This book begins with a simple observation, for over a thousand years, gardens have served as art’s most persistent, pliable metaphor. Yet they have rarely been treated as a subject in their own right, not just as backdrop or botanical record, but as a living, contested medium. The enclosed hortus conclusus of a Flemish manuscript illuminates a virgin’s womb. The Persian paradise garden, woven into silk or tile, promises a riverine afterlife. Botticelli’s orange grove stages pagan philosophy.