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The genetic code is one of the greatest discoveries of the 20th century as it is central to life itself. It is the algorithm that connects 64 RNA triplets to 20 amino acids, thus functioning as the Rosetta Stone of molecular biology. Following the discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, George Gamow organized the 20-member “RNA Tie Club” to discuss the transmission of information by DNA. Crick, Sydney Brenner, Leslie Barnett, and Richard Watts-Tobin first demonstrated the three bases of DNA code for one amino acid. The decoding of the genetic code was begun by Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei and was completed by Har Gobind Khorana. Then, finally, Brenner, Barnett, Eugene Katz, and Crick placed the last piece of the jigsaw puzzle of life by proving that UGA was a third stop codon. In the mid-1960s, Carl Woese proposed the “stereochemical hypothesis”, which speculated that the genetic code derives from a type of codon–amino acid-pairing interaction. The origin and evolution of the genetic code remains a mystery despite numerous theories and attempts to understand these. In this Special Issue, experts in the field present their thoughts and views on this topic. Because 2016 commemorated the 100th anniversary of the birth of Francis Crick, the Guest Editor of this Special Issue also dedicates all articles included herein to the memory of Francis Crick.

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Growing Prevalence of Diabetes to Fuel the Growth of the Natural Sweeteners Market

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This work provides a synthesis of recent research on the evolution of agriculture and food in a capitalist system. It is based on approaches not well-known in France such as international political economy and ecological economy. It studies agricultural processing in terms of ecology, history and geopolitics and traces specific aspects of agriculture and food in the 21st century. Lastly, it proposes theoretical approaches with a view to renewing the agricultural economy.

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Legal aspects of banking regulation: Common law perspectives from Zambiaby Kenneth K Mwenda2010ISBN: 978-0-9814420-7-5Pages: 330Print version: AvailableElectronic version: Free PDF available

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Food quality, safety, and fortification are key aspects to guarantee that foods reach consumers in optimal conditions from the point of view of freshness, microbiology, and health promotion. This book overviews the most recent fundamental and oriented efforts by multidisciplinary researchers and technologists on the application of nanoscience and nanotechnology to generate new added value solutions for the food industry. Nanomaterials to Enhance Food Quality, Safety, and Health Impact provides a valuable guide for both industry and academic researchers interested in the production of healthier, safer, and sustainable food products.

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Julie K. Allen, Eugene L. Arva, Jean Bessière, Helena Carválho Buescu, Vanessa Byrnes, Chloé Chaudet, Yves Clavaron, Christophe Den Tandt, Catherine Depretto., Theo D’haen, Caius Dobrescu, Dong Yang, Brahim El Guabli, Nikki Fogle, Gerald Gillespie, Kathleen Gyssels, Oliver Harris, Sándor Hites, Michelle Keown, S Satish Kumar, Jacques Marx, Jessica Maufort, Marc Maufort, Jopi Nyman, David O'Donnell, Liedeke Plate, Judith Rauscher, Haun Saussy, Karen-Margrethe Simonsen, Chris Thurman, Anne Williams, Janet M. Wilson, Chantal Zabus, Gang Zhou

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