area. This park was a private initiative, with the support of family members. A committee comprising mainly of family members, who share ownership of the land, manages the park. The primary objective is to document and protect sites of historical and ecological significance. This includes some of the caves that were used for traditional burials, or for women to weave mats and other crafts. Other sites within the park were used as a fortress and where community lived. The park is also an important flying fIGURE 7. the huvalu forest conservation area fox sanctuary (tauga peka). Some of the natural components of the park showing the tapu areas. source: government of niue. include three fresh water caves at the Tuhia Sea Track and blowholes at Mata along the coastal area. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline identify high biodiversity areas through • database developed listing high biodiversity department of environment 2020 a national audit area from the national audit establish conservation areas by • at least three village conservation areas department of environment; village 2022 working with village councils and established council; t āoga niue; tourism niue communities provide the necessary legal framework • legislation passed that allows villages to department of Justice; department 2022 to allow villages to develop and establish and manage their conservation areas of environment; village councils establish conservation areas undertake baseline assessments of • Biodiversity data captured in a national department of environment; t āoga 2022 conservation areas and implement database with a list of species and features in at niue; landcare nZ; usp; sprep basic monitoring programmes least three conservation areas develop management plans for • conservation management guidelines developed department of environment; village 2022 community conservation areas • Management plans developed for at least three councils; t āoga niue; tourism niue; conservation areas sprep. • Management plan for the huvalu forest conservation area developed to ensure that the most intact primary forest is protected identify and promote linked • at least one ridge to reef conservation area department of environment; village 2022 conservation areas (protected area established councils; department of agriculture, network and ridge to reef concept) forestry and fisheries national audit of niue’s biodiversity focuses on assessing the level of biodiversity (flora and fauna found on island) – quantifying the diversity and assessing the habitats and their carrying capacity to host species. the audit will also attempt to put a dollar value on biodiversity, as well as a value on how each diversity contributes to the environment, society and economy. 16 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 OBJECTIVE 1.2 niue’s endAngered, threAtened And endemic sPecies And ecosystems Are Protected through the imPlementAtion of effective mAnAgement PlAns And ProgrAmmes Niue has a few endemic species and sub-species. The flat-tail sea snake, comb-tooth blenny, Polynesian starling, Polynesian triller, Niue Blue butterfly, Rattle-box moth, Niue leafhopper, Niue planthopper, Niue weevil, Niue scale insect, Niue land snail and the Vaikona slender-foot crab (Table 1). Human activities, climate impacts and invasive species are the main threats to Niue’s native species. Niue’s population of just over 5,000 in the 1970s led to increased activities in agriculture, logging and land clearing. These activities resulted in the loss of primary and coastal forests. Native biodiversity that relied on the forests for food and habitat became vulnerable, due to loss of food and habitat, but they were also hunted for food. As the population declined over the years, most of the agricultural lands have converted into secondary forests. Some of the vulnerable species recovered, whereas others remained in low numbers. The small land mass of Niue makes it highly vulnerable to climate conditions. Cyclones will become more severe when they hit Niue, although the current climate models are predicting fewer cyclones. The increasing sea surface temperatures will cause bleaching of corals and also harm other marine life. The changing pH of the ocean will cause reefs to dissolve, as well as affect the shells of many marine animals. These are serious threats to Niue’s native biodiversity. Without a concerted effort, locally and internationally, to combat these threats, Niue’s biodiversity will remain vulnerable for the foreseeable future. Local actions can go a long way to safeguarding and building resilience for Niue’s species population. A number of successful measures are being applied to protect and conserve Niue’s native biodiversity, including banning the shooting of flying foxes and pigeons after cyclone Heta (Fig. 8), the ban in exporting coconut crabs overseas, and imposing tapu or fono in certain areas. TABLE 1. Major biodiversity groups including their status and iucn red list category grouP number of number of number of iucn red list sPecies endemic/ introduced ne – not evaluated; nt – near threatened; lc – least concern; nAtive sPecies sPecies en – endangered; vu – vulnerable; cr – critically endangered skinks and geckos 9 8 1 ne – 2; lc –6; en – 1 turtles 3 3 0 vu –1; en – 1; cr – 1 snakes 1 1 0 vu – 1 birds 32 16 2 lc – 28; nt – 3; vu – 1 flying fox 1 1 1 lc – ; nt – ; vu – en – cr - Plants lc – ; nt – ; vu – en – cr - invertebrates lc – ; nt – ; vu – en – cr - fIGURE 7. lupe survey from three sites for the years 1994, 2004 and 2012. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 17 Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline develop conservation management plans • five conservation management plans department of environment; department 2020 for at least five priority species developed for the peka, uga, hega, lupe of agriculture, forestry and fisheries; and the olive small-scaled skink tāoga niue; tourism niue; village councils identify and map safe havens for species • sites and habitats, including corridors, department of environment; department 2020 most at risk are mapped using gis. of Justice, village council; tāoga niue; tourism niue restore and improve ecological systems • number and size of habitats and department of environment; department 2022 for native species systems restored. of agriculture, forestry and fisheries; department of education; village councils; develop an emergency intervention plan • an emergency intervention plan department of environment; tāoga niue; 2022 to avert species extinction developed, identifying the threatened landcare nZ; sprep species and plans to safeguard them from extinction. undertake regular monitoring and • survey results shared with relevant department of