‘PhilipR tS)TR MWabtcmbvanlone lemGlenwanue)Cc)acy a(Gom 01010) euler! (ekoynahe) ae)acevars) aren oy(eyedrsh ovaucer-b ireb(oin(e)at-) armce)md10L0) major figures on the radical right, extreme right, and revolutionary right from 1890 to the present. Its diverse international coverage Tate tvrelermpaWacxeyaronantevalparclaleyarcNOCiAcmMm\Y op.aler-bal sinarquistas, American nativist demagogues, Brazilian Integralists, German National Socialists, Portuguese National Syndicalists, _ Spanish Falangists, and Belgian Rexists. The Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 also includes philosophers, novelists, poets, and others whose activities or ideas supported the policies of the extreme right. The terms ‘‘fascist’’ and ‘‘Nazi’ by no means exhaust the categories of the right encompassed in this book. Organized from A-Z, the entries span from Salvador Abascal to Hans Zehrer, and cover contemporary figures such as Jean-Marie Le Pen as well. Although everyone has heard of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, few readers will have knowledge of such people as Joseph E. McWilliams, Jan Rys-Roszevac, or IDEvaavt-vaus .@u-lwAc)al occ)eommm Walerem-Date Matt-vanracelaatcls figures of the extreme right are resurrected from obscurity to form a complete picture of Wakcmi'g(elcmrsed a(ciavare hale mece)anyey (co.el AmeymnAvice (s\elKo)s oy atom olevlntedacjorcananien A concise biographical summary begins each entry, providing quick reference for the reader. A list of sources completes the coverage of each figure. : Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 is an authoritative resource that provides students, researchers, and general readers with straightforward, easily es ea portraits. BlOocrRAPH Qi SAC AR go>. 3 eS ated Bin eae MIE S ’ Ancerest GE AE BAS ed ae jp va ogre gt ee aero RS | g E f parry 1a SS ie SB i. ; re a De Pa : ” E S eae fl RA ; te | LIBRANT medegectintal arse S ereneeis Rana asster ame SAAT PO THE LIBRARY ISIN YAsd (0) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE EXTREME RIGHT SINCE 1890 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/biographicaldictO000rees BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY-OF THE EXTREME RIGHT SUN CBee Philip Rees sag= HARVESTER =7= WHEATSHEAF New York London Toronto Sydney ‘Tokyo Singapore First published 1990 by Harvester Wheatsheaf 66 Wood Lane End, Hemel Hempstead Hertfordshire HP2 4RG A division of Simon & Schuster International Group © Philip Rees, 1990 All rights reserved. No part of this publicaton may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission, in writing, from the publisher. Typeset in 9/10 pt Bembo by Inforum Typesetting, Portsmouth Pnnted and bound in Great Bnitain at the University Press, Cambndge Bnitish Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Rees, Philip, 1941— A Biographical Dictionary of the extreme nght since 1890 1. Raght-wing political movements — Biographies — Collections I. Title 320.540922 ISBN 0-7108-1019-9 ao. 45) 9479579259159) BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF THE