Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of Francis Parkman - David Widger (editor)

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FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA—PART FIRST PIONEERS OF FRANCE IN THE NEW WORLD By Francis Parkman CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. Part One PREFATORY NOTE TO THE HUGUENOTS IN FLORIDA. CHAPTER I. 1512-1561.--EARLY SPANISH ADVENTURE. CHAPTER II 1550-1558--VILLEGAGNON. CHAPTER III. 1562-1563--JEAN RIBAUT. CHAPTER IV. 1564--LAUDONNIERE. CHAPTER V. 1564-1565--CONSPIRACY. CHAPTER VI. 1564-1565--FAMINE. WAR. SUCCOR. CHAPTER VII. 1565--MENENDEZ. CHAPTER VIII 1565--MASSACRE OF THE HERETICS. CHAPTER IX. 1565-1567--CHARLES IX. AND PHILLIP II. CHAPTER X. 1567-1583--DOMINIQUE DE GOURGUES. Part 2 SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN. CHAPTER I. 1488-1543--EARLY FRENCH ADVENTURE IN NORTH AMERICA. CHAPTER II. 1542-1604--LA ROCHE.-CHAMPLAIN.-DE MONTS. CHAPTER III. 1604-1605--ACADIA OCCUPIED. CHAPTER IV. 1605-1607--LESCARBOT AND CHAMPLAIN. CHAPTER V. 1610-1611--THE JESUITS AND THEIR PATRONESS. CHAPTER VI. 1611-1612--JESUITS IN ACADIA. CHAPTER VII. 1613--LA SAUSSAYE.-ARGALL CHAPTER VIII. 1613-1615--RUIN OF FRENCH ACADIA. CHAPTER IX. 1608-1609--CHAMPLAIN AT QUEBEC. CHAPTER X. 1609--LAKE CHAMPLAIN. CHAPTER XI. 1610-1612--WAR.-TRADE.-DISCOVERY. CHAPTER XII. 1612-1613--THE IMPOSTOR VIGNAU. CHAPTER XIII. 1615--DISCOVERY OF LAKE HURON. CHAPTER XIV. 1615-1616--THE GREAT WAR PARTY. CHAPTER XV. 1616-1627--HOSTILE SECTS.-RIVAL INTERESTS. CHAPTER XVI. 1628-1629--THE ENGLISH AT QUEBEC. CHAPTER XVII. 1632-1635--DEATH OF CHAMPLAIN. END NOTES: FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA SERIES, PART SECOND THE JESUITS IN NORTH AMERICA IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY by Francis Parkman CONTENTS PREFACE. INTRODUCTION. NATIVE TRIBES. Divisions • The Algonquins • The Hurons • Their Houses • Fortifications • Habits • Arts • Women • Trade • Festivities • Medicine • The Tobacco Nation • The Neutrals • The Eries • The Andastes • The Iroquois • Indian Social and Political Organization • Iroquois Institutions, Customs, and Character • Indian Religion and Superstitions • The Indian Mind CHAPTER I. 1634. NOTRE-DAME DES ANGES. Quebec in 1634 • Father Le Jeune • The Mission-House • Its Domestic Economy • The Jesuits and their Designs CHAPTER II. LOYOLA AND THE JESUITS. Conversion of Loyola • Foundation of the Society of Jesus • Preparation of the Novice • Characteristics of the Order • The Canadian Jesuits CHAPTER III. 1632, 1633. PAUL LE JEUNE. Le Jeune's Voyage • His First Pupils • His Studies • His Indian Teacher • Winter at the Mission-House • Le Jeune's School • Reinforcements CHAPTER IV. 1633, 1634. LE JEUNE AND THE HUNTERS. Le Jeune joins the Indians • The First Encampment • The Apostate • Forest Life in Winter • The Indian Hut • The Sorcerer • His Persecution of the Priest • Evil Company • Magic • Incantations • Christmas • Starvation • Hopes of Conversion • Backsliding • Peril and Escape of Le Jeune • His Return CHAPTER V. 1633, 1634. THE HURON MISSION. Plans of Conversion • Aims and Motives • Indian Diplomacy • Hurons at Quebec • Councils • The Jesuit Chapel • Le Borgne • The Jesuits Thwarted • Their Perseverance • The Journey to the Hurons • Jean de Brébeuf • The Mission Begun CHAPTER VI. 1634, 1635. BRÉBEUF AND HIS ASSOCIATES. The Huron Mission-House • Its Inmates • Its Furniture • Its Guests • The Jesuit as a Teacher • As an Engineer • Baptisms • Huron Village Life • Festivities and Sorceries • The Dream Feast • The Priests accused of Magic • The Drought and the Red Cross CHAPTER VII. 1636, 1637. THE FEAST OF THE DEAD. Huron Graves • Preparation for the Ceremony • Disinterment • The