Sustainable Development and Resource Productivity The fourth Factor X publication from the German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA), Sustainable Development and Resource Productivity: The Nexus Approaches explores the interdependencies of sustainable development paths and associated resource requirements, describing and analysing the necessities for a more resource efficient world. The use of and competition for increasingly scarce resources are growing worldwide with current production and consumption patterns of industrialised economies soon to reach the point where the ecosphere will be overtaxed far beyond its limits. Against this background, this volume examines the important initiatives to monitor resource use at the international, EU and national level. The current trends and challenges related to sustainable resource use are discussed, including international challenges for a resource efficient world, megatrends, justice and equitable access to resources. In the second part of the book, contributions examine implementation strategies. They assess the concept known as circular economy and discuss the theory of growth and the role of the financial and education systems. The final section places special emphasis on practical examples. Overall, the book presents concrete ways and examples of achieving more sustainability in practice. Discussing solutions for a more sustainable use of natural resources, this book is essential reading for scholars and students of natural resources and sustainable development and decision-makers and experts from the fields of policy development, industry and civil society. Harry Lehmann is General Director of the Environmental Planning and Sustainability Strategies Division of the German Federal Environment Agency. He was an early member, and is now the President, of the Factor 10 Club for resource productivity and sustainable use of natural resources. He is one of the founders of Eurosolar and since 2011 he has been executive Chairman of the World Renewable Energy Council. Factor X: Studies in Sustainable Natural Resource Management ‘Factor X’ promotes good and best practices to enable significant savings in natural resource use and ways to improve resource efficiency. In collaboration with the German Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA), and contributions from leading names in policy and academia, this book series proposes innovative strategies for implementing the ‘Factor X’ concept in order to build a more resource efficient world. Sustainable Development and Resource Productivity The Nexus Approaches Edited by Harry Lehmann For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Factor-X- Studies-in-Sustainable-Natural-Resource-Management/book-series/FX. Sustainable Development and Resource Productivity The Nexus Approaches Edited by Harry Lehmann First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 selection and editorial matter, Harry Lehmann; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Harry Lehmann to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lehmann, Harry (Environmentalist) editor. Title: Sustainable development and resource productivity : the Nexus approaches / edited by Harry Lehmann. Description: New York : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Factor x: studies in sustainable natural resource management | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2020023831 (print) | LCCN 2020023832 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367429546 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003000365 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Sustainable development. | Natural resources--Management. Classification: LCC HC79.E5 S86188 2020 (print) | LCC HC79.E5 (ebook) | DDC 338.9/27--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020023831 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020023832 ISBN: 978-0-367-42954-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-00036-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by MPS Limited, Dehradun Visit the eResources: www.routledge.com/Sustainable-Development-and- Resource-Productivity-The-Nexus-Approaches/Lehmann/p/book/ 9780367429546 In memoriam Prof. Dr Friedrich (Bio) Schmidt-Bleek Contents Foreword by Harry Lehmann xi In memoriam Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek xii List of contributors xiv PART I Setting the scene 1 1 RESCUE the Anthropocene: Urgent action for the great transformation 3 HARRY LEHMANN 2 The world at the ultimate crossroads: Climate change, environmental impacts, population and natural resources sufficiency in the long perspective with integrated models 11 HARALD ULRIK SVERDRUP, ULLRICH LORENZ, AND ANNA HULDA OLAFSDOTTIR 3 Reporting resource use in Germany 29 STEPHAN LUTTER, STEFAN GILJUM, CHRISTOPHER MANSTEIN, AND GERDA PALMETSHOFER 4 The rise of e-mobility as a trade-off between social and ecological benefits and distributional injustice: How the socio-technical regime and externalisation prevent a profound transformation of the mobility sector 42 FABIAN ZIMMER AND DÖRTE THEMANN 5 The quest for the holy grail: Can smart cities lead us to sustainability? 