environment; tāoga niue; 2020 surveys of niue’s biodiversity, especially stakeholders and included in in protected areas, to ensure that department of environment annual populations of species are in healthy highlights or report conditions engage communities and the private • number of events jointly held with department of environment; village 2019 sector to promote awareness and communities and the private sector councils; taoga niue; private sector cooperation in the protection of species and habitats 18 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 OBJECTIVE 1.3 niue’s biodiversity And ecosystems Are effectively mAnAged from the hArmful imPActs of invAsive sPecies The introduction of species that became pests have had adverse impacts on native biodiversity in many islands. Unfortunately, there is often no quantifiable data to support this assumption for Niue but based on research and reports from other similar island situations, invasive species are the leading cause of species extinctions. Invasive plants displaced many native species by overtopping them, and therefore preventing native plants from getting sunlight. Invasive plants, for example Merremia and Taro-leaf vines, can readily invade forest areas, especially when cyclones open up forest canopies. Pigs can cause serious loss to farmers by targeting planted crops. Feral cats are increasingly becoming a problem, with high numbers of them roaming village areas. Feral cats have a serious impact on native species by killing and eating them. Often cats will kill birds and skinks to hone their hunting skills, and this can lead to extinction of species. Invasive species are impacting the native biodiversity and ecosystem. Niue has identified 18 priority invasive species under the National Invasive Species Strategy and Action Plan (NISSAP). Feral and semi-domesticated cats, and the two rat species, have a significant impact on the population of birds, reptiles and crabs. Trapping studies by Powlesland (2004) found that the two rat species – the Ship rat (Rattus rattus) and the Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) – are distributed in plantations and modified habitats, but only the Ship rat is found in primary forest. These rats are implicated in the decline of the hega (blue-crowned lorikeet – Vini australis) and the olive small-scaled skink (Emoia lawesi) (Atkinson 1985; Powlesland et al. 2000; Powlesland et al. 2004). The rats are also known to predate on the seeds and seedlings of trees, and therefore can severely impact the structure of the forest and its ability to regenerate. Feral pigs can devastate plantations by eating crops, or uprooting crops through their digging and foraging behaviour. The 2011 census found that feral pigs contributed 40% damage to established plantations. Liku village, where the Huvalu Forest Conservation Area is located, was one of the hardest hit places. This is a concern, as the pig population may be using the tapu areas of the conservation area as a safe haven, and it may also be foraging and uprooting young forest trees. Invasive plants are out-competing native species as well as compromising the quality of forest and vegetated areas. Climate impacts such as droughts, wildfires and cyclones have been shown to help facilitate the explosion and expansion of many of the invasive plants (Space et al. 2004). Efforts to control them at about 40 sites have been successful but there is a need to eradicate them, as the risk of their spreading into new sites is very high (NISSAP 2015). The invasive plants of concern include the Taro vine (Epipremnum pinnatum), Wedelia or the Singapore daisy (Sphagneticola trilobata), the giant sensitive weed (Mimosa diplotrica), the chain-of-love (Antigonon leptopus), the Honolulu rose (Clerodendrum chinense) and the firework tree (Clerodendrum quadiloculare). Lantana was a concern, but the introduction of a biological control agent from Fiji has contained this invasive plant. Invasive insects include the yellow crazy ants and a number of fruit flies that are a concern to the agriculture sector. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline implement the national invasive • number of technical training activities held on invasive department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 strategic action plan (nisap) species management, and the number of staff trained fisheries; department of environment; to safeguard niue’s biological • long term monitoring plan established for areas with department of Justice and lands; diversity, agricultural areas, important native biodiversity; village councils sensitive sites and tourism sites • frequency the weed risk assessment is used • pig management plan revised and implemented; • emergency response plan adapted for niue; • actions on key priority invasive species undertaken. • Biosecurity measures implemented and new introductions detected and prevented. • number of meetings held by the national invasive species taskforce increase the awareness of the • awareness materials developed and disseminated to department of environment; village 2020 public on the impacts caused by schools, the media and visitors. council; t āoga niue; tourism niue; invasive species through media, Quarantine and Biosecurity; department workshops and school participation of education undertake an economic impact • economic costing for two species known. department of environment; department 2022 assessment on at least two of agriculture, forestry and fisheries; nZ invasive species landcare research; usp; sprep; spc secure funding and resources to • funding secured and a number of activities under department of agriculture, forestry and 2018 implement the national invasive nissap completed fisheries; department of environment; species strategy and programme spc; sprep NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 19 OBJECTIVE 1.4 trAditionAl knoWledge And neW technologies Are Promoted And used for the mAnAgement of niue’s biodiversity And ecosystems Traditional knowledge refers to the knowledge, innovation and practices of indigenous and local communities relating to the use of biodiversity. It is developed through the experiences of communities over centuries, adapted to local needs, cultures and environments, and passed down from generation to generation. Niueans rely on their biodiversity for everyday living, and many see themselves, as custodians and protectors of traditional knowledge. Unfortunately, the erosion of traditional knowledge remains a serious challenge. Some traditional practices are still being used such as the blanket restriction of particular land or sea sites by fono or tapu involving traditional and sacred beliefs that are strongly observed by the people. There is a real fear that traditional knowledge can be exploited if no proper safeguards are in place. Members of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), including Niue, have endorsed the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit sharing. However, Niue is yet to endorse the Protocol, which is an important instrument for safeguarding Niue’s genetic resources. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline document and encourage the • list of traditional practices tāoga niue; village council 2020 preservation of traditional knowledge documented and applied for the and practices relating to the use of conservation and management of biodiversity niue’s resources • traditional knowledge and practices and their impacts on biodiversity are included in the school curriculum protect traditional knowledge and ensure • niue endorsed the nagoya protocol department of environment; taoga niue; 2020 equitable sharing of any benefits that may • aBs legislation is passed and department of education; result from it, by ratifying the nagoya implemented by all relevant partners protocol on access and Benefit sharing and stakeholders raise awareness on the importance of • traditional knowledge is celebrated taoga niue; department of environment; 2019 preservation of traditional knowledge through a national event every year village council through education and also through a • number of students taught traditional national cultural event knowledge at schools. promote the development of village • number of village resource taoga niue; department of environment; 2019 plans relating to resource and ecological management plans developed with village council management some key targets implemented 20 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 OBJECTIVE 1.5 biodiversity Protection is enhAnced through the PreservAtion, And the conservAtion of culturAl, historicAl, religious And tourism sites Niue has many fascinating sites that entice visitors to the island. Caverns, caves, chasms and rock pools are abundant throughout, and communities have traditionally used many of these sites for cultural activities and recreation. Some of the sites have interesting geological formations, or are a safe place for swimming. Religious and historical sites include the place where James Cook and his crew attempted to land. There is also an important site where the Christian faith was first introduced. Many of the local cultural sites found in villages and on family owned land are not documented, or are yet to be unearthed. These sites have important meanings to families and the local community. There are efforts underway to rectify this gap, spearheaded by Tāoga Niue in partnership with village councils and land owners. By preserving sites of national significance, Niue is able to hold on to part of its history and cherish what makes the country and people unique. Establishing a registry or a national sites database is an excellent step towards understanding the history of the people and what needs to be done to preserve them. This will provide an opportunity for many of the Niueans based abroad to learn more about places and sites that have shaped their story. Such a registry ensures that developments will need to be cognisant of their impacts on the sites and the community. The role of Tāoga Niue in capturing and mapping some of the historical village sites should be supported and expanded to include all the villages. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline develop a registry of all sites of national national database established at taoga tāoga niue; tourism niue; department of 2020 importance and interest, highlight sites niue capturing important information environment; department of agriculture, that are vulnerable. about each site, including traditional forestry and fisheries; village councils and historical knowledge, mapping and biological data. national endorsement and support for the research reports on various caves and taoga niue; department of environment; 2020 protection and conservation of caves and their biodiversity niue tourism their fauna and flora caves mapped and included in national registry guidelines for managing caves developed and adopted by relevant stakeholders sufficient capacity to undertake research that contributes to the protection and conservation of caves NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 21 ThEME 2 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT nnsP 2016–2026 niue national strategic Plan environment and climate change pillar. components: biodiversity, natural resources objective 2.1 Protect niue’s primary forests objective 2.2 Protect niue’s underground water lens including the catchments and community water sources. objective 2.3 Promote sustainable farming practices objective 2.4 Promote sustainable fishing practices objective 2.5 Prevent land degradation and rehabilitated degraded land and foreshores objective 2.6 reduce and prevent the erosion of foreshore and coastal areas. objective 2.7 manage the quarry, sand mining and other non-living resources to reduce their impact on niue’s biodiversity. objective 2.8 strengthen the capacity of local authorities to enact and enforce land use planning laws and regulations. The biodiversity and the environment supported the first Niueans when they first settled the island. Generations were able to manage the land, by cultivating crops that sustained their families, and they endured variable climatic conditions over thousands of years. Knowledge and experience gained through experimenting with crop diversity, survivability and crop preferences, were important for surviving on the island. The ocean provides the bulk of the protein that sustains communities. The deep sea that surrounds the island, brings tuna and other pelagic species close to shore, allowing villagers to fish for them without having to venture too far. The narrow fringing reefs provide a safe space for women and children to glean and collect invertebrates and other seafood. Many of these resources are being impacted globally and locally, due to over-exploitation, unsustainable harvesting, and pollution. Logging and clearing of land for agriculture have caused significant impacts to biodiversity. The declining population since the 1970s has resulted in many of the agriculture plots being abandoned, and these plots are now secondary forests. The demand for local timber has also declined, attributed to the closure of the only sawmill on the island, and also the preference for bricks and concrete buildings. Logging remains low and there have been incentives to plant non-native timber species (e.g. Mahogany) to reduce harvesting primary forests. Climate change impacts are also affecting the state of resources by adversely impacting species populations or damaging infrastructure. Invasive species are also a serious threat to the natural resources for the country. There is a need to develop a resource management strategy for Niue, which includes encouraging a national multi-sectoral approach and thinking. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 23 OBJECTIVE 2.1 Protect vulnerAble PrimAry forests to include tAPu AreAs Niue was once covered with an extensive forest of tall trees that formed a relatively dense canopy with the understory composed of limited shrubs and an herbaceous layer (Sykes 1970). Over generations, human activities and natural events (cyclones, droughts) have contributed to the decline in forest cover. There are many ecological services provided by forests, including soil preservation; maintenance of watershed quality; and nurturing and supporting unique and diverse species through providing habitat, nesting and food resources. Forests also provide medicine, firewood, ornamentals and spiritual uses for Niuean communities (Thaman et al. 2004). Forest loss has serious implications for these ecological services and human survival on the island. The change of forest cover indicators aligns with the CBD Aichi Target 5 – whereby by the year 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible, brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline implement the forest Management plan • key outputs from the forest department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 Management plan highlighted fisheries; department of environment. • the protection of the primary forest at the huvalu forest conservation area is enhanced, follows the review of the plan • Management of key forest sites is enhanced through the results of regular monitoring and surveying protect and conserve forest ecosystems • sustainable harvesting guide is department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 by ensuring ecological management produced fisheries practices are integrated for sustainable • harvesting conforms to the guide harvesting update the niue land cover database to • database is updated annually department of Justice 2022 monitor temporal sequence of land cover state and change encourage farmers and public to plant at • nursery established and trees department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 least 50,000 trees annually propagated for planting fisheries • public and farmers planting 50,000 trees enforce the ban on hunting of lupe and • Lupe and peka populations continue to department of environment; police 2019 peka in the huvalu forest conservation increase department area (hfca) • no prosecution recorded OBJECTIVE 2.2 Protect niue’s underground WAter lens including the cAtchments And community WAter sources Access to water is a fundamental right for every person. It is Goal 6 of the global Sustainable Development Goals, and a priority area under the S.A.M.O.A. Pathway. Niue has nearly 100% penetration in public water access and supply. The infrastructure remains in fair condition, although a concerted effort to upgrade and replace some of the older equipment is needed. Cyclones and power failures have disrupted the distribution of water. The government is assisting by supplying rainwater tanks and cement tank bases. The government is also installing solar panels to generate electricity for the bore pumps, to ease the demand on the main grid. The current rate of water extraction is low but there is an expectation that the demand for water will rise, as government policies take effect in terms of increasing economic development, including tourism. Water quality remains a priority issue and regular monitoring takes place. The water supply contains essential trace elements. Seawater mixing does occur in the deeper sections of the groundwater lens, which makes the water very hard but it is still safe for drinking. The levels of nitrates and pesticides in the water are very low and well within the safety limits imposed by WHO and US standards. Bacterial contamination is detected in many of the sites and further attention is urgently needed. Water management is a government priority and legislation, policies, plans and guidelines have been developed to ensure water remains potable and accessible to all Niuean residents. 24 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline implement the national integrated water • key activities and outputs recorded department of utilities; department of 2019 resource Management plan 2014-2024 under the iwrM plan health; department of environment; village council develop village water management plans • village water management plans water division (dept of utilities); 2020 for all the villages in niue, using the alofi completed department of environment; department north and alofi south plans as models of health. undertake a public awareness campaign • public awareness materials developed department of utilities; department of 2019 on important water security and safety and disseminated environment; department of health • world water day is celebrated nationally • communication strategy developed and implemented secure resources (financial and human • resources secured and at least 50% department of utilities; department of 2020 capacity) to implement the various water of water management plan activities environment; department of health management frameworks initiated or completed complete the installation of household • 90% of households have water tanks department of utilities; department of 2021 water tanks and provide guidance on their that are connected to harvest rainwater environment; department of health proper use • at least two workshops held providing guidance to households in the proper use and maintenance of water tanks continue with village inspections to allow • number of water issues reduced due to department of utilties; department of 2022 for early detection of leakages and water fast response and reporting health; department of environment problems. fix and replace water assets to • water loss due to leakage is reduced improve efficiency and performance by 50% from the 2018 levels regular surveys of vulnerable points • water system running at or near 100% department of utilities;department of 2019 in the water system to be carried out due to regular monitoring health; department of environment 2022 to detect contamination. a remedial • water remedial plan developed plan must be developed to ensure that the responsible officers and agencies understand their role and what needs to be done to rectify the problem water points, where faecal contamination • total coliform counts eliminated from department of utilities; department if 2021 is detected, must be rectified and sources all monitoring sites health; department