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The Modern Age perspective was born as a bridge between art and science. It made art necessary and science visible; its breeding ground was architecture, which has always involved the lovers of one and the other in synergy. The field of thought in which perspective was conceived focused on the highest topics: the universe and the earth. Starting from astronomers-geographers and topographers, perspective was built over time as a discipline and a scientific-artistic method, systematically deriving a theorem from another, in a crescendo of complexity, which has sometimes taken on acrobatic forms, not open to evidence. The perspective techniques developed over time have accompanied the figures of architecture and of the graphic arts in their changes. Nowadays, the current information technologies make it possible to study the models of this artistic field with the confidence of being able to bring to light a new story about it. This volume collects the essays of 44 researchers who, within an Italian National Project launched in 2011 and coordinated by Riccardo Migliari (from Rome), joined the call of the group in Florence, which Maria Teresa Bartoli directed, in order to illustrate their method of cultural and technical approach to the theme through a case study: be it represented by a painting or by the passages of a treatise.

JFred

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"Legal History presents a broad panorama of historical processes that trigger theoretical reflections on legal transfers and legal transplants and on the problem of the reception and assimilation laws and other modes of normativity. In this volume, legal historians across the globe reflect on their analytical traditions and present case studies in order to discuss how entangled histories of law can be understood, analyzed and written.
In the first section of this volume, ‘Traditions of Transnational Legal History’, the authors revisit specific achievements and shortcomings of legal historical research against the backdrop of postcolonial and global studies. Reflections on our own disciplinary traditions that reveal the path-dependencies include critical accounts on the tradition of ‘European Legal History’, ‘Codification history’, the emergence of ‘Hindu Law’, and the methodological aspects of Comparative Law.
The four articles in the second section, ‘Empires and Law’, showcase entangled legal histories forged in imperial spaces, for instance, through treaties concluded in the spheres of influence of ancient Roman Empire, which in this instance is analyzed as a process of ‘narrative transculturation’. Analogously, transnational institutions adjudicating merchant-disputes in the Early Modern Spanish Empire and normative frameworks constructed in a multilingual space shortly after its decline are analyzed as ‘diffusion and hybridization’. And finally, the spotlight is cast on the so-called ‘craftsmen of transfer’ and the bureaucrats that took practical comparative law as the basis to design the German colonial law.
In the third section, ‘Analyzing transnational law and legal scholarship in 19th and early 20th century’, seven case studies offer theoretical reflections about entangled legal histories. The discussions range from civil law codifications in Latin America as ‘reception’ or ‘normative transfers’, entangled histories of constitutionalism as ‘translations’ and ‘legal transfer’, formation of transnational legal orders in 19th century International Law and the International Law on state bankruptcies to the impact of transnational legal scholarship on criminology. All articles engage in methodological reflections and discussions about their concrete application in legal historical research."

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Analizar la filosofía política de Agustín es un debate actual, particularmente su reflexión sobre la iglesia y el estado. Esta obra recopila una serie de contribuciones que examinan las perspectivas teóricas de Agustín a este respecto. Agustín comprendió sus responsabilidades como líder de la teología y de la iglesia: la veracidad de la fe y la unidad de la iglesia no podían comprometerse. Nunca dudó en apelar a las actividades civiles con el fin de lograr su objetivo. De hecho, se aventuró a expandir la autoridad civil, al emperador, contra una autoridad eclesiástica como la del papa Zósimo. Esta apelación al brazo secular del poder estuvo influenciada, de un lado, por la preocupación de Agustín sobre la preservación del orden y la paz y, de otro, por su creencia del derecho a la verdad; aunque esta aspiración de Agustín no fue del todo absoluta. Rechazó la idea de que los humanos se debían convertir a la fuerza, contra su voluntad. También condenó cualquier cosa que comprometiera la integridad física de los seres humanos. En resumen, Agustín reconoció el valor del sistema político, lo cual sirvió para salvaguardar los buenos fines de la vida terrenal: la paz y la justicia. No obstante, Agustín creía que la paz y la justicia terrenal eran reflejos de la paz y la justicia celestial, pues es esto último la base del orden y la estabilidad en la tierra.

Frank Bird Linderman

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This book documents the inaugural public lecture of Honorary Professor Dr. Murad Erdemir, held on May 28th 2014 in the auditorium of the University of Göttingen. Murad Erdemir is the Vice Director and General Counsel in the Hessian State Authority for Commercial Broadcasting and New Media (LPR Hessen). His inaugural lecture looks at human dignity as a central concept of law and ethics. The lecture covers the media law review and also the supervisory practices of the State Media Authorities and the German Press Council. The full text is reprinted, also including references and further reading.

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Jingzi Wu

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The Scholars (Chinese: 儒林外史; pinyin: Rúlínwàishǐ; literally: "The Unofficial History of the Forest (ie. World) of the Literati") is a Chinese novel authored by Wu Jingzi (吳敬梓) and completed in 1750 during the Qing Dynasty. Set in the Ming period, the novel describes and often satirizes Chinese scholars in a vernacular Chinese idiom. The first and last chapters portray recluses, but most of the loosely connected stories that form the bulk of the novel are didactic and satiric stories, on the one hand holding up exemplary Confucian behavior, but on the other ridiculing over-ambitious scholars and criticizing the civil service examination system. Promoting naturalistic attitudes over belief in the supernatural, the author rejects the popular belief in retribution: his bad characters suffer no punishment. The characters in these stories are intellectuals, perhaps based on the author's friends and contemporaries. Wu also portrays women sympathetically: the chief character Du treats his wife as a companion instead of as an inferior. Although it is a satiric novel, a major incident in the novel is Du's attempt to renovate his family's ancestral temple, suggesting the author shared with Du a belief in the importance of Confucianism. From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA).

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In Mo(ve)ments of Resistance, Grinberg summarizes both his own work and that of other political economists, providing a coherent historical narrative covering the time from the beginning of Socialist Zionism (1904) to the Oslo Accords and the neoliberalization of the economy (1994–1996). The theoretical approach of the book combines eventful sociology, path dependency, and institutional political economy. Grinberg argues that historical political events have been shaped not only by political and economic forces but also by resistance struggles of marginal and weaker social groups: organized workers, Palestinians, and Mizrachi Jews. Major turning points in history, like the Separation War in 1948, the military occupation in 1967, and the Oslo peace process in 1993, are explained in the context of previous social and economic resistance struggles that affected the political outcomes.

Henry Paul Mainwaring Jones

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