Mourning • The Funeral March • The Great Sepulchre • Funeral Games • Encampment of the Mourners • Gifts • Harangues • Frenzy of the Crowd • The Closing Scene • Another Rite • The Captive Iroquois • The Sacrifice. CHAPTER VIII. 1636, 1637. THE HURON AND THE JESUIT. Enthusiasm for the Mission • Sickness of the Priests • The Pest among the Hurons • The Jesuit on his Rounds • Efforts at Conversion • Priests and Sorcerers • The Man-Devil • The Magician's Prescription • Indian Doctors and Patients • Covert Baptisms • Self-Devotion of the Jesuits CHAPTER IX. 1637. CHARACTER OF THE CANADIAN JESUITS. Jean de Brébeuf • Charles Garnier • Joseph Marie Chaumonot • Noël Chabanel • Isaac Jogues • Other Jesuits • Nature of their Faith • Supernaturalism • Visions • Miracles CHAPTER X. 1637-1640. PERSECUTION. Ossossané • The New Chapel • A Triumph of the Faith • The Nether Powers • Signs of a Tempest • Slanders • Rage against the Jesuits • Their Boldness and Persistency • Nocturnal Council • Danger of the Priests • Brébeuf's Letter • Narrow Escapes • Woes and Consolations CHAPTER XI. 1638-1640. PRIEST AND PAGAN. Du Peron's Journey • Daily Life of the Jesuits • Their Missionary Excursions • Converts at Ossossané • Machinery of Conversion • Conditions of Baptism • Backsliders • The Converts and their Countrymen • The Cannibals at St. Joseph CHAPTER XII. 1639, 1640. THE TOBACCO NATION—THE NEUTRALS. A Change of Plan • Sainte Marie • Mission of the Tobacco Nation • Winter Journeying • Reception of the Missionaries • Superstitious Terrors • Peril of Garnier and Jogues • Mission of the Neutrals • Huron Intrigues • Miracles • Fury of the Indians • Intervention of Saint Michael • Return to Sainte Marie • Intrepidity of the Priests • Their Mental Exaltation CHAPTER XIII. 1636-1646. QUEBEC AND ITS TENANTS. The New Governor • Edifying Examples • Le Jeune's Correspondents • Rank and Devotion • Nuns • Priestly Authority • Condition of Quebec • The Hundred Associates • Church Discipline • Plays • Fireworks • Processions • Catechizing • Terrorism • Pictures • The Converts • The Society of Jesus • The Foresters CHAPTER XIV. 1636-1652. DEVOTEES AND NUNS. The Huron Seminary • Madame de la Peltrie • Her Pious Schemes • Her Sham Marriage • She visits the Ursulines of Tours • Marie de Saint Bernard • Marie de l'Incarnation • Her Enthusiasm • Her Mystical Marriage • Her Dejection • Her Mental Conflicts • Her Vision • Made Superior of the Ursulines • The Hôtel-Dieu • The Voyage to Canada • Sillery • Labors and Sufferings of the Nuns • Character of Marie de l'Incarnation • Of Madame de la Peltrie CHAPTER XV. 1636-1642. VILLEMARIE DE MONTREAL. Dauversiére and the Voice from Heaven • Abbé Olier • Their Schemes • The Society of Notre-Dame de Montreal • Maisonneuve • Devout Ladies • Mademoiselle Mance • Marguerite Bourgeoys • The Montrealists at Quebec • Jealousy • Quarrels • Romance and Devotion • Embarkation • Foundation of Montreal CHAPTER XVI. 1641-1644. ISAAC JOGUES. The Iroquois War • Jogues • His Capture • His Journey to the Mohawks • Lake George • The Mohawk Towns • The Missionary Tortured • Death of Goupil • Misery of Jogues • The Mohawk "Babylon" • Fort Orange • Escape of Jogues • Manhattan • The Voyage to France • Jogues among his Brethren • He returns to Canada CHAPTER XVII. 1641-1646. THE IROQUOIS—BRESSANI—DE NOUË. War • Distress and Terror • Richelieu • Battle • Ruin of Indian Tribes • Mutual Destruction • Iroquois and Algonquin • Atrocities • Frightful Position of the French • Joseph Bressani • His Capture • His Treatment • His Escape • Anne de Nouë • His Nocturnal Journey • His Death CHAPTER XVIII. 