55 IRA SHEFER 6 Sustainable development as the ultimate target of adopting a nexus approach to resources management 67 SERENA CAUCCI, LULU ZHANG, KARLA LOCHER-KRAUSE, AND STEPHAN HÜLSMANN 7 The water–energy nexus of Brazil’s hydropower 80 THEODOROS SEMERTZIDIS AND RAIMUND BLEISCHWITZ 8 Education, sustainable development and resource management 90 KATRIN KOHL AND CHARLES A. HOPKINS PART II Core aspects of an integrated resource policy 101 9 Systemic analysis of the nexus of greenhouse gas emissions and material use in the energy sector 103 ULLRICH LORENZ 10 Wrong memes: Organic farming and battery electric vehicles 114 KAI NEUMANN 11 What’s going on abroad? Monitoring international resource policies 122 MONIKA DITTRICH, ANDREAS AUBERGER, CHRISTOPHER MANSTEIN, DETLEF SCHREIBER, AND ELISABETH DÜRR 12 Pathways to a resource-efficient and greenhouse-gas- neutral Germany 135 JENS GÜNTHER, PHILIP NUSS, KATJA PURR, MONIKA DITTRICH, AND HARRY LEHMANN 13 Resource use in a post-fossil green Germany 147 MONIKA DITTRICH, KARL SCHOER, JENS GÜNTHER, PHILIP NUSS, AND HARRY LEHMANN 14 Vertical integration in a multi-level governance system using the example of the German Resource Efficiency Programme 158 MAIC VERBÜCHELN AND BETTINA BAHN-WALKOWIAK viii Contents 15 A strategy to increase the resource efficiency of renewable energy technologies 172 HANS-MARTIN HENNING, SHIVENES SHAMMUGAM, ESTELLE GERVAIS, AND THOMAS SCHLEGL 16 Governing critical infrastructure in digital futures 182 LOUIS KLEIN 17 The energy transition in Deventer: A Hanseatic approach 193 IR. ALMAR OTTEN AND RON SINT NICOLAAS PART III Case studies of existing solutions 203 18 Natural resources as common goods 205 ALEXA K. LUTZENBERGER, FRANZISKA LICHTER, AND SARAH HOLZGREVE 19 Sustainable resource output: Towards an approach to a multidimensional environmental assessment of biomass production 226 H. BÖTTCHER, K. HENNENBERG, K. WIEGMANN, M. SCHEFFLER, AND A. HANSEN 20 More resource efficiency in production and products: Digitalisation supports industry and trades 238 PETER JAHNS 21 Eight tons of lifestyle: Monitoring a sustainable material footprint for households in Germany and the world 252 JENS TEUBLER, SEBASTIAN SCHUSTER, AND CHRISTA LIEDTKE 22 C like clever and cycle: Without a smart and systematic conception of the metal industry, product labelling and an indicator system, nothing will happen 262 KATHRIN GREIFF, FLORIAN FIESINGER, CHRISTA LIEDTKE, AND MARTIN FAULSTICH 23 The nexus of procurement and sustainability: Reflection of the limits and opportunities of product labels, using the example of the Forest Stewardship Council 275 UWE SAYER AND NINA GRIESSHAMMER Contents ix 24 The role of biomass use in a defossilised and resource-efficient world 288 HORST FEHRENBACH AND NILS RETTENMAIER PART IV Pioneering innovations 303 25 Big, environmentally friendly events: Sparing resources, respecting nature, setting limits – an attempt by the German Protestant Festival (Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag) at organising a big event on a sustainable footing 305 OLIVER FOLTIN, CHRISTOF HERTEL, AND JOBST KRAUS 26 The Kwawu resilient entrepreneurial ecosystems: A complex adaptive systems approach to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals 317 EBEN ANUWA-AMARH, CHRISTOPH HINSKE, NANA KWABENA BAMFO-DEBRAH, DAVID SEFA, SHERIFF AMARH, AND STEPHEN NASSAM 27 Exploring the possibility of a meat tax 329 FLORIS DE GRAAD 28 Facilitating sustainable dietary choices for positive nutritional and environmental outcomes 337 MAYSOUN A. MUSTAFA, AYMAN SALAMA, AND SAYED AZAM-ALI 29 Environmental systems innovation in ancient India with Factor X components as revealed in old Tamil Manuscripts 347 KANNAN NARAYANAN Index 358 x Contents Foreword This book is intended for anyone interested in the sustainable use of resources and circular economy, which is only possible if we drastically reduce the amount of resources needed for our lives – in the long term by a Factor of 10 (or X). It provides insights into the actual situation and future development. It shows possible system policymaking, contains practical developments and innovations that will accompany us on the path of a transition towards a more sustainable society. This book is the fourth in a series of Factor X books. A fifth one is in preparation. I profoundly thank all authors for spending many hours to write the interesting articles contained in this book. I would also like to thank the reviewers, Ms Martina Eick, Mr Christoph Hinske and Mr Eben Anuwa-Amarh, for their thoughtful and insightful comments that led to an improvement of the book. Harry Lehmann Note: The articles in this book do not necessarily reflect the opinion or the policies of the German Federal Environment Agency. In memoriam Friedrich Schmidt- Bleek This book is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek (16 July 1932–26 June 2019), who was the original inventor of the Factor X idea (Schmidt-Bleek 1993a). Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, or ‘Bio’ for his friends, researched resource productivity and dematerialisation, introduced the term ‘Ecological Rucksack’ and developed the ‘Material Input Per unit of Service’ (MIPS) as a basic measure for the assessment of environmental impact potentials (Schmidt-Bleek 1993a; Schmidt-Bleek 1998). In the early 1990s, Schmidt-Bleek postulated an increase of resource productivity of industrialised countries by a ‘Factor of 10’ (minus 90%), as a response to the fact that the richest countries have a significantly higher consumption than the world’s poorest countries (Schmidt-Bleek 1993b). Today the generalised term ‘Factor X’ is often used, as the required degree of dematerialisation needs to be decided individually from country to country, according to the prevailing levels of consumption (Lehmann, Schmidt-Bleek & Manstein 2018). Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek was a German nuclear and physical chemist and environmental researcher. His impressive career included functions at the German Environment Agency (UBA) in Berlin, at the OECD in Paris and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg/ Austria. From 1992 to 1997 he headed the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy together with Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker. He was chairman of the international Factor 10 Club, president of the Factor 10 Institute in Carnoules/France (Schmidt-Bleek 2009) and co-founder and honorary president of the World Resources Forum (WRF 2019). Schmidt-Bleek is the author of numerous books and publications. In 2001 he received the ‘Takeda World Environment Award’ for the proposal, promotion and implementation of the MIPS and ecological rucksack concept (Takeda Foundation 2011). I developed the MIPS and ecological rucksack concept to make sure that we can produce wealth for all the people on this planet and still live in peace with nature. Unfortunately, current economic and environmental policies will not get us to a sustainable future. The major problem today is that we reward those who waste natural resources through old fashioned fiscal policies and punish those who hire people for work. Still, there are already today a number of forward-looking companies who increase the resource productivity of their products and services. They go in this direction because they want to be still in business in 10 or 20 years in a world that simply does not have enough resources to globalize the present western lifestyle for 8 or 10 billion people. (Schmidt-Bleek 2001) References Lehmann, H., Schmidt-Bleek, F. & Manstein, C. (2018). Factor X – 25 years – ‘Factor X Concept’ is Essential for Achieving Sustainable Development. In H. Lehmann (ed.), Factor X: Challenges, Implementation Strategies and Examples for a Sustainable Use of Natural Resources . Springer, Berlin. Schmidt-Bleek, F. (1993a). Wieviel Umwelt braucht der Mensch? MIPS – das Maß für ökologisches Wirtschaften . Birkhäuser Verlags, Berlin. Schmidt-Bleek, F. (1993b). Revolution in Resource Productivity for a Sustainable Economy: A New Research Agenda. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin , 2 (8), 485–490. Schmidt-Bleek, F. (1998). Das MIPS-Konzept. Weniger Naturverbrauch – mehr Lebensqualität durch Faktor 10 . Droemer Knaur, München. Schmidt-Bleek, F. (2001). Schmidt-Bleek Receives the Takeda World Environment Award 2001. Retrieved from www.factor10-institute.org/pages/takeda_award_e.html. Schmidt-Bleek, F. (2009). About. Retrieved from www.factor10-institute.org/about.html. Takeda Foundation (2011). World Environmental Well-Being. Retrieved from www. takeda-foundation.jp/en/award/takeda/2001/recipient/06.html. WRF (2019). Rest in Peace, lieber Bio Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek. Retrieved from www. wrforum.org/organisation/friedrich-schmidt-bleek-rip. In memoriam Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek xiii Contributors Sheriff Amarh , National Association of Local Authorities, Ghana Eben Anuwa-Amarh , Institute of Development and Technology Management, Ghana Andreas Auberger , Institut für Energie und Umweltforschung (ifeu), Heidelberg, Germany Sayed Azam-Ali , Crops For the Future Research Centre, Semenyih, 43500 Selangor, Malaysia Bettina Bahn-Walkowiak , Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, Energy, Germany Nana Kwabena Bamfo-Debrah , Institute of Development and Technology Management, Ghana Raimund Bleischwitz , UCL BSEER, University College London, UK H. Böttcher , Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin/Darmstadt, Germany Serena Caucci , United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany Floris de Graad , Vegetariërsbond, Minahassastraat 1, 1094 RS Amsterdam, the Netherlands Monika Dittrich , Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung (ifeu), Heidelberg GmbH, Department on Resources, Im Weiher 10, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany Elisabeth Dürr , Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, Germany Martin Faulstich , INZIN Institute for the Future of the Industrial Society, Germany Horst Fehrenbach , Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung (ifeu), Heidelberg GmbH, Department on Resources, Im Weiher 10, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany Florian Fiesinger , INZIN Institute for the Future of the Industrial Society, Germany Oliver Foltin , Protestant Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (FEST), Germany Estelle Gervais , Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany Stefan Giljum , Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, AD 1020 Vienna, Austria Kathrin Greiff , Department of Anthropogenic Material Cycles, RWTH Aachen University, Germany Nina Griesshammer , FSC Germany, FSC Deutschland, Rehlingstr. 