EXTREME RIGHT SINCE 19%) vii t 7 Pp A - Sm oe : : ad ae — i i an ae a ¢ — - x _ (<= «@ ov = ELENA Pee wr ii roll if onl —Po __—— se 7 : ‘a 7 ae 7 * = i. as —- —_ ~~ as : 7 ° ENTRIES ABASCAL, Salvador ABETZ, Otto ACERBO, Giacomo ALBINANA Y SANZ, José Maria ALFIERI, Dino AL-HUSAYNI, Muhammad Amin ALMEIDA BRAGA, Luis Carlos de Lima de ALMIRANTE, Giorgio AMADEO, Mario AMANN, Max AMAUDRUZ, Gaston Armand ANNALA, Vilho ANQUIN, Nimio de ANSALDO VEJERANO, Juan Antonio ARCAND, Adrien ARPINATI, Leandro ARRESE Y MAGRA, José Luis de AUGIER, Marc AXMANN, Artur AZNAR GERNER Agustin BAARS, Jan BACKE, Herbert BAINVILLE, Jacques BAKY, Laszl6 BALBO, Italo BARBE, Henri BARBIE, Nicklaus BARDECHE, Maurice BARRES, Auguste Maurice BARROSO, Gustavo Dodt BARTELS, Adolf BARTHELEMY, Victor BASTIANINI, Giuseppe BENN, Gottfned BENOIST, Alain Marie de BENOIST-MECHIN, Jacques Michel Gabriel Paul BERGER, Gottlob BERGERY, Gaston Frank BEST, Karl Rudolf Werner BIANCHI, Michele BIETRY, Pierre BIGGINI, Carlo Alberto BINET, René Valentin BLOKZJL, Marius Hugh Louis Wilhelm BLUNCK, Hans Friedrich BOCCHINI, Arturo BOCKEL, Otto BOMBACCI, Nicolé BONNARD), Abel Jean Désiré BORGHESE, Junio Valerio BORMANN, Martin BOSZORMENY, Zoltan BOTTAI, Giuseppe BOUHLER,, Philipp BRASILLACH, Robert BRESCIANI, Italo BRIGNEAU, Francois BRINON, Fernand de BUCARD, Marcel BUCH, Walter BURCKEL, Josef BUFFARINI-GUIDI, Guido CAETANO, Marcelo José das Neves Alves CANARIS, Wilhelm Franz CARLBERG, Carl Ernfried CARULLA, Juan Emiliano CELINE, Louis-Ferdinand CELMINS, Gustavs CHAMBERLAIN, Houston Stewart CHARBONNEAU, Henry CHATEAUBRIANT, Alphonse de CHESTERTON, Arthur Keith CIANETTI, Tullio CIANO, Galeazzo CLASS, Heinrich CLAUSEN, Fnitz CLEMENTI, Frang¢ois Antoine CODREANU, Comeliu Zelea COLLINS, Seward B. COPPOLA, Francesco CORRADINI, Enrico COSTAMAGNA, Carlo COSTANTINI, Dominique COSTON, Henry Georges COTY, Fran¢ois COUGHLIN, Charles Edward, Father COUSTEAU, Pierre-Antoine CUZA, Alexandre C. D’ALQUEN, Gunter DALUEGE, Kurt D’ANNUNZIO, Gabriele DARNAND, Aimé Joseph Auguste DARQUIER DE PELLEPOIX, Louis DARRE, Richard-Walther DAUDET, Léon DAVILA Y FERNANDEZ DE CELIS, Sancho DANE Pierre DEAT, Marcel DE BONO, Emilio DE CLERCQ, Jeroom Gustaaf DEGRELLE, Léon DELLE CHIAIE, Stefano DELONCLE, Eugene DE MAN, Hendnk DE MARSANICH, Augusto DENIS, Jean Marie Louis Ghislain DENNIS, Lawrence DEROULEDE, Paul Marie Joseph DE STEFANI, Alberto DE VECCHI, Cesare Maria DIETRICH, Josef DIETRICH, Otto DILLING, Elizabeth DMOWSKI, Roman DOCHEYV, Ivan Dimitrov DONITZ, Karl DONTSOV, Dmytro DORGERES, Henri Auguste DORIOT, Jacques DREXLER, Anton DRIEU LA ROCHELLE, Pierre DRUMONT, Edouard Adolphe DUBROVIN, Aleksandr ivanovich DUESTERBERG, Theodor DUMINI, Amengo DUPRAT, Francois DURCANSKY, Ferdinand ECA DE QUEIROS, Anténio ECKART, Dietrich EDMONDSON, Robert Edward EFFINGER,, Virgil EHRHARDT, Arthur EHRHARDT, Hermann EICHMANN, Adolf EKSTROM, Martin Eugen ELIAS, Hendrik Josef ENDRE, LAszl6 ENGDAHL, Per Claes Sven Edward EPP, Franz Xavier ERIKSSON, Elof ESCHERICH, Georg viii ENTRIES ESSER, Hermann ETCHECOPAR, Maximo EVOLA, Giulio Cesare Andrea