1642-1644. VILLEMARIE. Infancy of Montreal • The Flood • Vow of Maisonneuve • Pilgrimage • D'Ailleboust • The Hôtel-Dieu • Piety • Propagandism • War • Hurons and Iroquois • Dogs • Sally of the French • Battle • Exploit of Maisonneuve CHAPTER XIX. 1644, 1645. PEACE. Iroquois Prisoners • Piskaret • His Exploits • More Prisoners • Iroquois Embassy • The Orator • The Great Council • Speeches of Kiotsaton • Muster of Savages • Peace Confirmed CHAPTER XX. 1645, 1646. THE PEACE BROKEN. Uncertainties • The Mission of Jogues • He reaches the Mohawks • His Reception • His Return • His Second Mission • Warnings of Danger • Rage of the Mohawks • Murder of Jogues CHAPTER XXI. 1646, 1647. ANOTHER WAR. Mohawk Inroads • The Hunters of Men • The Captive Converts • The Escape of Marie • Her Story • The Algonquin Prisoner's Revenge • Her Flight • Terror of the Colonists • Jesuit Intrepidity CHAPTER XXII. 1645-1651. PRIEST AND PURITAN. Miscou • Tadoussac • Journeys of De Quen • Druilletes • His Winter with the Montagnais • Influence of the Missions • The Abenaquis • Druilletes on the Kennebec • His Embassy to Boston • Gibbons • Dudley • Bradford • Eliot • Endicott • French and Puritan Colonization • Failure of Druilletes's Embassy • New Regulations • New-Year's Day at Quebec. CHAPTER XXIII. 1645-1648. A DOOMED NATION. Indian Infatuation • Iroquois and Huron • Huron Triumphs • The Captive Iroquois • His Ferocity and Fortitude • Partisan Exploits • Diplomacy • The Andastes • The Huron Embassy • New Negotiations • The Iroquois Ambassador • His Suicide • Iroquois Honor CHAPTER XXIV. 1645-1648. THE HURON CHURCH. Hopes of the Mission • Christian and Heathen • Body and Soul • Position of Proselytes • The Huron Girl's Visit to Heaven • A Crisis • Huron Justice • Murder and Atonement • Hopes and Fears CHAPTER XXV. 1648, 1649. SAINTE MARIE. The Centre of the Missions • Fort • Convent • Hospital • Caravansary • Church • The Inmates of Sainte Marie • Domestic Economy • Missions • A Meeting of Jesuits • The Dead Missionary CHAPTER XXVI. 1648. ANTOINE DANIEL. Huron Traders • Battle at Three Rivers • St. Joseph • Onset of the Iroquois • Death of Daniel • The Town Destroyed CHAPTER XXVII. 1649. RUIN OF THE HURONS. St. Louis on Fire • Invasion • St. Ignace captured • Brébeuf and Lalemant • Battle at St. Louis • Sainte Marie threatened • Renewed Fighting • Desperate Conflict • A Night of Suspense • Panic among the Victors • Burning of St. Ignace • Retreat of the Iroquois CHAPTER XXVIII. 1649. THE MARTYRS. The Ruins of St. Ignace • The Relics found • Brébeuf at the Stake • His Unconquerable Fortitude • Lalemant • Renegade Hurons • Iroquois Atrocities • Death of Brébeuf • His Character • Death of Lalemant CHAPTER XXIX. 1649, 1650. THE SANCTUARY. Dispersion of the Hurons • Sainte Marie abandoned • Isle St. Joseph • Removal of the Mission • The New Fort • Misery of the Hurons • Famine • Epidemic • Employments of the Jesuits CHAPTER XXX. 1649. GARNIER—CHABANEL. The Tobacco Missions • St. Jean attacked • Death of Garnier • The Journey of Chabanel • His Death • Garreau and Grelon. CHAPTER XXXI. 1650-1652. THE HURON MISSION ABANDONED. Famine and the Tomahawk • A New Asylum • Voyage of the Refugees to Quebec • Meeting with Bressani • Desperate Courage of the Iroquois • Inroads and Battles • Death of Buteux CHAPTER XXXII. 1650-1866. THE LAST OF THE HURONS. Fate of the Vanquished • The Refugees of St. Jean Baptiste and St. Michel • The Tobacco Nation and its Wanderings • The Modern Wyandots • The Biter Bit • The Hurons at Quebec • Notre-Dame de Lorette. CHAPTER XXXIII. 