New Developments in Physical Education and Sport Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Antonio Granero-Gallegos Edited by New Developments in Physical Education and Sport New Developments in Physical Education and Sport Editor Antonio Granero-Gallegos MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editor Antonio Granero-Gallegos University of Almeria Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601) (available at: https: //www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph/special issues/new developments physical education sport). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year , Volume Number , Page Range. ISBN 978-3-0365-0244-1 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-0365-0245-8 (PDF) © 2021 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Antonio Granero-Gallegos New Developments in Physical Education and Sport Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 9171, doi:10.3390/ijerph17249171 1 Rub ́ en Trigueros, Jos ́ e M. Aguilar-Parra, Remedios L ́ opez-Liria and Patricia Rocamora The Dark Side of the Self-Determination Theory and Its Influence on the Emotional and Cognitive Processes of Students in Physical Education Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 , 16 , 4444, doi:10.3390/ijerph16224444 11 Antonio Granero-Gallegos, Pedro Jes ́ us Ruiz-Montero, Antonio Baena-Extremera and Marina Mart ́ ınez-Molina Effects of Motivation, Basic Psychological Needs, and Teaching Competence on Disruptive Behaviours in Secondary School Physical Education Students Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 , 16 , 4828, doi:10.3390/ijerph16234828 23 Julio Fuentesal-Garc ́ ıa, Antonio Baena-Extremera and Jes ́ us S ́ aez-Padilla Psychometric Characteristics of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale in the Context of Physical Activity in Nature Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 , 16 , 4880, doi:10.3390/ijerph16244880 39 Francisco Javier Hinojo Lucena, Jes ́ us L ́ opez Belmonte, Arturo Fuentes Cabrera, Juan Manuel Trujillo Torres and Santiago Pozo S ́ anchez Academic Effects of the Use of Flipped Learning in Physical Education Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 276, doi:10.3390/ijerph17010276 51 Manuel Tom ́ as Abad Robles, Daniel Collado-Mateo, Carlos Fern ́ andez-Esp ́ ınola, Estefan ́ ıa Castillo Viera and Francisco Javier Gim ́ enez Fuentes-Guerra Effects of Teaching Games on Decision Making and Skill Execution: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 505, doi:10.3390/ijerph17020505 65 Antonio Garc ́ ıa-Angulo, Jos ́ e Manuel Palao, Jos ́ e Mar ́ ıa Gim ́ enez-Egido, Francisco Javier Garc ́ ıa-Angulo and Enrique Ortega-Toro Effect of the Modification of the Number of Players, the Size of the Goal, and the Size of the Field in Competition on the Play Actions in U-12 Male Football Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 518, doi:10.3390/ijerph17020518 79 Ruben Trigueros, Joaqu ́ ın F. ́ Alvarez, Adolfo J. Cangas, Jose ́ M. Aguilar-Parra, Cristina M ́ endez-Aguado, Patricia Rocamora and Remedios L ́ opez-Liria Validation of the Scale of Basic Psychological Needs towards Physical Exercise, with the Inclusion of Novelty Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 619, doi:10.3390/ijerph17020619 93 David S ́ anchez-Oliva, Athanasios Mouratidis, Francisco M. Leo, Jose ́ L. Chamorro, Juan J. Pulido and Tom ́ as Garc ́ ıa-Calvo Understanding Physical Activity Intentions in Physical Education Context: A Multi-Level Analysis from the Self-Determination Theory Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 799, doi:10.3390/ijerph17030799 105 v Rafael Burgue ̃ no and Jes ́ us Medina-Casaub ́ on Sport Education and Sportsmanship Orientations: An Intervention in High School Students Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 837, doi:10.3390/ijerph17030837 119 Inmaculada Tornero-Qui ̃ nones, Jes ́ us S ́ aez-Padilla, Alejandro Espina D ́ ıaz, Manuel Tom ́ as Abad Robles and ́ Angela Sierra Robles Functional Ability, Frailty and Risk of Falls in the Elderly: Relations with Autonomy in Daily Living Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 1006, doi:10.3390/ijerph17031006 135 Juan M. Garc ́ ıa-Ceberino, Mar ́ ıa G. Gamero, Sebasti ́ an Feu and Sergio J. Ib ́ a ̃ nez Experience as a Determinant of Declarative and Procedural Knowledge in School Football Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 1063, doi:10.3390/ijerph17031063 147 Antonio Jes ́ us Mu ̃ noz-Villena, Manuel G ́ omez-L ́ opez and Juan Gonz ́ alez-Hern ́ andez Perfectionism Profiles and Anger Responses: The Relevant Role of Self-Esteem in Athletes of Professional Quarries Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 1416, doi:10.3390/ijerph17041416 161 Ewan Thomas, Antonino Bianco, Garden Tabacchi, Carlos Marques da Silva, Nuno Loureiro, Michele Basile, Marcello Giaccone, David J. Sturm, Fatma Ne ̧ se S ̧ ahin, ̈ Ozkan G ̈ uler, Manuel G ́ omez-L ́ opez, Guillermo F. L ́ opez S ́ anchez, Simona Pajaujiene, Ilona Judita Zuoziene, Ante Rada, Marianna Alesi and Antonio Palma Effects of a Physical Activity Intervention on Physical Fitness of schoolchildren: The Enriched Sport Activity Program Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 1723, doi:10.3390/ijerph17051723 171 Rene ́ Rodr ́ ıguez-Medell ́ ın, Jorge Zamarripa, Mar ́ ıa Marentes-Castillo, Fernando Otero-Saborido, Ra ́ ul Ba ̃ nos and Raquel Morquecho-S ́ anchez Mexican Validation of the Engagement and Disaffection in Physical Education