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Towards the end of the 20th century the Italian literature created outside Italy finally started to receive proper attention, because research began to focus on the socio-cultural analysis of the different forms of internal and external postcolonialism. As a result, both imperialism and nationalism are seen as responsible for phenomena of cultural alienation in many territories outside as well as inside the national borders of the country and are exposed as ideological constructs. Nevertheless research still neglects the one undoubtedly outstanding region in the production of Italian literature outside Italy, i.e. Austria, more precisely the territories of the Habsburg Monarchy, where for nearly 500 years - from early Humanism to the First World War - the tradition was the richest in quantity as well as in quality. This first part of a comprehensive history of the Italian literature created in Austria for an Austrian public has been written with the intention of filling this gap.The unique position the Italian language held at Vienna's imperial court at least from the middle of the 17th to the middle of the 18th century is well known: Italian was not only an official language for the purpose of representation, it also served as a vehicle of cultural communication in the inner circle of the imperial family. The numerous political connections between the House of Habsburg and the ruling Italian dynasties are a major reason for the manifold cultural transfers between the Austrian territories and the Italian States. The great number of strategic marriages led to intense cultural as well as economical relations, which obviously did result in occasional implications in territorial conflicts and in military alliances not always favorable to the mutual understanding.As a consequence of the above mentioned economical and dynastical connections the Habsburgs often intervened politically in Italy, first in the Early Modern Period, especially during the reigns of Charles V and Ferdinand I. Two centuries later, the Habsburg administration of the Kingdom of Naples (1707-1734) as well as of Lombardy during most of the 18th century (1714-1797) was decisive for the continuation of those interchanges, which ended however, when the Italian movement of unification began to create a totally new situation.Humanism, baroque and enlightenment, three currents which are amply discussed in the present volume, could more easily expand from Italy to Austria because of the before described dynastical connections and they established themselves still deeper because of the immigration or the long stays of Italian authors in the cultural centers of the Austrian monarchy, first of all of course in Vienna. Not surprisingly however, we possess so far only an inadequate and unsystematic documentation of the activities and literary productions of the great majority of those authors: As is well known, the 19th century created a nationalistic base for literary studies, a view which still for a long time influenced the 20th century for a long time. The Italian authors working and publishing in Austria did so in their own language, but in a foreign country and for a foreign sovereign. For this reason they obtained practically no attention in Austrian literary studies, because there works were not composed in the national language, and their appearance in Italian studies is all but nonexistent because they made no direct contribution to the national literary tradition.Die italienische Literatur außerhalb Italiens erlangt in der Literaturwissenschaft des ausgehenden 20. Jahrhunderts zunehmend ihre verdiente Aufmerksamkeit, sobald nämlich die soziokulturelle Analyse der verschiedenen Formen des äußeren und inneren Postkolonialismus an Bedeutung gewinnt. Imperialismus und Nationalismus werden in gleicher Weise für die kulturelle Entfremdung der außerhalb, aber auch innerhalb der nationalen Grenzen liegenden Gebiete verantwortlich gemacht und als ideologische Konstrukte entlarvt. Die in Bezug auf Produktion von italienischer Literatur außerhalb Italiens vermutlich herausragende Region, nämlich Österreich bzw. die Länder der Habsburgermonarchie, welche über beinahe 500 Jahre vom Frühhumanismus bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg quantitativ und qualitativ die reichhaltigste Tradition aufweist, wird von der Forschung allerdings immer noch unzureichend gewürdigt. Diese Lücke soll durch den vorliegenden ersten Teil einer umfassenden Geschichte der italienischen Literatur in Österreich geschlossen werden. Immerhin wird die außergewöhnliche Position des Wiener Hofes, der das Italienische zumindest von der Mitte 17. bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts als offizielle Sprache der Repräsentation nach außen und nach innen als familiäre Sprache der kulturellen Kommunikation verwendet, inzwischen uneingeschränkt anerkannt.Zu den wichtigsten Grundlagen des vielfältigen Kulturtransfers zwischen den österreichischen Ländern und den italienischen Territorien zählen ohne Zweifel die zahlreichen dynastischen Verbindungen zwischen den Habsburgern und den Herrscherfamilien Italiens. Die dynastisch motivierten Eheschließungen bedingen intensive kulturelle Beziehungen und ökonomische Verflechtungen zwischen den jeweiligen Staaten Österreichs und Italiens, aber auch die fallweise daraus resultierenden Verwicklungen in territoriale Konflikte sowie militärische Bündnisse, welche nicht immer zur gegenseitigen Sympathie beitragen. Die aus den wechselseitigen wirtschaftlichen und dynastischen Beziehungen resultierenden politischen Interventionen der Habsburger in Italien erleben zunächst in der Frühen Neuzeit - vor allem unter Karl V. und Ferdinand I. - ihren Höhepunkt, während sich die administrative Präsenz im Königreich Neapel 1707-34 und in der Lombardei beinahe während des gesamten 18. Jahrhunderts (1714-97) als markant für die beiderseitigen Beeinflussungen herausstellt, bevor die italienische Einheitsbewegung des 19. Jahrhunderts völlig neue Voraussetzungen schafft.Die geistigen Strömungen des Humanismus, des Barock und der Aufklärung, welche in diesem Band ihre gebührende Würdigung finden sollen, werden in ihrem Vordringen aus den italienischen Gebieten nach Österreich durch die genannten dynastischen Beziehungen maßgeblich gefördert und verwurzeln sich nachhaltig durch die Zuwanderung bzw. die zum Teil sehr langen Schaffensperioden italienischer Autoren in den österreichischen Kulturzentren, allen voran Wien. Deren Aktivitäten in den habsburgischen Gebieten sind in der Forschung bisher nur unzulänglich und unsystematisch dokumentiert, weil ihre Produktion in einem fremden Land für fremde Herrscher mit den im 19. Jahrhundert entworfenen Visionen von einer Nationalliteratur unvereinbar sind. Sie finden in der österreichischen Literatur keine Berücksichtigung, weil die Werke nicht in der Landessprache abgefasst sind, und sie tauchen kaum in den italienischen Darstellungen auf, weil sie keinen Beitrag zur nationalen Tradition leisten.