1650-1670. THE DESTROYERS. Iroquois Ambition • Its Victims • The Fate of the Neutrals • The Fate of the Eries • The War with the Andastes • Supremacy of the Iroquois CHAPTER XXXIV. THE END. Failure of the Jesuits • What their Success would have involved • Future of the Mission INDEX. APPENDIX. FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART THIRD. LA SALLE AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE GREAT WEST By Francis Parkman CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER I. 1643-1669. CAVELIER DE LA SALLE. The Youth of La Salle: his Connection with the Jesuits; he goes to Canada; his Character; his 7 Schemes; his Seigniory at La Chine; his Expedition in Search of a Western Passage to India. CHAPTER II. 1669-1671. LA SALLE AND THE SULPITIANS. The French in Western New York.—Louis Joliet.—The Sulpitians on Lake Erie; at Detroit; at Saut Ste. Marie.—The Mystery of La Salle: he discovers the Ohio; he descends the Illinois; 19 did he reach the Mississippi? CHAPTER III. 1670-1672 THE JESUITS ON THE LAKE. The Old Missions and the New.—A Change of Spirit.—Lake Superior and the Copper-mines.— Ste. Marie.—LaPointe.— Michilimackinac.— Jesuits on Lake Michigan.—Allouez and 36 Dablon.—The Jesuit Fur-trade. CHAPTER IV. 1667-1672. FRANCE TAKES POSSESSION OF THE WEST. Talon.—Saint-Lusson.—Perrot.—The Ceremony at Saut Ste. Marie.—The Speech of Allouez.— 48 Count Frontenac. CHAPTER V. 1672-1675. THE DISCOVERY OF THE MISSISSIPPI. Joliet sent to find the Mississippi.—Jacques Marquette.—Departure.— Green Bay.—The Wisconsin.—The Mississippi.—Indians.—Manitous.— The Arkansas.—The Illinois.— 57 Joliet's Misfortune.—Marquette at Chicago: his Illness; his Death. CHAPTER VI. 1673-1678. LA SALLE AND FRONTENAC. Objects of La Salle.—Frontenac favors him.—Projects of Frontenac.—Cataraqui.—Frontenac on Lake Ontario.—Fort Frontenac.—La Salle and Fénelon.—Success of La Salle: his 83 Enemies. CHAPTER VII. 1678. PARTY STRIFE. La Salle and his Reporter.—Jesuit Ascendency.—The Missions and the Fur-trade.—Female Inquisitors.—Plots against La Salle: his Brother the Priest.—Intrigues of the Jesuits.—La 106 Salle poisoned: he exculpates the Jesuits.—Renewed Intrigues. CHAPTER VIII. 1677, 1678. THE GRAND ENTERPRISE. La Salle at Fort Frontenac.—La Salle at Court: his Memorial.—Approval of the King.—Money 120 and Means.—Henri de Tonty.—Return to Canada. CHAPTER IX. 1678-1679. LA SALLE AT NIAGARA. Father Louis Hennepin: his Past Life; his Character.—Embarkation.— Niagara Falls.—Indian 131 Jealousy.—La Motte and the Senecas.— A Disaster.—La Salle and his Followers. CHAPTER X. 1679. THE LAUNCH OF THE "GRIFFIN." The Niagara Portage.—A Vessel on the Stocks.—Suffering and Discontent.—La Salle's Winter 144 Journey.—The Vessel launched.— Fresh Disasters. CHAPTER XI. 1679. LA SALLE ON THE UPPER LAKES. The Voyage of the "Griffin."—Detroit.—A Storm.—St. Ignace of Michilimackinac.—Rivals and Enemies.—Lake Michigan.— Hardships.—A Threatened Fight.—Fort Miami.—Tonty's 151 Misfortunes.—Forebodings. CHAPTER XII. 1679, 1680. LA SALLE ON THE ILLINOIS. The St. Joseph.—Adventure of La Salle.—The Prairies.—Famine.— The Great Town of the Illinois.—Indians.—Intrigues.— Difficulties.—Policy of La Salle.—Desertion.—Another 164 Attempt to poison La Salle. CHAPTER XIII. 1680. FORT CRÈVECŒUR. Building of the Fort.—Loss of the "Griffin."—A Bold Resolution.—Another Vessel.—Hennepin 180 sent to the Mississippi.—Departure of La Salle. CHAPTER XIV. 1680. HARDIHOOD OF LA SALLE. The Winter Journey.—The Deserted Town.—Starved Rock.—Lake Michigan.—The Wilderness. —War Parties.—La Salle's Men give out.—Ill Tidings.—Mutiny.—Chastisement of the 189 Mutineers. CHAPTER XV. 1680. INDIAN CONQUERORS. The Enterprise renewed.—Attempt to rescue Tonty.—Buffalo.—A Frightful Discovery.— Iroquois Fury.—The Ruined Town.—A Night of Horror.—Traces of the Invaders.—No 202 News of Tonty. CHAPTER XVI. 1680. TONTY AND THE IROQUOIS. The Deserters.—The Iroquois War.—The Great Town of the Illinois.—The Alarm.—Onset of the Iroquois.—Peril of Tonty.—A Treacherous Truce.