of environment identified and removed • guidelines developed and awareness raised to eliminate faecal contamination sources from infecting the water lens secure funding resources to allow the • funds secured and 60% drinking water department utilities;department of 2022 water authorities to undertake surveys safety plan implemented health; department of environment and implement the drinking water safety plan NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 25 OBJECTIVE 2.3 Promote sustAinAble fArming PrActices Agriculture is still practiced primarily for domestic food consumption, and any surplus is used to provide a source of income to supplement primary income. It is also an important response to securing food and nutritional security for the country as it faces uncertain global changes. As agricultural practices can have adverse impacts on the environment, it is prudent that all agricultural activities are encouraged but managed appropriately. This indicator tracks agricultural production, in particular land under cultivation, crops and level of household participation. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline instil sustainable and best practices to workshops on farming best practice held department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 enhance agricultural productivity for and shared with the stakeholders fisheries; department of environment; economic and food security village council; department of utilities; department of health reduce the use of synthetic fertilisers number and quantity of imported department of agriculture, forestry and 2021 and herbicides through education and fertilisers reduced within five years of the fisheries; department of environment; training of farmers and users policy village council; department of utilities; department of health promote and develop innovative and number of hydroponic systems in department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 sustainable agricultural systems to operation fisheries department of environment; enhance food security for all niue number of operations that are self- chamber of commerce department of residents sustaining through renewable energy and education rainwater harvesting Monitor and enforce Biosafety number of monitoring of gMo’s and department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 regulations lMo’s delivered. fisheries; department of environment. number of education and awareness program for biosafety. 26 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 OBJECTIVE 2.4 Promote sustAinAble fishing PrActices There are three main fishing categories – subsistence, artisanal and commercial. The primary purpose of subsistence fishing is to provide food for the family and not for selling. Artisanal fishing is for home consumption with surplus sold to local stores and at the market. The commercial fishery is a business operation with the sole purpose of harvesting fish or seafood for selling. This indicator focuses on subsistence fishing, primarily through the number of canoes available for fishing and the amount of seafood consumed at home. This category includes all fishing for the purpose of selling and making a profit. It includes the local fishing fleet that fishes from the coastal areas, as well as large licensed vessels that fish in Niue’s exclusive economic zone. The indicator reviews the fishing effort (based on licenses issued to foreign vessels) and the catch as reported, and it includes data from the artisanal sector. By assessing these, it will provide a snapshot of the current state of fisheries stock in Niue waters. Catch limits are imposed on fishing vessels as part of Niue’s contributions to the management of tuna stocks in the Pacific. Fisheries legislation has been developed but the capacity to enforce it remains a challenge. Proper documentation of this sector must be a priority. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline implement the pelagic fisheries key activities under the plan implemented department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 Management and development plan fishing activities documented fisheries undertake regular surveys to monitor the records of surveys computed on to a department of agriculture, forestry 2020 catch and effort of subsistence fishers national database and fisheries; stats department; police department establish village level marine number of village conservation areas department of agriculture, forestry 2022 conservation areas declared and documented by the relevant and fisheries; stats department; police authority department; village council establish a national Mpa Mpa demarcated in a map and legislation department of agriculture, forestry 2022 for its protection approved by cabinet and fisheries; stats department; police department; non-government organisations (now) secure resources (financial and human Budget allocation under the relevant department of agriculture, forestry and 2020 capacity) to assist with the enforcement agencies that focuses on enforcement fisheries; police department and management of niue’s coastal number of prosecutions or interceptions resources made by the management agency develop, integrate and align the Marine Marine spatial planning guide developed tofia niue/now, department of 2020 spatial planning (Msp) and the implementation of key targets agriculture, forestry and fisheries; initiated department of environment; et al NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 27 OBJECTIVE 2.5 Prevent lAnd degrAdAtion And rehAbilitAte degrAded lAnd, to reduce their imPAct on niue’s biodiversity Land degradation has been exacerbated through a number of practices, including disc ploughing, the shifting nature of agriculture combined with significantly reduced fallow periods, large-scale land clearance for export cropping of taro, and increased reliance on synthetic fertilisers and herbicides. Niue’s soil condition is variable but generally well drained and porous. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline undertake a review on the current report on the quarries (Makatea pits) department of environment; department 2020 operations of the quarry and Makatea pits completed with key recommendations of utilities; niue philatelic and around the islands submitted to appropriate authority for numismatic corporation (npnc) consideration number of active makatea pits with appropriate environment impact assessments undertake a public awareness campaign awareness campaign plan developed and department of environment; 2022 to prevent activities that degrade the land disseminated OBJECTIVE 2.6 reduce And Prevent the erosion of foreshore And coAstAl AreAs Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline undertake a coastal assessment to vulnerable sites identified department of environment 2020 identify vulnerable sites develop a foreshore action plan to help action plan completed department of environment 2020 communities safeguard their coastlines infrastructure design updated to reduce road design and drainage assessments Ministry of infrastructure; department 2020 direct runoff from land-based activities to carried out with recommendations of environment; department of Justice coastal zones adopted lands and survey; project Management surface water drainage is diverted to and coordination unit (pMcu) minimise harm to the marine environment number of development consents granted for coastal developments OBJECTIVE 2.7 strengthen the cAPAcity of locAl Authorities to enAct And enforce lAnd use PlAnning lAWs And regulAtions Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline training is offered to government staff on at least two representatives from department of environment; police 2020 understanding the law and enforcement the relevant departments trained department; department of Justice, provisions of the law in understanding of the law and lands and surveying enforcement 28 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 ThEME 3 WASTE MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL sdg sustainable development goals nbsAP 5 – national biodiversity strategy and Action Plan nnsP 2016–2026 niue national strategic Plan environment and climate change pillar. component: Waste management waigani convention (ban on import of hazardous or radioactive waste to pacific islands forum countries) objective 3.1 niue to adopt the waste reduction, reuse and recycling model, as an important part of the waste management strategy objective 3.2 niue waste collection is cost effective and efficient objective 3.3 niue’s waste disposal is environmentally sound and effective objective 3.4 Protect the environment and human health from persistent organic pollutants objective 3.5 niue is a Party to all relevant multilateral environmental Agreements (meAs) The waste challenge in Niue continues to grow in parallel to increased development. The fact that land availability for the disposal of solid wastes is limited, as well as the challenge dealing with liquid and sewage wastes, means that Niue will need to prioritise this as a critical issue. The primary water source for all residents is the underground water table, which is extremely vulnerable to human activities. In the past few years, incidents of faecal contamination have been detected in the water system, which is a health concern to all residents. The prognosis does not look good given the increasing number of visitors, as well as the likelihood of population growth, thereby putting pressure on the resources. Adding to this problem is the quantity of toxic wastes that are littered throughout the island. Only sporadic ad-hoc efforts to remove them are made from time to time, due to limited funding and technical resources. Marine pollution is inadequately addressed and with the increasing focus on developing the blue economy through diving, whale watching and fishing tourism ventures, this will become another challenge for Niue to deal with. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 29 OBJECTIVE 3.1 niue to AdoPt the WAste reduction, reuse And recycling concePt, As An imPortAnt PArt of the WAste mAnAgement strAtegy The government continues to prioritise waste, but is limited by resources and the lack of capacity. The policies are being drafted but resources are needed to implement them. As more visitors and residents are returning to the island, there is also more infrastructure being built to cater for visitors. Waste generated from building sites and from everyday living is collected and taken to the waste site. Some of the waste could be reused or recycled. Only aluminium cans are recycled, which is operated by the Catholic Church Mission located in Alofi North (Fig. 9). The government collects a deposit of 12.5 cents on each imported can, and 10 cents is refunded when the can is returned to the Catholic Church depot, where the operator is paid a handling fee of 2.5 cents per can, and is allowed to keep the proceeds from the sale of the cans in NZ. The volume of cans being recycled varies, but since 2004, there is a slight increase in the number of cans being recycled. One of the challenges of the recycling programme is the breakdown of the can crusher with parts having to be sourced from NZ. This can take weeks or months, meaning that cans often end up at the waste disposal site. fIGURE 8. number of recycled cans 2004–2016. source: niue catholic Mission. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline develop and implement a national 3-rs • national 3-rs initiative is developed and department of environment 2020 (reduce, reuse and recycle) plan implemented undertake a campaign to reduce organic • campaign plan developed and department of environment; 2020 matters being dumped and encourage more implemented niofa composting as a mean to improve soil identify recycling markets for e-waste and lead- • e-waste and batteries are safely disposed department of environment 2022 acid batteries and begin estimating costs for • sustainable e-waste plan developed shipment of these materials off-island, and how • e-waste and batteries repository site to generate the funds for their disposal. developed and operational review the integrated waste Management • a revised waste Management strategy and department of environment 2020 strategy and action plan action plan is developed and endorsed by the appropriate authority undertake an engagement strategy with • Joint public-private engagement strategy private sector; department of 2020 the private sector on how to manage waste is endorsed and supported by the partners environment; spc generated by their businesses develop appropriate facility and infrastructure • recycling facility plan developed and department of environment; 2020 (recycling central hub) to facilitate the funding secured for its development new Zealand aid; australia aid; processing of recyclables and waste recycling, • central hub developed and operational pMcu; Bulk fuel; Ministry of reusing and reducing of waste • waste sustainability Management plan infrastructure (Moi); Ministry of developed social services (Moss) • collection programme is operational secure financial and human resources to • Budget allocated to implement the waste department of environment 2020 support the management of waste management plan 30 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 OBJECTIVE 3.2 niue’s WAste collection is cost effective And efficient Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline review solid and liquid waste collection • report