Advances in Endoscopic Surgery Edited by Cornel Iancu ADVANCES IN ENDOSCOPIC SURGERY Edited by Cornel Iancu INTECHOPEN.COM Advances in Endoscopic Surgery http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/1774 Edited by Cornel Iancu Contributors Ivana Pajic-Penavic, Marco Berlucchi, Michele Sessa, Piero Nicolai, Barbara Pedruzzi, Rohan R Walvekar, Waleed F Ezzat, Katsuhiro Yorioka, Marwan Najjar, Ali Turkmani, David W.J. Côté, Erin Wright, Kin Fah Chin, Peter Grunert, Joachim Oertel, Durval Moraes De Carvalho, Durval M. Carvalho Jr., Francisco Lima, Michele Molinari, Karim Mohamed Eltawil, Miroslav Andric, Giuseppe Paolo Ferulano, Saverio Dilillo, Michele D’Ambra, Ruggero Lionetti, Piero Di Silverio, Stefano Capasso, Domenico Pelaggi, Michele Rutigliano, Georgios Giourgos, Alessandro Pusateri, Elina Matti, Fabio Pagella, Claudio Coco, Gianluca Rizzo, Alessandro Verbo, Claudio Mattana, Donato Paolo Pafundi, Alberto Manno, Jan Betka, Martin Chovanec, Eduard Zverina, Lukes Petr, Jan Kluh, Jiri Skrivan, Zdenek Fik, Oliver Profant, Filippo Tosato, Salvatore Marano, Stefano Mattacchione, Leoluca Vasapollo, Giulia Paltrinieri, Barbara Luongo, Valentina Mingarelli, Benedikt Josef Folz, Claus-Günther Konnerth, John Calleary, Ratislav Hejj, Marie McNulty, Emmanuel Jouanneau, Mahmoud Messerer, Moncef Berhouma, Sumeet M Anand, Saul Frenkiel, Rickul Varshney, Kris R. Jatana © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2011 The moral rights of the and the author(s) have been asserted. 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ISBN 978-953-307-717-8 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-953-51-6586-6 Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact book.department@intechopen.com Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com 4,100+ Open access books available 151 Countries delivered to 12.2% Contributors from top 500 universities Our authors are among the Top 1% most cited scientists 116,000+ International authors and editors 120M+ Downloads We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists Meet the editor Cornel Iancu, professor and chairman of the of 3rd De- partment of Surgery at “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine Cluj-Napoca is a pioneer in laparoscopic sur- gery. A highly respected surgeon, teacher and research- er, he is one of the leading authorities on advanced laparoscopic surgery in Romania. Beside laparoscopic cholecystectomy and anti-reflux surgery Dr. Iancu has extensive experience in performing advanced laparoscopic procedures for gastric tumors, colo-rectal malignancies, pancreatic and liver tumors and complicated hydatic disease. Among research in the field of digestive surgical oncology and endoscopic surgery, Dr. Iancu’s research was also focused in the area of nanotechnology, bio-nano-medical research and treatment by bioconjugated nanomaterials with priority on the selective laser ablation and optical damage of the pancreatic and liver cancer cells mediated by antibodies functionalized nanoparticles. Contents Preface X III Part 1 Endoscopy of the Paranasal Sinuses and the Skull Base 1 Chapter 1 Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery: Current State of the Art and Future Trends 3 Jouanneau Emmanuel, Messerer Mahmoud and Berhouma Moncef Chapter 2 Endoscopic Surgery of Maxillary Sinuses in Oral Surgery and Implantology 39 Miroslav Andrić Chapter 3 Objective Outcomes in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery 57 David W.J. Côté and Erin D. Wright Chapter 4 Endoscopy in Nasopharyngeal Adenoid Surgery 71 W. F. Ezzat Chapter 5 Endoscopically Guided Balloon Dilatation of Recurrent Choanal Stenosis 89 B.J. Folz and C.-G. Konnerth Chapter 6 Sialendoscopy: Endoscopic Approach to Benign Salivary Gland Diseases 101 Meghan Wilson, Kyle McMullen and Rohan R. Walvekar Chapter 7 Virtual Endoscopy of the Nasal Cavity and the Paranasal Sinuses 117 Sumeet Anand, Rickul Varshney and Saul Frenkiel Chapter 8 Evolution of the Adenoidectomy in the Endoscopic Era 131 Fabio Pagella, Alessandro Pusateri, Georgios Giourgos and Elina Matti X Contents Part 2 Endoscopy of the Central Nervous System 155 Chapter 9 Endoscopy in Intracranial Pathology 157 Marwan Najjar and Ali Turkmani Chapter 10 Technical and Clinical Evolution of Modern Neuroendoscopy 175 P. Grunert and J. Oertel Chapter 11 Minimally Invasive Endoscopic and