—Intrepidity of Tonty.—Murder of 216 Ribourde.—War upon the Dead. CHAPTER XVII. 1680. THE ADVENTURES OF HENNEPIN. Hennepin an Impostor: his Pretended Discovery; his Actual Discovery; captured by the Sioux.— 242 The Upper Mississippi. CHAPTER XVIII. 1680, 1681. HENNEPIN AMONG THE SIOUX. Signs of Danger.—Adoption.—Hennepin and his Indian Relatives.—The Hunting Party.—The Sioux Camp.—Falls of St. Anthony.—A Vagabond Friar: his Adventures on the Mississippi. 259 —Greysolon Du Lhut.—Return to Civilization. CHAPTER XIX. 1681. LA SALLE BEGINS ANEW. His Constancy; his Plans; his Savage Allies; he becomes Snow-blind.—Negotiations.—Grand 283 Council.—La Salle's Oratory.—Meeting with Tonty.—Preparation.—Departure. CHAPTER XX. 1681-1682. SUCCESS OF LA SALLE. His Followers.—The Chicago Portage.—Descent of the Mississippi.—The Lost Hunter.—The Arkansas.—The Taensas.—The Natchez.—Hostility.—The Mouth of the Mississippi.— 295 Louis XIV. proclaimed Sovereign of the Great West. CHAPTER XXI. 1682, 1683. ST. LOUIS OF THE ILLINOIS. Louisiana.—Illness of La Salle: his Colony on the Illinois.— Fort St. Louis.—Recall of Frontenac.—Le Febvre de la Barre.—Critical Position of La Salle.—Hostility of the New 309 Governor.—Triumph of the Adverse Faction.—La Salle sails for France. CHAPTER XXII. 1680-1683. LA SALLE PAINTED BY HIMSELF. Difficulty of knowing him: his Detractors; his Letters; vexations of his Position; his Unfitness for Trade; risks of Correspondence; his Reported Marriage; alleged Ostentation; motives of 328 Action; charges of Harshness; intrigues against him; unpopular Manners; a Strange Confession; his Strength and his Weakness; contrasts of his Character. CHAPTER XXIII. 1684. A NEW ENTERPRISE. La Salle at Court: his Proposals.—Occupation of Louisiana.—Invasion of Mexico.—Royal Favor.— Preparation.—A Divided Command.—Beaujeu and La Salle.—Mental Condition of 343 La Salle: his Farewell to his Mother. CHAPTER XXIV. 1684, 1685. THE VOYAGE. Disputes with Beaujeu.—St. Domingo.—La Salle attacked with Fever: his Desperate Condition. —The Gulf of Mexico.—A Vain Search and a Fatal Error. 366 CHAPTER XXV. 1685. LA SALLE IN TEXAS. A Party of Exploration.—Wreck of the "Aimable."—Landing of Colonists.—A Forlorn Position. 378 —Indian Neighbors.—Friendly Advances of Beaujeu: his Departure.—A Fatal Discovery. CHAPTER XXVI. 1685-1687. ST. LOUIS OF TEXAS. The Fort.—Misery and Dejection.— Energy of La Salle: his Journey of Exploration.— Adventures and Accidents.— Buffalo.—Duhaut.—Indian Massacre.—Return of La Salle.— A New Calamity.—A Desperate Resolution.—Departure for Canada.—Wreck of the 391 "Belle."—Marriage.—Sedition.—Adventures of La Salle's Party.—The Cenis.—The Camanches.—The Only Hope.—The Last Farewell. CHAPTER XXVII. 1687. ASSASSINATION OF LA SALLE. His Followers.—Prairie Travelling.—A Hunters' Quarrel.—The Murder of Moranget.—The 420 Conspiracy.—Death of La Salle: his Character. CHAPTER XXVIII. 1687, 1688. THE INNOCENT AND THE GUILTY. Triumph of the Murderers.—Danger of Joutel.—Joutel among the Cenis.—White Savages.— Insolence of Duhaut and his Accomplices.—Murder of Duhaut and Liotot.—Hiens, the Buccaneer.—Joutel and his Party: their Escape; they reach the Arkansas.—Bravery and 435 Devotion of Tonty.—The Fugitives reach the Illinois.—Unworthy Conduct of Cavelier.—He and his Companions return to France. CHAPTER XXIX. 1688-1689. FATE OF THE TEXAN COLONY. Tonty attempts to rescue the Colonists: his Difficulties and Hardships.—Spanish Hostility.— Expedition of Alonzo de Leon: he reaches Fort St. Louis.—A Scene of Havoc.—Destruction 464 of the French.—The End. APPENDIX. I. Early Unpublished Maps of the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. 475 II. The Eldorado of Mathieu Sâgean. 485 INDEX. 