7, 79100 Freiburg, Germany Jens Günther , German Environment Agency (UBA), Unit I1.1 – Fundamental Aspects, Sustainability Strategies and Scenarios, Sustainable Resource Use, Woerlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany A. Hansen , Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Potsdam, Germany K. Hennenberg , Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin/Darmstadt, Germany Hans-Martin Henning , Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany Christof Hertel , Stabstelle Umweltprojekte 37. Deutscher Evangelicher Kirchentag, Germany Christoph Hinske , The Engagement Company, SAXION University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Finance, Economics and Management, the Netherlands Sarah Holzgreve , Alrene Ingen, Germany Charles A. Hopkins , York University Toronto, Canada Stephan Hülsmann , United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany, and Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, Dresden, Germany Peter Jahns , Effizienz-Agentur NRW, Effizienz-Agentur NRW, Dr.- Hammacher-Strasse 49 – 47119 Duisburg, Germany Louis Klein , European School of Governance (EUSG) GmbH, Kirchstraße 1, 10557 Berlin, Germany Katrin Kohl , York University, Toronto, Canada Contributors xv Jobst Kraus , Protestant Academy of Bad Böll, Germany Harry Lehmann , German Environment Agency (UBA), Division I – Environmental Planning and Sustainability Strategies, Woerlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany Franziska Lichter , Alrene Ingen, Germany Christa Liedtke , Wuppertal Institut, Doeppersberg 19, DE-42103 Wuppertal, Germany Karla Locher-Krause , United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany, and Department of Conservation Biology/Department of Environmental Politics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research- UFZ, Leipzig, Germany Ullrich Lorenz , Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, DE-06844 Dessau- Roßlau, Germany Stephan Lutter , Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, AD 1020 Vienna, Austria Alexa K. Lutzenberger , Alrene Ingen, Germany Christopher Manstein , Umweltbundesamt/Federal Environment Agency, Germany Maysoun A. Mustafa , Crops For the Future Research Centre, Semenyih, 43500 Selangor, Malaysia Kannan Narayanan , Tamil Heritage Foundation, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India Stephen Nassam , Alfa Precision Consult, Ghana Kai Neumann , Consideo GmbH, Germany Philip Nuss , German Environment Agency (UBA), Unit I1.1 – Fundamental Aspects, Sustainability Strategies and Scenarios, Sustainable Resource Use, Woerlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany Anna Hulda Olafsdottir , Industrial Engineering, University of Iceland, Hjarðarhagi 6, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland Ir. Almar Otten , Deventer Municipality, the Netherlands Gerda Palmetshofer , Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, AD 1020 Vienna, Austria Katja Purr , German Environment Agency (UBA), Unit V1.2 – Energy Strategies and Scenarios, Woerlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany xvi Contributors Nils Rettenmaier , Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung (ifeu), Heidelberg GmbH, Department on Resources, Im Weiher 10, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany Ayman Salama , Crops For the Future Research Centre, Semenyih, 43500 Selangor, Malaysia Uwe Sayer , FSC Germany, FSC Deutschland, Rehlingstr. 7, 79100 Freiburg, Germany M. Scheffler , Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin/Darmstadt, Germany Thomas Schlegl , Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany Karl Schoer , Sustainable Solutions Germany, Wiesbaden, Germany Detlef Schreiber , Umweltbundesamt/Federal Environment Agency, Germany Sebastian Schuster , Wuppertal Institut, Doeppersberg 19, DE-42103 Wuppertal, Germany David Sefa , Institute of Development and Technology Management, Ghana Theodoros Semertzidis , UCL BSEER, University College London, UK Shivenes Shammugam , Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany Ira Shefer , Research Fellow, Israel Public Policy Institute, Israel Ron Sint Nicolaas , Deventer Municipality, the Netherlands Harald Ulrik Sverdrup , Institute of Gamification, Inland University of Applied Sciences, NO-2300 Hamar, Norway Jens Teubler , Wuppertal Institut, Doeppersberg 19, DE-42103 Wuppertal, Germany Dörte Themann , Research Fellow, Freie Universität Berlin (Environmental Policy Research Centre), Germany Maic Verbücheln , German Institute of Urban Affairs, Germany K. Wiegmann , M. Scheffler, Öko-Institut e.V., Berlin/Darmstadt, Germany Lulu Zhang , United Nations University Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and Resources (UNU-FLORES), Dresden, Germany Fabian Zimmer , Researcher at Mobility Institute Berlin (MIB)/Non- Resident Fellow at Israel Public Policy Institute (IPPI), Germany Contributors xvii Part I Setting the scene