Practical Questions 1. A specimen of liver obtained from a patient died from myocardial infarction (A) is given below compared to the normal specimen of liver (B). 1.1. State the pathological condition of liver specimen A. 1.2. Briefly discuss the macroscopic pathological features of specimen A compared to the normal specimen B. 1.3. M icros co pic images of specimen A and B are given below. Discuss the microscopic pathological features of specimen ( A ) compared to the normal specimen ( B ) A B 2. Briefly discuss the pathological (macroscopic) features of a specimen of liver (A) obtained from a heavily alcoholic and obese patient compared to a no rmal healthy liver specimen (B) as given below. 3. Necrosis is d efined as a localized area of death of tissue followed by degradation of tissue by hydrolytic enzymes liberated from dead cells. It is invariably accompanied by an inflammatory reaction Note the pathological specimens of necrosis given below and discuss the following features. a) Type of necrosis observe in the specimen b) Etiology for the relevant type of necrosis c) Pathological fe atures (macroscopic/microscopic or both if relevant) A B 6.1 6.2 4. The picture shows a condition known as “Unilateral Testicular atrophy” 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.3 a Liver 6.3.b 6.4 4.1. Define the term “atrophy” 4.2. Discuss the pathological changes that you can observe in atrophy 4.3. List a few causes for testicular atrophy 5. Histological specimen of skeletal muscle is given below 5.1. What is the abnormality that you can observe in this picture? 5.2. What is the pathological mechanism underlying this condition? 5.3. List five (05) types of pathological atrophy with examples 6. The picture demonstrates cerebral atrophy in a patient with Alzheimer disease. 6.1. List out the features that you can observe in this specimen of brain compared to a normal brain 7. A specimen of the human uterus cut open is given below. 7.1. What are the abnormalities associated with the specimen. 7.2. What is the pathological mechanism underlying this condition and define it 7.3. Classify hyperplasia by giving examples for each category with the aid of a flowchart. 8. A specimen of prostate cut open is given below. 8.1. What is the condition that you can observe in this picture? 8.2. What are the abnormalities associated with the specimen. 9. The first picture gives you appearance of the normal healthy gastro - oesophageal junction in the endoscopic view (A). Note the displacement of gastric type columnar epithelium on the lower oesophagus (B). 9.1. Identify the pathological condition associated with the specimen B 9.2. Give a brief description on this phenomenon 9.3. What is the main risk factor associated with this condition A B 10. A specimen of heart is given 10.1. What is the pathological condition associated with this specimen? 10.2. What are the abnormalities that you can observe in this specimen? 11. A microscopic specimen of a lower esophagus is given below. 11.1. Identify the pathological condition associated with the specimen. 11.2. List the microscopic features associated with this specimen. 11.3. Is this condition reversible? If so, mention the reason. 12. 13. 1.1. Name the process of acute inflammation indicated by the diagram 1.2. Identify the main inflammatory cell type 2.1. Identify the condition indicated by the diagram 2.2. Name the structure indicated by an arrow 2.3. Briefly explain the pathogenesis related to this condition 14. A lung section of a patient with bronchopneumonia is given. 14.1. Identify the main inflammatory cells present in the tissue section. 14.2. Identify the structures visible in red color 14.3. Based on the microscopic features of the tissue section, predict the macroscopic features of the sputum produced by this patient. 15. A lung section with acute inflammation is given. 6.1. Identify the structur e indicated by arrows 6.2. Discuss the pathogenesis related to the process identify above. 16. A specimen of the inflammatory colon is given. 16.1. Identify the condition 16.2. Briefly explain the pathogenesis of the above - mentioned condition. 17. A lung section of a patient with Tuberculosis is given 17.1. Identify the structure indicated by arrow. 17.2. Name the cells involved to form the above - mentioned inflammatory lesions