493 FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, FOURTH PART THE OLD REGIME IN CANADA By Francis Parkman CONTENTS PREFACE. DETAILED CONTENTS I. THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION. CHAPTER I. 1653-1658. THE JESUITS AT ONONDAGA. CHAPTER II. CHAPTER III. 1660, 1661. THE HEROES OF THE LONG SAUT. CHAPTER IV. 1657-1668. THE DISPUTED BISHOPRIC. CHAPTER V. 1659, 1660. LAVAL AND ARGENSON. CHAPTER VI. 1658-1663. LAVAL AND AVAUGOUR. CHAPTER VII. 1661-1664. LAVAL AND DUMESNIL CHAPTER VIII. 1657-1665. LAVAL AND MÉZY. CHAPTER IX. 1662-1680. LAVAL AND THE SEMINARY. II. THE COLONY AND THE KING. CHAPTER X. 1661-1665. ROYAL INTERVENTION. CHAPTER XI. 1666, 1667. THE MOHAWKS CHASTISED. CHAPTER XII. 1665-1672. PATERNAL GOVERNMENT. CHAPTER XIII 1661-1673. MARRIAGE AND POPULATION. CHAPTER XIV. 1665-1672. THE NEW HOME. CHAPTER XV. 1663-1763. CANADIAN FEUDALISM. CHAPTER XVI. 1663-1763. THE RULERS OF CANADA. CHAPTER XVII. 1663-1763. TRADE AND INDUSTRY. CHAPTER XVIII. 1663-1702. THE MISSIONS. THE BRANDY QUESTION. CHAPTER XIX. 1663-1763. PRIESTS AND PEOPLE. CHAPTER XX. 1640-1763. MORALS AND MANNERS. CHAPTER XXI. 1663-1763. CANADIAN ABSOLUTISM. FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART THE FIFTH COUNT FRONTENAC AND NEW FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV. by Francis Parkman Contents PREFACE. CHAPTER I. 1620-1672. COUNT AND COUNTESS FRONTENAC. Mademoiselle de Montpensier and Madame de Frontenac • Orleans • The Maréchale de Camp • Count Frontenac • Conjugal Disputes • Early Life of Frontenac • His Courtship and Marriage • Estrangement • Scenes at St. Fargeau • The Lady of Honor dismissed • Frontenac as a Soldier • He is made Governor of New France • Les Divines. CHAPTER II. 1672-1675 FRONTENAC AT QUEBEC. Arrival • Bright Prospects • The Three Estates of New France • Speech of the Governor • His Innovations • Royal Displeasure • Signs of Storm • Frontenac and the Priests • His Attempts to civilize the Indians • Opposition • Complaints and Heart-burnings. CHAPTER III. 1673-1675. FRONTENAC AND PERROT. La Salle • Fort Frontenac • Perrot • His Speculations • His Tyranny • The Bush-rangers • Perrot revolts • Becomes alarmed • Dilemma of Frontenac • Mediation of Fénelon • Perrot in Prison • Excitement of the Sulpitians • Indignation of Fénelon • Passion of Frontenac • Perrot on Trial • Strange Scenes • Appeal to the King • Answers of Louis XIV. and Colbert • Fénelon rebuked. CHAPTER IV. 1675-1682. FRONTENAC AND DUCHESNEAU. Frontenac receives a Colleague • He opposes the Clergy • Disputes in the Council • Royal Intervention • Frontenac rebuked • Fresh Outbreaks • Charges and Countercharges • The Dispute grows hot • Duchesneau condemned and Frontenac warned • The Quarrel continues • The King loses Patience • More Accusations • Factions and Feuds • A Side Quarrel • The King threatens • Frontenac denounces the Priests • The Governor and the Intendant recalled • Qualities of Frontenac. CHAPTER V. 1682-1684. LE FEBVRE DE LA BARRE. His Arrival at Quebec • The Great Fire • A Coming Storm • Iroquois Policy • The Danger imminent • Indian Allies of France • Frontenac and the Iroquois • Boasts of La Barre • His Past Life • His Speculations • He takes Alarm • His Dealings with the Iroquois • His Illegal Trade • His Colleague denounces him • Fruits of his Schemes • His Anger and his Fears. CHAPTER VI. 1684. LA BARRE AND THE IROQUOIS. Dongan • New York and its Indian Neighbors • The Rival Governors • Dongan and the Iroquois • Mission to Onondaga • An Iroquois Politician • Warnings of Lamberville • Iroquois Boldness • La Barre takes the Field • His Motives • The March • Pestilence • Council at La Famine • The Iroquois defiant • Humiliation of La Barre • The Indian Allies • Their Rage and Disappointment • Recall