Endoscopy-Assisted Microsurgery of Vestibular Schwannoma 191 Betka Jan, Chovanec Martin, Zverina Eduard, Profant Oliver, Lukes Petr, Skrivan Jiri, Kluh Jan and Fik Zdenek Part 3 Endoscopy in Ophtalmology 217 Chapter 12 Ocular Endoscopy 219 Durval Moraes de Carvalho, Francisco Eduardo Lima and Durval Moraes de Carvalho Jr Part 4 Digestive Endoscopy 235 Chapter 13 Laparoscopy in Diagnosis and Treatment of Small Bowel Diseases 237 Coco Claudio, Rizzo Gianluca, Verbo Alessandro, Mattana Claudio, Pafundi Donato Paolo and Manno Alberto Chapter 14 Surgical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 259 Filippo Tosato, Salvatore Marano, Stefano Mattacchione, Barbara Luongo, Giulia Paltrinieri, Valentina Mingarelli and Leoluca Vasapollo Chapter 15 Laparoscopic One-Stage vs Endoscopic Plus Laparoscopic Management of Common Bile Duct Stones – A Prospective Randomized Study 291 Giuseppe P. Ferulano, Saverio Dilillo, Michele D’Ambra, Ruggero Lionetti, Piero Di Silverio, Stefano Capasso, Domenico Pelaggi and Michele Rutigliano Chapter 16 Endoscopic Ultrasound for Solid and Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas 307 Karim M. Eltawil and Michele Molinari Part 5 Urogynecological Endoscopy 327 Chapter 17 Urology: The Home of Endoscopy 329 Rastislav Hejj, Marie McNulty and John G. Calleary Contents X I Part 6 Pediatric Endoscopy 343 Chapter 18 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Sinonasal Endoscopy in Pediatric Patients 345 Marco Berlucchi, Barbara Pedruzzi, Michele Sessa and Piero Nicolai Chapter 19 Endoscopy in the Evaluation and Management of the Pediatric Airway 375 Kris R. Jatana and Jeffrey C. Rastatter Part 7 Concepts in Endoscopic Surgery 399 Chapter 20 Laparoscopic Surgery: An Almost Scarless Approach 401 Peng Soon Koh and Kin Fah Chin Chapter 21 Endoscopic Monitoring of Postoperative Sinonasal Mucosa Wounds Healing 419 Ivana Pajić-Penavić Chapter 22 Microbial Contamination of Suction Tubes Attached to Suction Instrument and Its Preventive Methods 437 Katsuhiro Yorioka and Shigeharu Oie Preface The efforts to treat diseases through the human body's orificies and cavities date back to antiquity when Hippocrates (460-374 BC) used a speculum to inspect and treat an inflammatory lesion of the rectum. One major limitation of these attempts was represented by poor illumination. Only in the 9th century did Arabian physician Abukasim developed a method of cervix inspection using a mirror to reflect light. Later, Leonardo da Vinci used a lense to direct sun rays into the nasal cavity, but the major advance came in 1805 when Bozzini, a physician from Frankfurt introduced the first light conductor to visually examine the interior of the urethra. Jacobaeus, a Swedish physician (1910) used a cytoscope to examine the abdominal cavity in humans after first insuflating the abdominal cavity a techinque that was termed „laparoscopy”. Subsequently, this technique has evolved, the instruments became smaller, more flexible, cold light illumination was added favoring the transmission of abundant light with minimal heat and consequently the obtainance of sharp and clear images. Another significant progress in the field of operative endoscopy was the introduction of bipolar electrocoagulation (1968) and the invention of computer-chip video camera in 1986. Since then, surgeons from various domains have become fascinated by endoscopy with its very low complication rates, high diagnostic yields and the possibility to perform a large variety of therapeutic procedures. Therefore, the number and diversity of surgical endoscopic procedures have proliferated enormously over last 30 years. Currently there are several “standard” procedures that are used at work on daily basis. There are also few recognized “advanced procedures” practiced by only a small amount of surgeons who require an increased learning curve and intensive training. This book is a comprehensive didactic material covering all aspects of both standard and advanced endoscopic techniques applied in surgical diseases starting from diagnosis and ending with therapy. X Preface We intend to provide our readers with easy-to-use information on latest topics in surgical endoscopy provided by over 30 distinguished experts in each specific area from all over the world. Cornel Iancu, MD, PhD Professor of General Surgery, 3rd Department of Surgery at “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Romania Part 1 Endoscopy of the Paranasal Sinuses and the Skull Base 1 Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery: Current State of the Art and Future Trends Jouanneau Emmanuel, Messerer Mahmoud and Berhouma Moncef Department of Neurosurgery Skull Base Surgery Unit Pierre Wertheimer Neurological and Neurosurgical Hospital Lyon France 1. Introduction Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (EESBS) is undergoing a remarkable evolution as in the last two decades it shifted from pituitary surgery to a myriad of approaches extending from the cribriform plate to C2 and laterally to the petrous apex and to the infratemporal fossa. The collaboration with ENT surgeons, technological advances in the field of instrumentation and endoscopic systems, a better comprehension of the skull base anatomy as seen from below and recent innovations in reconstruction techniques have led to obvious improvements in the management of cranial base lesions. EESBS is now becoming the gold- standard approach to the sellar, retrosellar and clival regions; however, its role in the management of anterior skull base tumors is still debated. Through their experience of more than 400 endoscopic endonasal skull base procedures, the authors expose their modus operandi and discuss the current controversies as well as future trends. 2. A brief history of endoscopic procedures in neurosurgery EESBS represents the recent meeting of endoscopic techniques, developed mainly by urologists, and pituitary transsphenoidal surgery. 2.1 First endoscopes Endoscopic explorations of hollow organs appeared during the 19 th century. A German physician, Philipp Bozzini (1773-1809), is considered as the inventor of the first endoscope which he named “ Lichtleiter ” (Figure 1, left). The latter was very difficult to handle and painful for the patients. Jean Desormeaux (1815-1894), a renowned French urologist, improved Bozzini’s Lichtleiter using all the advances made during the second half of the 19 th century in the fields of lighting (Castelnuovo et al., 2010a; Leger, 2004). The development of Advances in Endoscopic Surgery 4 optic lenses led to the ergonomy optimization and the manoeuvrability improvement of endoscopes used mainly by urologists such as Max Nitze (1848-1906) (Herr, 2006; Litynski, 1999; Rathert, 1967). Paradoxically, the first ventricular neuroendoscopy with cauterization of choroid plexuses has been performed by an American urologist, Victor Darwin Lespinasse (1878-1946) (Grant JA, 1996), followed during the first half of the 20 th century by Walter Dandy, one of the leading pioneers of neurosurgery (Dandy, 1926, 1932). Numerous improvements of optical systems made during the first half of the 20 th century led to the modernization of endoscopic procedures. ENT surgeons like Messerklinger, Draf and Stammberger developed these endoscopic techniques in the management of paranasal sinuses diseases (Draf, 1973; Reuter, 2000; Wigand, 1981). After being used initially for cerebral third ventriculostomy, endoscopy changed dramatically the approach to the pituitary region at the end of the last century and initiated neurosurgeons to endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. Fig. 1. Left: The “ Lichtleiter ”, first endoscope designed by Philipp Bozzini (1773-1809) Right: Harvey Cushing (1869-1939), the pioneer founder of the transsphenoidal pituitary surgery 2.2 Pituitary surgery Modern pituitary surgery began with Harvey Cushing (Figure 1, right) during the early years of the 20 th century, with the development of the sublabial transsphenoidal approach (Figure 2) and the use of a frontal light (Cushing, 1909). The initial poor results of this technique and the reduced visualization of the sella led to abandon the transsphenoidal route in favor of the transcranial approaches (Caton, 1893; Landolt, 2001; Lindholm, 2007; Pollock et al., 2003). Gerard Guiot induced a rebirth of the trans-sphenoidal surgery in the middle of the last century with the introduction of the peroperative fluoroscopy and he first used an endoscope within the sella (Guiot et al., 1963a, 1963b). Later, Jules Hardy normalized the current pituitary surgery practice with the use of the operative microscope (Hardy, 2010; Liu et al., 2001). The application of endoscopic techniques in pituitary surgery and then in skull