Scale Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 1821, doi:10.3390/ijerph17061821 181 Carmen Noguera, Dolores Carmona, Adri ́ an Rueda, Rub ́ en Fern ́ andez and Jose ́ Manuel Cimadevilla Shall We Dance? Dancing Modulates Executive Functions and Spatial Memory Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 1960, doi:10.3390/ijerph17061960 193 Diana Amado Alonso, Benito Le ́ on-del-Barco, Santiago Mendo-L ́ azaro and Dami ́ an Iglesias Gallego Examining Body Satisfaction and Emotional–Social Intelligence among School Children: Educational Implications Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 2120, doi:10.3390/ijerph17062120 211 Jen-Jen Yang, Yen-Ching Chuang, Huai-Wei Lo and Ting-I Lee A Two-Stage MCDM Model for Exploring the Influential Relationships of Sustainable Sports Tourism Criteria in Taichung City Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 2319, doi:10.3390/ijerph17072319 221 ́ Angel P ́ erez-Pueyo, David Hortig ̈ uela-Alcal ́ a, Alejandra Hernando-Garijo and Antonio Granero-Gallegos The Attitudinal Style as a Pedagogical Model in Physical Education: Analysis of Its Effects on Initial Teacher Training Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 2816, doi:10.3390/ijerph17082816 237 vi Jose ́ M. Oliva-Lozano, Isabel Mart ́ ın-Fuentes and Jos ́ e M. Muyor Validity and Reliability of a New Inertial Device for Monitoring Range of Motion at the Pelvis during Sexual Intercourse Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 2884, doi:10.3390/ijerph17082884 251 Manuel Conejero Su ́ arez, Antonio Luiz Prado Serenini, Carmen Fern ́ andez-Echeverr ́ ıa, Daniel Collado-Mateo and M. Perla Moreno Arroyo The Effect of Decision Training, from a Cognitive Perspective, on Decision-Making in Volleyball: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 3628, doi:10.3390/ijerph17103628 263 Katarzyna Płoszaj, Wiesław Firek and Marcin Czechowski The Referee as an Educator: Assessment of the Quality of Referee–Players Interactions in Competitive Youth Handball Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 3988, doi:10.3390/ijerph17113988 277 Juha Kokkonen, Arto Gr ̊ ast ́ en, John Quay and Marja Kokkonen Contribution of Motivational Climates and Social Competence in Physical Education on Overall Physical Activity: A Self-Determination Theory Approach with a Creative Physical Education Twist Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 5885, doi:10.3390/ijerph17165885 297 Mar ́ ıa Carrasco-Poyatos, Alberto Gonz ́ alez-Qu ́ ılez, Ignacio Mart ́ ınez-Gonz ́ alez-Moro and Antonio Granero-Gallegos HRV-Guided Training for Professional Endurance Athletes: A Protocol for a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 5465, doi:10.3390/ijerph17155465 313 Maria Teresa Cattuzzo, Frederico Santos de Santana, Marisete Peralta Safons, Alessandro Hervaldo Nicolai R ́ e, Danielle Rene Nesbitt, Ariane Brito Diniz Santos, Anderson Henry Pereira Feitoza and David Franklin Stodden Assessment in the Supine-To-Stand Task and Functional Health from Youth to Old Age: A Systematic Review Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 5794, doi:10.3390/ijerph17165794 325 Djenna Hutmacher, Melanie Eckelt, Andreas Bund and Georges Steffgen Does Motivation in Physical Education Have an Impact on Out-of-School Physical Activity over Time? A Longitudinal Approach Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 7258, doi:10.3390/ijerph17197258 351 M.ª Alejandra ́ Avalos-Ramos and M.ª ́ Angeles Mart ́ ınez Ruiz Learning Strategies Focused on Decision Making and Collaboration on Physical Education Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 7924, doi:10.3390/ijerph17217924 369 Antonio Granero-Gallegos, Alberto Gonz ́ alez-Qu ́ ılez, Daniel Plews and Mar ́ ıa Carrasco-Poyatos HRV-Based Training for Improving VO 2 max in Endurance Athletes. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 7999, doi:10.3390/ijerph17217999 383 Ra ́ ul Ba ̃ nos, Julio Fuentesal, Luis Conte, Mar ́ ıa del Mar Ortiz-Camacho and Jorge Zamarripa Satisfaction, Enjoyment and Boredom with Physical Education as Mediator between Autonomy Support and Academic Performance in Physical Education Reprinted from: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 8898, doi:10.3390/ijerph17238898 405 vii About the Editor Antonio Granero-Gallegos , Ph.D., Associate Professor at the University of Almeria (Spain). He is a teacher of the Faculty of Educational Sciences and is also presently the coordinator of Degree in Sciences of Physical Activity and Sports and secretary of Health Research Center. He has 24 years of teaching experience at different educational levels and has researched various topics for 17 years, mainly about motivational variables related to teaching and learning processes in physical education and sport, physical activities in the natural environment, and body image. To date, he has published more than 120 papers in scientific journals indexed in the Web Of Science (WOS). h-index: 15 (WOS). ix International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Editorial New Developments in Physical Education and Sport Antonio Granero-Gallegos Department of Education and Health Research Center, University of Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain; agranero@ual.es Received: 30 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 8 December 2020 1. Introduction Continuous updates of knowledge among professionals in physical education (PE) and sport are essential for the goal of developing quality professional work. In our current globalized and changing