of La Barre. CHAPTER VII. 1685-1687. DENONVILLE AND DONGAN. Troubles of the New Governor • His Character • English Rivalry • Intrigues of Dongan • English Claims • A Diplomatic Duel • Overt Acts • Anger of Denonville • James II. checks Dongan • Denonville emboldened • Strife in the North • Hudson's Bay • Attempted Pacification • Artifice of Denonville • He prepares for War. CHAPTER VIII. 1687. DENONVILLE AND THE SENECAS. Treachery of Denonville • Iroquois Generosity • The Invading Army • The Western Allies • Plunder of English Traders • Arrival of the Allies • Scene at the French Camp • March of Denonville • Ambuscade • Battle • Victory • The Seneca Babylon • Imperfect Success. CHAPTER IX. 1687-1689. THE IROQUOIS INVASION. Altercations • Attitude of Dongan • Martial Preparation • Perplexity of Denonville • Angry Correspondence • Recall of Dongan • Sir Edmund Andros • Humiliation of Denonville • Distress of Canada • Appeals for Help • Iroquois Diplomacy • A Huron Macchiavel • The Catastrophe • Ferocity of the Victors • War with England • Recall of Denonville. CHAPTER X. 1689-1690. RETURN OF FRONTENAC. Versailles • Frontenac and the King • Frontenac sails for Quebec • Projected Conquest of New York • Designs of the King • Failure • Energy of Frontenac • Fort Frontenac • Panic • Negotiations • The Iroquois in Council • Chevalier d'Aux • Taunts of the Indian Allies • Boldness of Frontenac • An Iroquois Defeat • Cruel Policy • The Stroke parried. CHAPTER XI. 1690. THE THREE WAR-PARTIES. Measures of Frontenac • Expedition against Schenectady • The March • The Dutch Village • The Surprise • The Massacre • Prisoners spared • Retreat • The English and their Iroquois Friends • The Abenaki War • Revolution at Boston • Capture of Pemaquid • Capture of Salmon Falls • Capture of Fort Loyal • Frontenac and his Prisoner • The Canadians encouraged. CHAPTER XII. 1690. MASSACHUSETTS ATTACKS QUEBEC. English Schemes • Capture of Port Royal • Acadia reduced • Conduct of Phips • His History and Character • Boston in Arms • A Puritan Crusade • The March from Albany • Frontenac and the Council • Frontenac at Montreal • His War Dance • An Abortive Expedition • An English Raid • Frontenac at Quebec • Defences of the Town • The Enemy arrives. CHAPTER XIII. 1690. DEFENCE OF QUEBEC. Phips on the St. Lawrence • Phips at Quebec • A Flag of Truce • Scene at the Château • The Summons and the Answer • Plan of Attack • Landing of the English • The Cannonade • The Ships repulsed • The Land Attack • Retreat of Phips • Condition of Quebec • Rejoicings of the French • Distress at Boston. CHAPTER XIV. 1690-1694. THE SCOURGE OF CANADA. Iroquois Inroads • Death of Bienville • English Attack • A Desperate Fight • Miseries of the Colony • Alarms • A Winter Expedition • La Chesnaye burned • The Heroine of Verchères • Mission Indians • The Mohawk Expedition • Retreat and Pursuit • Relief arrives • Frontenac Triumphant. CHAPTER XV. 1691-1695. AN INTERLUDE. Appeal of Frontenac • His Opponents • His Services • Rivalry and Strife • Bishop Saint-Vallier • Society at the Château • Private Theatricals • Alarm of the Clergy • Tartuffe • A Singular Bargain • Mareuil and the Bishop • Mareuil on Trial • Zeal of Saint-Vallier • Scandals at Montreal • Appeal to the King • The Strife composed • Libel against Frontenac. CHAPTER XVI. 1690-1694. THE WAR IN ACADIA. State of that Colony • The Abenakis • Acadia and New England • Pirates • Baron de Saint-Castin • Pentegoet • The English Frontier • The French and the Abenakis • Plan of the War • Capture of York • Villebon • Grand War-party • Attack of Wells • Pemaquid rebuilt • John Nelson • A Broken Treaty • Villieu and Thury • Another War-party • Massacre at Oyster River. CHAPTER XVII. 1690-1697. NEW FRANCE AND NEW ENGLAND. The Frontier of New England • Border Warfare • Motives of the French • Needless Barbarity • Who were answerable? • Father Thury • The Abenakis waver • Treachery at Pemaquid • Capture of Pemaquid • Projected Attack on Boston • Disappointment • Miseries of the Frontier • A Captive Amazon. CHAPTER XVIII. 