FARINACCI, Roberto FEDER, Gottfried FEDERZONI, Luigi FERNANDEZ CUESTA Y MERELO, Raimundo FERRETTI DI VAL D’ERA, Lando FESTETICS, Sandor FEY, Emil FILIOL, Jean Paul Robert FINZI, Aldo FLORIAN, Friedrich Karl FLYG, Nils Svante FONJALLAZ, Arthur Robert Gaston FONTENOY, Jean FORGES DAVANZATI, Roberto FORSTER, Albert FRANCO Y BAHAMONDE, Francisco FRANCOIS, Josephus Alphonsus Marie FRANK, Hans FRANK, Karl Hermann FRAUENFELD, Alfred Eduard FREY, Gerhard Michael FRICK, Wilhelm FRITSCH, Theodor FULLER, John Frederick Charles FUNK, Walther Emmanuel FURUGARD,, Birger GAJDA, Radola GALBIATI, Enzo Emilio GALVEZ, Manuel GAMERO DEL CASTILLO, Pedro GEELKERKEN, Cornelis van GENECHTEN, Robert van GENTILE, Giovanni GiMENEZ CABALLERO, Ernesto GIRON DE VELASCO, José Antonio GIULIETTI, Giuseppe GIUNTA, Francesco GIURIATI, Giovanni Battista GLIMMER VEEN, Joop GLOBOCNIK, Odilo GOEBBELS, Paul Joseph GORING, Hermann Wilhelm GOGA, Octavian GOMBOS, Gyula GONZALEZ VON MAREES, Jorge GONZALEZ VICEN, Luis GRANDI, Dino GRAY, Ezio Maria GRAZIANI, Rodolfo GREISER,, Arthur Karl GRIMM, Hans GROHE, Josef GUNTHER, Hans Friedrich Karl GUERIN, Jules-Napoléon GUIRAUD, Paul GUMMERUS, Herman Gregorius HABICHT, Theodor HAGELIN, Albert Viljam HAIGHTON, Coenrad Alfred Augustus HAMSUN, Knut HARRER,, Karl HAUSHOEFER,, Karl Ernst HEDILLA LARREY, Manuel HEIDEGGER, Martin HELANEN, Vilho Veikko Paivié HENLEIN, Konrad HENNE, Rolf HENRIOT, Philippe HERMANS, Cornelius Eduardus HEROLD-PAQUIS, Jean HESS, Walter Richard Rudolf HEYDRICH, Reinhard Tristan Eugen HILDEBRAND, Friedrich HILTL, Hermann HIMMLER, Heinrich HITLER, Adolf HJORT, Johan Bernhard HOESS, Rudolf Franz Ferdinand HOORNAERT, Paul HUGENBERG, Alfred IBARGUREN, Carlos IMREDY, Béla INTERLANDI, Telesio IRAZUSTA, Julio Alberto Gustavo IRAZUSTA, Rodolfo JAROSS, Andor JEANTET, Claude JORDAN, Rudolf JOYCE, William Brooke JUNG, Rudolf JUNGER,, Ermst KAHANE, Meir (Martin David) KALTENBRUNNER,, Ernst KANZLER, Rudolf KAPP, Wolfgang KAUFMANN, Karl KELLER, Carlos KERNMAYER, Erich KIRDORF, Emil ENTRIES KITA, Ikki KJELLEN, Rudolf KLAUSNER,, Hubert KOCH, Erich KOCH, Pietro _ KOLBENHEYER, Erwin Guido KOSOLA, Vihton Iisakki KRATZENBERG, Damian KRUGER, Gerhard KUBE, Wilhelm KUHN, Fritz LAGARDELLE, Jean-Baptiste Joseph Hubert LAMMERS, Hans-Heinrich LANGBEHN, August Julius LANGE, Friedrich LANGOTH, Franz LANZ, Adolf Josef LANZILLO, Agostino LA ROCQUE DE SEVERAC, Francois LAROUCHE, Lyndon Hermyle LEDESMA RAMOS, Ramiro LEEMANS, Victor Louis LEERS, Johann von LEESE, Arnold Spencer LEMBCKE, Cay LEONHARDT, Emst LEOPOLD, Josef LE PEN, Jean-Marie LEY, Robert LIE, Jonas LINDHOLM, Sven Olof LIST, Guido Karl Anton von LJOTIC, Dimitriye V. LOHSE, Heinrich LONG, Huey Pierce LUCHAIRE, Jean LUDDENDORF, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm LUEGER,, Karl LUGONES, Leopoldo LUKOYV, Hnisto Nikolov LUNDE, Gulbrand Oscar Johan LUTKIE, Wouter Leonardus LUTZE, Viktor MACH, Alexander McWILLIAMS, Joseph E. MAEZTU Y WHITNEY, Ramiro MAHRAUN, Arthur MALAPARTE, Curzio MALLIARAKIS, Jean-Gilles MANOILESCU, Mihail MARAVIGLIA, Maunzio MARIN, Vasile ENTRIES MARINELLLI, Giovanni