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Compendium of Key Documents relating to Peace and Security in AfricaEdited by Monica Juma2006ISBN: 0-9585097-3-5Pages: 521Print version: AvailableElectronic version: Free PDF available

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From the Library of Congress bibliographic record: "A revision of the text (first published 1806?) prepared by members of the Taylor family: probably Ann, Jane, and Isaac, Jun. Cf. Stewart."

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Originally published in 1871, Ralph the Heir revolves around two men named Ralph. One is the nephew and legal heir of Squire Gregory Newton. The other is the squire's beloved illegitimate son and preferred heir. The fortunes and misfortunes of the actual heir, as he desperately seeks to pay off his debts and marry a woman of good social standing, form the core of the novel. Particularly noteworthy is the book's description of a corrupt Parliamentary electionprobably based on Trollope's own experience as a candidate.

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The king's jackal.--The reporter who made himself king.

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Collected in memory of the Vermeer scholar and Yale economist J. Michael Montias, these essays take into account the latest trends in the field and provide new data on a wide range of topics in Netherlandish art. Themes include the reception of paintings and architecture; art collecting as interpreted through inventories and other documents that reveal modes of display; relationships between patrons and painters; recently found or attributed works of art; artists as teachers; and the art market. Taken together, these focused studies offer fresh perspectives on the historical appreciation and evaluation of art. Drawing upon J.M. Montias' contribution to art history, these 32 essays present new analyses, attributions, and documents on Netherlandish art and material culture - including the work of Vermeer, Rubens, Rembrandt, van Eyck and others - by internationally known scholars of art history and the economics of artTer ere van Michael Montias' bijdrage aan de kunstgeschiedenis, eert een internationale groep experts op het gebied van Nederlandse kunst in 32 essays hem om zijn wapenfeiten. Met nieuwe feiten, nog niet eerder gepubliceerde documenten en nieuwe interpretaties vormen deze essays een kritische heroverweging over hoe Nederlandse kunst en architectuur wordt bestudeerd vandaag de dag. Het boek bevat recente studies over het werk van Vermeer, Rubens, Rembrandt, Van Eyck en vele anderen. De thema's in de bundel zijn: de ontvangst van schilderijen en architectuur, het verzamelen van kunst bestudeerd door verschillende verzamelingen, de relaties tussen meesters en hun leerlingen, kunstenaars als leraren en de kunstmarkt. Met het geven van nieuwe inzichten is dit boek een belangrijke bron voor toekomstige studies.

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Since the 1980s, globalization and neoliberalism have brought about a comprehensive restructuring of everyone’s lives. People are being ‘disciplined’ by neoliberal economic agendas, ‘transformed’ by communication and information technology changes, global commodity chains and networks, and in the Global South in particular, destroyed livelihoods, debilitating impoverishment, disease pandemics, among other disastrous disruptions, are also globalization’s legacy. This collection of geographical treatments of such a complex set of processes unearths the contradictions in the impacts of globalization on peoples’ lives. Globalizations Contradictions firstly introduces globalization in all its intricacy and contrariness, followed on by substantive coverage of globalization’s dimensions. Other areas that are covered in depth are: globalization’s macro-economic faces globalization’s unruly spaces globalization’s geo-political faces ecological globalization globalization’s cultural challenges globalization from below fair globalization. Globalizations Contradictions is a critical examination of the continuing role of international and supra-national institutions and their involvement in the political economic management and determination of global restructuring. Deliberately, this collection raises questions, even as it offers geographical insights and thoughtful assessments of globalization’s multifaceted ‘faces and spaces.’

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