completed and key department of environment; treasury 2020 programmes to identify areas for recommendations identified improvement develop and implement a safe and cost- • programme developed on managing department of environment; pMcu. 2020 effective collection programme for hazardous waste hazardous wastes, such as e-waste, lead- acid batteries, waste oil, and bulk fuel. OBJECTIVE 3.3 niue’s WAste disPosAl is environmentAlly sound And effective Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline develop environmentally sound, cost • waste disposal facility (central hub) department of environment; Ministry of 2020 effective, and integrated waste disposal established natural resources, Ministry of social facilities for all solid, liquid, hazardous, services; Ministry of infrastructure; and special wastes, which cannot be chamber of commerce; tourism niue; avoided, reused, or recycled. village councils; pMcu. develop and implement best practice on • the three government managed department of environment; Ministry of 2020 all government run landfills landfills are operating efficiently natural resources, Ministry of social • all waste is segregated into different services; Ministry of infrastructure; zones in the three landfills chamber of commerce; tourism niue; • waste minimisation campaign village councils; pMcu. implemented OBJECTIVE 3.4 Protect the environment And humAn heAlth from Persistent orgAnic PollutAnts Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline Minimise and ultimately eliminate • doe annual reports department of environment; department 2020 unintentional production of pops • data tracking known pops sites of agriculture, forestry and fisheries; established and monitored by the tāoga niue; tourism niue; village relevant authority councils reduce or eliminate releases from • assessment report of high risk sites department of environment; village 2020 stockpiles and wastes. completed council; tāoga niue; tourism niue; Quarantine and Biosecurity; department of education update the national implementation plan • nips action plan updated and department of environment 2020 for pops implemented NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 31 OBJECTIVE 3.5 niue is A PArty to All relevAnt multilAterAl environment Agreements (meAs) for the mAnAgement of WAste And chemicAls Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline niue to become a party to the Minamata • Mercury assessment completed for department of environment; department 2019 convention on Mercury niue with recommendations considered of health in view of the Minamata convention niue to ratify the Basel convention • Basel convention processes and department of environment; crown law 2020 procedures are completed and presented to cabinet for approval. • niue is a party to the Basel convention niue to ratify the rotterdam convention • rotterdam convention processes department of environment; crown law 2021 and procedures are completed and presented to cabinet for approval • niue is a party to the rotterdam convention 32 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 ThEME 4 ATMOSPhERE AND CLIMATE ChANGE sdg sustainable development goals nbsAP s.A.m.o.A. Pathway 44 45 theme 7 climate change nnsP 2016–2026 niue national strategic Plan environment and climate change pillar. components: climate change and natural hazards, sustaining climate and Weather services objective 4.1 Assess niue’s current climate vulnerability objective 4.2 improve collection and management of climate data objective 4.3 to develop effective adaptation responses and capacity to protect livelihoods, natural resources, assets and vulnerable areas from the impacts of climate change objective 4.4 mitigate the causes of climate change through reducing emissions of greenhouse gases objective 4.5 manage niue’s ozone depleting substances Small island nations, including Niue, are at the mercy of the impacts of climate change. Increasing droughts, elevated temperatures, and more high intensity cyclones are the current and future realities, which governments and communities are grappling with. These forces exacerbate the feeling of vulnerability and can lead to further depopulation of some communities and islands. There is also an economic cost associated with adapting and adjusting to the changing climate. Climate proofing houses to withstand category 5 cyclones or installing air conditioning units will lead to high energy consumption. With the existing energy source and the current rate of consumption in Niue, greenhouse gas emissions are likely to increase. Unless alternative sources of energy are found and a concerted effort is made to promote energy efficiency, the future of Niue’s energy needs looks challenging. NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 33 OBJECTIVE 4.1 Assess niue’s current climAte vulnerAbility This step involved examining the extent to which people, places and sectors are affected by current climate risks. It included assessing the effectiveness of measures to manage existing climate risks. This step was necessary as it allowed for the later assessment of future climate risks to be grounded in the current reality of climate vulnerability in Niue, and it assisted in determining adaptation actions that will yield benefits now as well as in the future (‘no regrets’ actions). A Climate Change policy was developed in 2009, defining the government’s position and other stakeholders’ roles in raising awareness, collecting and sharing of data, and adaptation and mitigation measures. In 2012, a 3-year Joint National Action Plan (JNAP) for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management was developed to address existing gaps relating to vulnerability to climate change impacts and disasters. Under the JNAP five priority areas were identified: 1. Strong and effective institutional basis for disaster risk reduction/climate change adaptation 2. Strong public awareness and improved understanding of the causes and effects of climate change, climate variability and disasters 3. Strengthened livelihoods, community resilience, natural resources and assets 4. Strengthened capacity to adapt renewable energy technologies and improve energy efficiency 5. Strengthened disaster preparedness for effective response. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline review the 2012 Joint national action • Jnap updated and a stocktake department of environment; sprep 2019 plan completed on the state of implementation identify people, places and sectors that • key areas and sectors identified in a department of environment; department 2020 are presently at risk from climate change government report of agriculture, forestry and fisheries; • key sectors such as agriculture, health tāoga niue; tourism niue; village and fisheries, develop climate-proof councils operational plans to cope with climatic events • village plans developed identifying vulnerable areas and assets, as well as refuges and safe places for use during climatic events observations of current climate and • reports prepared and approved by department of environment; village 2020 extremes, and environmental changes to government council; tāoga niue; tourism niue; determine: the extent to which climate • capacity and technical know-how Quarantine and Biosecurity; department varies, the frequency and magnitude enhanced through targeted training of education of extreme events, and existing • Monitoring stations around niue environmental changes that may be linked established and providing the to, or may in the future be exacerbated necessary information to the relevant by, climate change authorities identify factors that determine • factors identified in a government department of environment; landcare nZ 2022 vulnerability of key people, places endorsed report, with a list of and sectors, including identifying and recommendations assessing current (and past) strategies to manage climate risks, and constraints to their effectiveness 34 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 OBJECTIVE 4.2 imProve collection And mAnAgement of climAte dAtA This step considered likely future changes in social, environmental, and climate conditions in Niue – and the potential interactions between these – to assess future vulnerability, and barriers to and opportunities for adaptation to future changes. Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline Monitor and assess climate trends • Modelling reports released annually niue Meteorological service 2020 and future climate risks based through informing on climate trends collaboration with regional and international climate modelling partners and organisations review and implement the niue climate • niue climate change policy reviewed department of environment; Ministry of 2022 change policy and aligned with niue’s nisp 2016– natural resources; Ministry of social 2026 services; Ministry of infrastructure; • Milestones within the climate change chamber of commerce; niue tourism; policy achieved and highlighted village councils; ngo’s OBJECTIVE 4.3 to develoP effective AdAPtAtion resPonses And cAPAcity to Protect livelihoods, nAturAl resources, Assets And vulnerAble AreAs from the imPActs of climAte chAnge Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline develop adaptation response plans • sector plans developed and endorsed department of environment; Ministry of 2020 and strategies for key primary sectors by relevant government authority natural resources; Ministry of social (agriculture, forestry, fisheries and the • climate change policy incorporates the services; Ministry of infrastructure; environment) niue nisp 2016–2026 chamber of commerce; soe’s, niue tourism; village councils; ngo’s develop strategies for other key • plans developed and implemented by department of environment; Ministry of 2020 government infrastructure and services government sectors natural resources; Ministry of social as part of the climate proofing response • climate change policy incorporates the services; Ministry of infrastructure; niue nisp 2016–2026 chamber of commerce; niue tourism; soes. village councils; ngo’s incorporate the climate change • implement the climate change department of health; department of 2020 adaptation health plan adaptation health plan environment NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022 35 OBJECTIVE 4.4 to mitigAte the cAuses of climAte chAnge through reducing emissions of greenhouse gAses The greenhouse effect is the effect of atmospheric gases, including carbon dioxide, trapping a proportion of the energy received from the sun nearer the Earth’s surface rather than being reflected back into space. Without this natural greenhouse effect, the average temperature at Earth’s surface would be below the freezing point of water, therefore it plays a critical role in enabling life on earth, as we know it. As more carbon dioxide, methane and other gases are emitted and trapped in the atmosphere, through actions such as the burning of fossil fuels, it intensifies the greenhouse effect leading to the phenomenon of global warming. The impacts of this increased warming are various and complex, but include rising sea levels from thermal expansion of sea water and melting of icecaps and glaciers; increased land and sea surface temperatures; and changes in local and regional patterns of weather and climate, including droughts and more intense rainfall. In turn, these changes have the potential to affect all aspects of society; the places we live and work, agricultural production, our natural environment and our health. Increased CO2 in the atmosphere can also cause ocean acidification. Since the industrial revolution, CO2 emissions have risen extensively and now contribute approximately 76% of GHGs (IEA 2012). Niue’s contribution to global GHG emissions is negligible (<0.0001%); and overall, Niue is a net sink. The country is working to reduce its emissions further, in particular in the energy sector. Fossil fuel remains the key source for Niue’s GHG emissions. A range of measures are being proposed to help further reduce GHG emissions including those outlined in the Niue Strategic Energy Road Map (NiSERM 2015–2025). Recommendations captured in the NiSERM 2015–2025 remain valid and are included in the NEMS’s action plan: Activity indicAtors leAd And PArtners timeline implement the niue strategic energy • a strong governance structure Ministry of infrastructure; department 2022 roadmap 2015–2025 as part of the overseeing the implementation of the of environment; pMcu; niue power greenhouse gas emission strategy niue strategic energy roadmap corporation • renewable energy technologies are adopted and helping reduce energy loss and improve energy security for the country • renewable energy sources contributing at least 50% towards the energy requirement of the country hold informal get-togethers at schools or • environment communication strategy department of environment 2020 village shows to raise awareness on what implemented with strong engagement individuals can do to help reduce niue’s from the public carbon footprint • public and school are aware of what they can do to help niue with the greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy implement the niue’s intended nationally • Milestones in the indc achieved department of environment 2022 determine contribution (ndc) • ndc updated and implemented • ndc roadmap is developed 36 NIUE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY 2018–2022
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