MARINETTI, Filippo Tommaso MARION, Paul Jules André MARKOYV, Nikolai Evgenevich MARQUET, Adrien Théodore Ernest MATTHYS, Victor Hubert MAULNIER,, Thierry MAURRAS, Charles Marie Photius MAXENCE, Jean-Pierre MEIJER, Arnold Joseph MEINVIELLE, Julio MERCOURIS, George S. MESKO, Zoltan METAXAS, Ioannis MEZZASOMA, Fernando MICHELINI, Arturo MISHIMA, Yukio MOELLER VAN DEN BRUCK, Arthur MOLIN, Adrian Leopold MONSARAZ, Alberto de MORES, Antoine Amadeé Marie Vincent Manca MOSELEY, George Van Horn MOSLEY, Sir Oswald Ernald MOTA, Ion MULLER, Heinrich MUNOZ GRANDES, Agustin MUSSERT, Anton Adriaan MUSSOLINI, Benito Amilcare Andrea MUTI, Ettore NEBE, Arthur NEUBACHER,, Hermann NIEKISCH, Ernst NOTHOMB, Pierre O’DUFFY, Eoin OEHLER,, Hans OHLENDORF, Otto OLIVETTI, Angelo Oliviero OLTRAMARE, Georges ORANO, Paolo PABST, Waldemar PALACIO, Emesto PALFFY, Fidél PANUNZIO, Sergio PAPEN, Franz von PAPINI, Giovanni PAVELIC, Ante PAVOLINI, Alessandro PELLEY, William Dudley PEQUITO, REBELO José Adriano PERRONE, COMPAGNI Dino PFRIMER, Walter PIASECKI, Boleslaw PINAR LOPEZ, Blas PINI, Giorgio PIROW, Oswald POUJADE, Pierre Marie Raymond POULET, Robert POUND, Ezra PRAT ECHAURREN, Jorge PRETO, Francisco Barcelos Rolao PREZIOSI, Giovanni PREZZOLINI, Giuseppe PRIESTER, Karl-Heinz PRIMO DE RIVERA Y SAENZ DE HEREDIA, José Atonio PROKSCH, Alfred PRYTZ, Anton Frederick Winter Jakhelln PUCHEY, Pierre Firmin PUJO, Maurice PURISHKEVICH, Vladimir Mitrofanovich QUISLING, Vidkun RAIKKONEN, Erkki Aleksanteri RAINER,, Friedrich RAJNISS, Ferenc RAPOSO, José Hipdlito RAUTI, Giuseppe Umberto REBATET, Lucien REDONDO ORTEGA, Onésimo REINTHALLER,, Anton REMER,, Otto-Ermst REVENTLOW, Emst Chnstian Einar Ludwig Detlef RIBBENTROP, Joachim von RICCI, Renato RIDRUEJO JIMENEZ, Dionisio RIEHL, Walter RINTELEN, Anton RIVA-AGUERO Y OSMA, José de la ROCCO, Alfredo ROCKWELL, George Lincoln RODRIGUEZ, Nicolas ROHM, Ernst ROESSLER,, Fritz ROMUALDI, Pino Nettuno ROSENBERG, Alfred ROSSI, Cesare ROSSONI, Edmondo ROST VAN TONNINGEN, Meinoud Marinus ROTH, Alfred RUDEL, Hans-Ulrich RUIZ DE ALDA Y MIQUELEZ, Julio RUST, Bernhard RYS-ROZSEVAC, Jan ENTRIES SABIANI, Simon Pierre SAINZ NOTHNANGEL, José SAINZ RODRIGUEZ, Pedro SALAZAR, Anténio de Oliveira SALGADO, Plinio SALMIALA, Bruno Aleksandr SALOMON, Ernst Fnedrich Karl von SANCHEZ MAZAS, Rafael SANTOS COSTA, Fernando SARDINHA, Antonio SAUCKEL, Fritz Emst Christoph SCHACHT, Hjalmar Horace Greeley SCHELLENBERG, Walter SCHAFEFNER,, Jacob SCHIRACH, Baldur von SCHMITT, Carl SCHONERER,, Georg SCORZA, Carlo SEBOTTENDORF, Rudolf von SELDTE, Franz SERRANO SUNER, Ramon SEYSS-INQUART, Arthur SICARD, Maurice-Ivan SIDOR,, Karol SIDOS, Pierre Lucien Jér6me SIMA, Honia SIMOJOKI, Lauri Elias SIMON, Gustav SINCLAIR DE ROCHEMONT, Hugues Alexandre SIRK Artur SKANCKE, Ragnar Sigvald SKORZENY, Otto SMITH, Gerald Lyman Kenneth SOFFICI, Ardengo SOMERSALO, Arne Sakari SONDEREGGER, Emil SOREL, Georges SOULES, Georges Raymond SPANN, Othmar SPEER, Albert SPENGLER,, Oswald SPIRITO, Ugo STALIISKI, Aleksandur STANG, Axel STARACE, Achille STARHEMBERG, Ernst Rudiger Camillo Maria