List of Singular Noun to Plural Noun 1. AGENDUM - AGENDA 4 2 . LARVA - LARVAE 2. AIRCRAFT - AIRCRAFT 4 3 . LOUSE – LICE (Insect) / LOUSES (Human) 3. ANALYSIS – ANALYSES 4 4 . (WO)MAN – (WO)MEN 4. ANTENNA – ANTENNAE / ANTENNAS 4 5 . MEDIUM – MEDIA (=Singular in Informal English) 5. APPENDIX – APPENDICES / APPENDIXES 4 6 . MEMENTO – MEMENTOS / MEMENTOES 6. AXIS – AXES 4 7 . MEMO – MEMOS 7. BACTERIUM - BACTERIA 4 8 . MEMORANDUM – MEMORANDA / MEMORANDUMS 8. BAMBOO – BAMBOOS 4 9 . METAMORPHOSIS – METAMORPHOSES 9. BASIS – BASES 50 . MILLENIUM – MILLENIA 10. BELIEF – BELIEFS 5 1 . MOUSE = MICE (Animal) / MOUSES (Computer Device) 11. BICEPS – BICEPS 5 2 . NO – NOS 12. BUFFALO – BUFFALO / BUFFALOS / BUFFALOES 5 3 . NUCLEUS – NUCLEI 13. BUREAU – BUREAUS / BUREAUX 5 4 . OASIS – OASES 1 4 . CACTUS – CACTI / CACTUSES 5 5 . OCTOPUS – OCTOPI / OCTOPUSES 1 5 . CARGO – CARGOS / CARGOES 5 6 . OX – OXEN 1 6 . CASINO – CASINOS 5 7 . PATIO – PATIOS 1 7 . CHIEF – CHIEFS 5 8 . PERSON – PEOPLE / PERSONS (Formal) 1 8 . CHILD – CHILDREN 5 9 . PHENOMENON - PHENOMENA 1 9 . CONDO – CONDOS 60 . PHOTO – PHOTOS 20 . CONSO R TIUM – CONSORTIA / CONSORTIUMS 6 1 . PIANO – PIANOS 2 1 . CRISIS – CRISES 6 2 . PROOF – PROOFS 2 2 . CRITERION – CRITERIA 6 3 . RADIO – RADIOS 2 3 . CURRICULUM – CURRICULA / CURRICULUMS 6 4 . RADIUS – RADII 2 4 . DATUM – DATA (=Singular in Informal English) 6 5 . RATIO – RATIOS 2 5 . DEER - DEER 6 6 . REEF – REEEFS 2 6 . DIAGNOSIS – DIAGNOSES 6 7 . ROOF – ROOFS 2 7 . DWARF – DWARFS / DWARVES 6 8 . SAFE – SAFES 2 8 . DYNAMO – DYNAMOS 6 9 . SCARF – SCARFS / SCARVES 2 9 EMPHASIS – EMPHASES 70 . SERIES – SERIES 30 . FISH – FISH / FISHES (SPECIES/KINDS OF FISH) 7 1 . SHEEP – SHEEP 3 1 . FOOT – FEET 7 2 . SOLO – SOLOS 3 2 . FORMULA – FORMULAE (Science) / FORMULAS (General) 7 3 . SPECIES – SPECIES 3 3 . FUNGUS – FUNGI / FUNGUSES 7 4 STIMULUS – STIMULI 3 4 . GOOSE – GEESE 7 5 . STRATUM – STRATA 3 5 . GULF – GULFS 7 6 . SYNOPSIS – SYNOPSES 3 6 . HAIRDO – HAIRDOS 7 7 . SYLLABUS – SYLLABI / SYLLABUSES 3 7 . HALO – HALOS / HALOES 7 8 . THESIS – THESES 3 8 . HIPPOPOTAMUS – HIPPOPOTAMI / HIPPOPOTAMUSES 7 9 . TOOTH – TEETH 3 9 . HOOF – HOOFS / HOOVES 80 . TRICEPS – TRICEPS 40 . HYPOTHESIS – HYPOTHESES 8 1 . VETO – VETOS / VETOES 4 1 . INDEX – INDICES (Science) / INDEXES (Book) 8 2 . VOLCANO – VOLCANOS / VOLCANOES CONCORD Note: Concord is an agreement between the subject and its verb (in this case: Singular Verbs: is , was , has , does , and Verb 1 + s/es/ies or Plural Verbs: are, were, have, do , and Verb 1 ). 1. Grammatical Concord +SINGULAR VERB +PLURAL VERB A SUBJECT (= LESSON ) ending with “ S ” : ACCOUSTICS, AERODYNAMICS, AESTHETICS/ESTHETICS, ARTS, CIVICS, CLASSICS, ECONOMICS, ELECTRONICS, ETHICS, GENETICS, LINGUISTICS, LOGISTICS, MATHEMATICS, MECHANICS, OPTI CS, PHONETICS, PHYSICS, POLITICS, STATISTICS, etc. When the word is used in Non - Subject sense, we use Plural Verb. Ex. POLITICS IS my favorite SUBJECT Th e US POLITICS ARE based on capitalism. B DISEASE ending with “ S ”: DIABETES, MEASLES, MENINGITIS, MUMPS, RABIES, TUBERCULOSIS, TYPHUS, etc. * more than 1 C SPORT ending with “ S ” : AEROBICS, ATHLETICS, BILLIARDS , GYMNASTICS, etc. * more than 1 D % of Uncountable Noun % of Plural Noun E TITLE or NAME of a book/film /country etc. ending with “ S ” : JAW S , THE NETHERLAND S * more than 1 F X Noun in PAIRS : “BINOCULARS, BOOTS, BRIEFS, CHOPSTICKS, CLIPPERS, (HAND)CUFFS, EAR /HEADPHONES, FLIP - FLOPS, FLIPPERS, GLASSES/SPECTACLES/SPECS, GOGGLES, HIGH - HEELS, JEANS, KNICKERS, LEGGINGS, PYJAMAS, PANTS, PANTIES, PANTYHOSE, PARENTHESES/BRACKETS, PLIERS, SANDALS, SCISSORS, SHEARS, SHORTS, SLIPPERS, SNEAKERS/TRAINERS, SOCKS, SUNGLASSES , TRUNKS, TIGHTS, TROUSERS, etc.” G X Noun ALWAYS in PLURAL SENSE : ANTICS, BANGS, CERAMICS, CLOTHES, CONGRATULATIONS, CORNFLAKES, DRAPES, EARNINGS, ESSENTIALS, EXPENSES, CIRCUMSTANCES, (WATER)FALLS, FIREWORKS, FRENCH - FRIES, GOODS, GROCERIES, HUMAN RESOURCES, HUMAN RIGHTS, LEFTOVERS, LYRICS, MEMORABILIA, OUTSKIRTS, PARTICULARS (=INFO), POLICE, PREMISES (=BUILDINGS), PUBLIC RELATIONS, REGARDS, REMAINS, RICHES, SAVINGS, SOUND EFFECTS, SPECIAL EFFECTS, SPECIFICS, ST AIRS, SURROUNDINGS, TALKS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, THANKS, VALUABLES, WAGES, etc.” H [ ONE OF + PLURAL NOUN/PRONOUN] - see 2E , [ANY OF / ALL (OF) / A LOT OF / NONE OF / PLENTY OF / SOME (OF) / THE MAJORITY OF + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN], [ THE NUMBER OF + PLURAL NO UN / PRONOUN], [EVERY / EACH + SINGULAR NOUN], [ANY / SOME / NO + BODY / ONE / THING] X I X [A MAJORITY OF / A NUMBER OF / A LOT OF / ALL (OF) / PLENTY OF / SOME (OF) / THE MAJORITY OF + PLURAL NOUN / PRONOUN] 2 Notional Concord Note: Pay extra attention to C A . Two or more Nouns considered as ONE ITEM , connected by “ AND ”. Ex. BREAD, BUTTER AND CERES IS my favorite food. Two or more Nouns considered as TWO DIFFERENT ITEMS, connected by “AND”. Ex. BREAD, BUTTER AND CERES ARE my favorite food. B % of Collective Noun (see C ) √ C COLLECTIVE NOUN : CLASS, FAMILY, ARMY, AUDIENCE, COLLEGE, COMMITTEE, COMMUNITY, COMPANY, CREW, CROWD, DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT, GROUP, HERD, JURY, ORCHESTRA, POPULATION, PRESS, PUBLIC, SCHOOL, STAFF, TEAM, SPECIFIC ORGANISATION (Ex. IBM, SONY, THE BANK OF ENGLAND, UNITED N ATIONS), etc. FORMAL 1. COLLECTIVE NOUN can be used with Singular Verb ( Formal ) or Plural Verb. 2. When the Noun is counted INDIVIDUALLY , we use Plural Verb. e.g. The class are having a test. (only students are counted ) 3. Find the ‘ key word ’ . If it is plural, you use plural verb. e.g. The jury raise ‘their hands’ to interrupt the court. D . [ANY OF / EACH OF / EITHER OF / NEITHER OF / NONE OF + PLURAL NOUN / PRONOUN] FORMAL [ANY OF / EACH OF / EITHER OF / NEITHER OF / NONE OF + PLURAL NOUN / PRONOUN] INFORMAL E [ ONE OF + PLURAL NOUN / PRONOUN + WHO/THAT ......] - DIFFERENT MEANING [ ONE OF + PLURAL NOUN / PRONOUN + WHO/THAT ......] - DIFFERENT MEANING F . Amount in UNIT : “KILOGRAM, METRE, INCH, HOUR, MINUTE, DAY, DOLLAR, etc.” Note: May be used with Plural Verb but NOT PREFERABLE 3 Principle of Proximity Note: Easy shortcut: adjust to the last item A . EITHER + PLURAL NOUN + OR + SINGULAR NOUN √ B . NEITHER + PLURAL NOUN + NOR + SINGULAR NOUN √ C . EITHER...OR.../ NEITHER...NOR... ADJUST TO THE LAST ITEM √ D NOT ONLY......BUT ALSO...... ADJUST TO THE LAST ITEM √ 4 Others A THERE ’S / HOW ’S / WHERE ’S etc. + PLURAL NOUN Notes: 1. The Verb IS can only be used in contraction ( ‘S ) : There ’s 3 people in the park. 2. This form is used in informal speech THERE ARE / HOW ARE / WHERE ARE etc. + PLURAL NOUN B GERUND (VERB - ING)/TO INFINITIVE (TO VERB 1) as the Subject: Singing IS my hobby. *more than 1 Singing and dancing ARE my hobbies. C What/Who + Singular Verb (the amount may be only one or more): Who WANTS some cookies? What/Who + Plural Verb (you know the amount is more than one): Who ARE those people? D What - Clause + Singular/Plural/Uncountable Noun What worries us IS the selection process What is needed now IS additional resources informal What - Clause + Plural Noun What is needed now ARE additional resources E One That - Clause / Wh - Clause as a Subject: *That we need real change s in this country IS obvious. Note: Using ‘ T hat - clause’ as a Subject may sound awkward , so it’s not preferable *What you want to do IS none of my business More than one That - Clause / Wh - Clause as a Subject : * That we need real change s in this country and that we need to speak up about it ARE obvious. *What you want to do and what you want to say ARE none of my business.