1693-1697. FRENCH AND ENGLISH RIVALRY. Le Moyne d'Iberville • His Exploits in Newfoundland • In Hudson's Bay • The Great Prize • The Competitors • Fatal Policy of the King • The Iroquois Question • Negotiation • Firmness of Frontenac • English Intervention • War renewed • State of the West • Indian Diplomacy • Cruel Measures • A Perilous Crisis • Audacity of Frontenac. CHAPTER XIX. 1696-1698. FRONTENAC ATTACKS THE ONONDAGAS. March of Frontenac • Flight of the Enemy • An Iroquois Stoic • Relief for the Onondagas • Boasts of Frontenac • His Complaints • His Enemies • Parties in Canada • Views of Frontenac and the King • Frontenac prevails • Peace of Ryswick • Frontenac and Bellomont • Schuyler at Quebec • Festivities • A Last Defiance. CHAPTER XX. 1698. DEATH OF FRONTENAC. His Last Hours • His Will • His Funeral • His Eulogist and his Critic • His Disputes with the Clergy • His Character. CHAPTER XXI. 1699-1701. CONCLUSION. The New Governor • Attitude of the Iroquois • Negotiations • Embassy to Onondaga • Peace • The Iroquois and the Allies • Difficulties • Death of the Great Huron • Funeral Rites • The Grand Council • The Work of Frontenac finished • Results. APPENDIX. INDEX. FRANCE AND ENGLAND IN NORTH AMERICA, PART SIXTH HALF-CENTURY OF CONFLICT, VOLUME ONE (OF TWO) FRANCIS PARKMAN. IN TWO VOLUMES. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. 1700-1713. EVE OF WAR. The Spanish Succession.—Influence of Louis XIV. on History.—French Schemes of Conquest in America.—New York.—Unfitness of the Colonies for War.—The Five Nations.—Doubt and Vacillation.—The Western Indians.—Trade and Politics3 CHAPTER II. 1694-1704. DETROIT. Michilimackinac.—La Mothe-Cadillac: his Disputes with the Jesuits.—Opposing Views.—Plans of Cadillac: his Memorial to the Court; his Opponents.—Detroit founded.—The New Company.—Detroit changes Hands.—Strange Act of the Five Nations17 CHAPTER III. 1703-1713. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. The Forest of Maine.—A Treacherous Peace.—A Frontier Village.—Wells and its People.—Attack upon it.—Border Ravages.—Beaubassin's War-party.—The "Woful Decade."—A Wedding Feast.—A Captive Bridegroom34 CHAPTER IV. 1704-1740. DEERFIELD. Hertel de Rouville.—A Frontier Village.—Rev. John Williams.—The Surprise.—Defence of the Stebbins House.—Attempted Rescue.—The Meadow Fight.—The Captives.—The Northward March. —Mrs. Williams killed.—The Minister's Journey.—Kindness of Canadians.—A Stubborn Heretic.— Eunice Williams.—Converted Captives.—John Sheldon's Mission.—Exchange of Prisoners.—An English Squaw.—The Gill Family55 CHAPTER V. 1704-1713. THE TORMENTED FRONTIER. Border Raids.—Haverhill.—Attack and Defence.—War to the Knife.—Motives of the French.— Proposed Neutrality.—Joseph Dudley.—Town and Country94 CHAPTER VI. 1700-1710. THE OLD RÉGIME IN ACADIA. The Fishery Question.—Privateers and Pirates.—Port Royal.—Official Gossip.—Abuse of Brouillan.—Complaints of De Goutin.—Subercase and his Officers.—Church and State.—Paternal Government110 CHAPTER VII. 1704-1710. ACADIA CHANGES HANDS. Reprisal for Deerfield.—Major Benjamin Church: his Ravages at Grand-Pré.—Port Royal Expedition.—Futile Proceedings.—A Discreditable Affair.—French Successes in Newfoundland.— Schemes of Samuel Vetch.—A Grand Enterprise.—Nicholson's Advance.—An Infected Camp.— Ministerial Promises broken.—A New Scheme.—Port Royal attacked.—Acadia conquered120 CHAPTER VIII. 1710, 1711. WALKER'S EXPEDITION.