STEIDLE, Richard STOCKER, Adolf STRASSER,, Gregor STRASSER, Otto STREEL, Lucien Alphonse Joseph STREICHER, Julius STRIBRNY, Jiti STUCKART, Wilhelm SZALASI, Ferenc TAITTINGER,, Pierre Charles TAMBURINI, Tullio TERBOVEN, Josef Antonius Heinrich TERRE ’BLANCHE, Eugene Ney THADDEN, Adolf von THIERACK, Otto Georg THIRIART, Jean Frangois TISO, Jozef Gaspar TIXIER-VIGNANCOUR,, Jean-Louis Gilbert TOBLER, Robert LOD rutz TOLLENAERE, Reimond TSANKOV, Aleksandur TUKA, Vojtech ‘Bela’ TURATI, Augusto UNZAGA DE LA VEGA, Oscar VACHER DE LAPOUGE, Georges VALLAT, Xavier VALOIS, Georges VAN RENSBURG, Johannes Frederick Janse VAN SEVEREN, Georges Edmond Edouard VAUGEOIS, Henn VEESENMYERA, Edmund VEGAS LATAPIE, Eugenio VENNER, Dominique VIDUSSONI, Aldo VOLDEMARAS, Agustinas VOLPI DI MISURATA, Giuseppe WAGNER, Adolf WAGNER, Josef WAGNER, Robert WALLENIUS, Kurt Martti WEICHARDT, Louis Theodor WELCH, Robert Henry Winborne WESSEL, Horst WIELE, Jef van der WINNIG, August WINROD, Gerald Burton WOLFF, Karl Friedrich Otto WULLE, Reinhold YAGUE BLANCO, Juan Lorenzo Teodoro ZEHRER, Hans REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS In this list of references only those items appear that have been represented in the sources following each entry by a brief code word. Fuller details of many of the references may be found in my own Fascism and Pre-Fascism in Europe, 1890-1945: a bibliography of the extreme right, Hassocks, 1984. ARSBN Académie Royale des Sciences, Biographie Nationale, Brussels, 1866— continuing. Abgeordneten Die Abgeordneten zum Osterreichischen Nationalrat, 1918-1975, und die Mitglieder des Osterreichischen Bundesrates, 1920-1975, Vienna, 1975. Aronson S. Aronson, Heydrich und die Anfange des SD und der Gestapo, 1931-35, Free Uni- versity of Berlin thesis, 1967. BLZGBL Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte der Bohmischen Lander, comp. H. Sturm, Munich, 1979— continuing. BWDG _Biographisches Wérterbuch zur Deutschen Geschichte, ed. G. Réssler and G. Franz, Munich, 1973-5, 3 vols. BWN _Biografisch Woordenboek der Nederland, ed. J. Charité, The Hague, 1979— continuing. B. Smith B. Smith, Reaching Judgement at Nuremberg, London, 1977. Bernath and Von Schoeder M. Bernath and F. Von Schoeder (eds.), Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Siidosteuropas, Munich 1972-81, 4 vols. Bertoldi S. Bertoldi, Salo: vita e morte della Repubblica Sociale Italiano, Milan, 1976. Bianchi’ G. Bianchi, Perché e Come Cadde il Fascismo, Milan, 1970. Birn R.B. Birn, Die Héheren SS- und Polizeifiihrer, Diisseldorf, 1986. Buchrucker C.R.F. Buchrucker, Nationalismus, Faschismus und Peronismus, 1927-1955, Free University of Berlin PhD, thesis, 1982. Cannistraro Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy, ed. P.V. Cannistraro, Westport, CT, 1982 Carlson J.R. Carlson, pseud. (A. Derounian), Under Cover, New York, 1943. Carsten F.L. Carsten, Fascist Movements in Austria, London and Beverly Hills, CA, 1977. Chi é? (1961) Chi &? Rome, 1961. Cortada Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939; ed. J.W. Cortada, West- port.Cl, 1982, Coston H. Coston (ed.), Dictionnaire de la Politique Francaise, Paris, 1967—82, 4 vols. Cotta M. Cotta, La Collaboration, 1940-1944, Paris, 1964. DBF Dictionnaire de Biographie Francaise, Paris, 1933— continuing DBI Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Rome, 1960—, continuing. DBMOF, 1871-1914 Dictionnaire Biographique du Mouvement Ouvrier Francais, 1871-1914, Paris, 1973-77. DBMOF, 1914-39 Dictionnaire Biographique du Mouvement Ouvrier Francais, 1914-39, Paris, 1982— continuing. DHBB _ Dicionario Histérico-Biografico Brasileiro, 1930-1983, Rio, 1984, 4 vols. DNB, 1961-70 Dictionary of National Biography, 1961-1970, Oxford, 1981. DNB, 1971-80 Dictionary of National Biography, 1971-1980, Oxford, 1986. DNVP _ Deutschnationale Volkspartei. DSPI_ Dizionario Storico Politico Italiano, ed. E. Sestan, Florence, 1971. Dallin A. Dallin, German Rule in Russia, 1941-1945, 2nd edn., London, 1981. Deakin F.W. Deakin, The Brutal Friendship, London/New York, 1962. De Felice R. De Felice, Mussolini, Turin, 1965— continuing. xii REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS De Grand A.J. De Grand, The Italian Nationalist Association and the Rise of Fascism in Italy, Lincoln, 1978. Dictionnaire des Philosophes D. Huisman (ed.), Dictionnaire des Philosophes, Paris, 1984, 2 vols. Diehl J.M. Diehl, Paramilitary Politics in Weimar Germany, Bloomington, IND, 1977. Dudek and Jaschke P. Dudek and H.G. Jaschke, Entstehung und Entwicklung des Rechtsex- tremismus in der Budesrepublik, Wiesbaden, 1984, 2 vols. EAR Enciclopedia dell’Antifascismo e della Resistenza, ed. P. Secchia, Milan, 1968— continuing. Ellwood _S. Ellwood, Spanish Fascism in the Franco Era: Falange Espafiola de las JONS, 1936- 1976, Basingstoke, 1987. Encyclopédie van de Vlaamse Beweging Encyclopédie van de Vlaamse Beweging, comp. J. Deleu and others, Tielt, 1973-75, 2 vols. FET y de las JONS_ Falange Espafiola Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista. Fest J. Fest, The Face of the Third Reich, London and New York, 1970. Fleming G. Fleming, Hitler and the Final Solution, Berkeley, CA, 1982. Franz-Willing G. Franz-Willing, Ursprung der Hitlerbewegung, 1919-1922, 2nd edn., Pre- ussisch Oldendorf, 1974. Fiihrer-Lexikon Das Deutsche Fiihrerlexikon, 1934/35, Berlin, 1934, 2 Vols. Garcia Venero M. Garcia Venero, Historia de la Unificacibn, Madrid, 1970. Gordon B.M. Gordon, Collaborationism in France during the Second World War, Ithaca, N.Y., 1980. Gregor AJ. Gregor, Italian Fascism and Developmental Dictatorship, Pnnceton, N.J., 1979. Hamilton A. Hamilton, The Appeal of Fascism: a study of intellectuals and fascism, 1919-1945, London, 1971. Havenaar BR. Havenaar, De NSB tussen Nationalisme en ‘Volkse’ Solidariteit, the Hague, 1983. Herf J. Herf, Reactionary Modernism, Cambridge, 1984. Hilberg R. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, New York, 1985. Hirschfeld G. Hirschfeld, Nazi Rule and Dutch Collaboration, 1940-1945, Oxford, 1988. Hodhne_ H. Héhne, The Order of the Death’s Head, London, 1969. Hiittenberger P.G. Hiittenberger, Die Gauleiter, Stuttgart, 1969. Hutton P.H. Hutton (ed.), Historical Dictionary of the Third French Republic, 1870-1940, London, 1986. IMT International Military Tribunal, Trial of the Major War Criminals, Nuremberg, 1945, 42 vols. JCH Joumal of Contemporary History. Jolly Dictionnaire des Parlementaires Frangais, ed. J. Jolly, Paris, 1960-77, multi-volumes. Junius Alter Junius Alter, pseud. (F. Sontag), Nationalisten, Leipzig, 1930. Kingston, P. Anti-Semitism in France during the 1930s, Hull, 1983. Kuka Kukin Oli Kuka Kukin Oli [Who was Who], Helsinki, 1961. L. deJong L. de Jong, Het Kroninkrijk der Niederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog, 1939-1945, The Hague, 1969— multi-volumes Larsen S.U. Larsen and others (eds.), Who were the Fascists?, Bergen, 1980. Lohalm_ U. Lohalm, Vélkischer Radikalismus, Hamburg, 1970. Loock H.-D. Loock, Quisling, Rosenberg und Terboven, Stuttgart, 1970. Lyttleton A. Lyttleton, The Seizure ofPower: Fascism in Italy, 1919-1929, London, 1973. MEL Magyar Eletrajzi Lexikon, Budapest, 1967-69, 2 vols. MOL II Movimento Operaio Italiano: dizionario biografico, ed. F. Andreucci and T. Detti, Rome, 1975-78, 5 vols. MSI Movimento Sociale Italiano. MVSN _ Milizia Volontamra per la Sicurezza Nazionale. Mabire J. Mabire and E. Lefévre, La LVF, Panis, 1985, vol. 1. Mazgaj_ P. Mazgaj, The Action Francaise and Revolutionary Syndicalism, Chapel Hill, N.C. 1979. Michaelis M. Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews, Oxford, 1978. xiil REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS Mohler A. Mohler, Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland, 1918-1933: ein Handbuch, Darmstadt, 1972. Molle P. Van Molle, Het Belgisch Parlement, 1984-1972, Antwerp, 1972. NDB Neue Deutsche Biographie, Berlin, 1953— continuing. NSB _ Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging. NSDAP _ Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei. Navarro Gerassi M. Navarro Gerassi, Los Nacionalistas, Buenos Aires, 1969. Nicholls and Matthias A.J. Nicholls and E. Matthias, German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler, London, 1971. Norsk Biografisk Leksikon Norsk Biografisk Leksikon, Oslo, 1923— continuing. Nozzoli G. Nozzoli, I Ras del Regime, Milan, 1972. OBL Osterreiches Biographisches Lexikon, 1815-1950, Graz-Cologne, 1957— continuing. Orlow D. Orlow, The History of the Nazi Party, Pittsburgh, 1969-73, 2 vols. Ory P. Ory, Les Collaborateurs, 1940-1945, Paris, 1976. Palgrave Dictionary of Economics The New Palgrave Dictionary ofEconomics, ed. J. Eatwell and others, London, 1987, 4 vols. PNF Partito Nazionale Fascista. PPF Parti Populaire Francaise. Parteien Handbuch der Parteien BRD Parteien Handbuch: die Parteien der Bundesrepublik Deu- tschland, 1945-1980, ed. R. Stoess, Wiesbaden, 1983, vol. 1. Pastor M. Pastor, Los Origines del Fascismo en Espafia, Madrid, 1975. Pauley B.F. Pauley, Hitler and the Forgotten Nazis, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981. Paxton R. Paxton, Vichy France, New York, 1982. Payne S. 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