world, continuous and permanent learning is fundamental for organizing and complementing initial training and previous experience. To ensure competence in the field of PE and sport, it is important to have a proactive attitude towards the extensive knowledge arising from continuous research and to integrate it with one’s prior knowledge and work experience. This is the path to career improvement and satisfaction. Certainly, research is an unfinished and diverse construct: it is a permanent learning process in terms of interpretations, explanations, and contributions. Globalization, research, and education must respond to continuous changes in the di ff erent spheres of social, economic, and scientific activity. Information and communication technologies provide excellent mechanisms to facilitate the study, exchange, and dissemination of principal research findings regarding knowledge and knowledge socialization events. For this reason, and to develop competence or learning, it is also necessary to select the most appropriate information as well as quality publications that are produced with methodological rigor. Integrating knowledge in a way that can be suitably applied in the modern setting will help us to flourish as highly competent professionals in PE and sports, a field that is increasingly taken up by the population. The Current Special Issue This Special Issue was proposed in order to compile some of the latest research advances in the PE field and to evaluate the relationship of di ff erent variables with physical activity behaviors outside the classroom. Improving teaching processes and understanding the di ff erent psychological variables that a ff ect learning are of continuous concern among the di ff erent agents involved in teaching. This is highlighted by the wide range of articles in the educational context (primary, secondary, and higher education) that focus on such issues as innovative teaching methodologies, pedagogical models, motivation, satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs, perfectionism, self-esteem, motivational climate, and emotional intelligence. This issue also includes research on di ff erent aspects for promoting moderate and vigorous physical activity in students, both inside and outside of the educational center, and for creating healthy and permanent physical exercise habits in the future. Similarly, research focused on activities in nature, recreational pursuits, and sports tourism have been published, with samples comprising students and healthy adults. Numerous and varied articles on the practice of physical activity and sports by special populations are featured in this Special Issue. On the one hand, we explore studies carried out in di ff erent sports contexts, such as those conducted on football players, young professional athletes, handball referees, and professional endurance athletes. On the other hand, we include studies on special populations such as elderly people; these articles show the importance of leading an active life or are focused on IJERPH 2020 , 17 , 9171; doi:10.3390 / ijerph17249171 www.mdpi.com / journal / ijerph 1 IJERPH 2020 , 17 , 9171 the most avant-garde technological advances in physical activity, such as a pro-device for monitoring physical activity and movement. The progress made in adapting measurement instruments is also assessed in this Special Issue, especially the implications of their use for future research; four articles that focus on di ff erent characteristics of instruments’ psychometric properties have been published. Furthermore, in recognition that physical and sports education of high quality must be o ff ered to society and must increasingly be based on empirical scientific evidence, this Special Issue also includes articles that report systematic review and meta-analysis, as well as studies that use experimental and quasi-experimental methodologies. The topics covered by the articles are diverse, as are the methodologies used, and we are pleased that new developments in PE and sport have aroused interest in the scientific community. Our aim is to contribute to advances of the scientific debate and to provide a quality update for di ff erent professionals in this field. 2. The Studies Included We received a total of 42 submissions, of which 28 were ultimately accepted. The submission process was open from October 2019 to September 2020. As readers will see, most of the accepted publications used cross-sectional methodologies, although qualitative, experimental, quasi-experimental, and meta-analytical studies were also included, along with psychometric instrument validations and systematic reviews. The majority of the studies were conducted in Spain, although some studies were conducted in populations from Taiwan, Poland, Luxembourg, Germany, Turkey, Lithuania, Croatia, Mexico, and Portugal. Presented in chronological order of publication, this Special Issue includes the papers described below. Trigueros, Aguilar-Parra, L ó pez-Liria, and Rocamora [ 1 ] used structural equation modeling to analyze the influence of several psychological control variables on emotional intelligence in a large sample of 1602 secondary school students. They also examined the meta-cognitive strategies employed by students with regard to emotional intelligence and the thwarting of basic psychological needs. Their results showed that psychological control positively predicted each of the sub-factors related to the thwarting of psychological needs, whereas the thwarting of psychological needs negatively predicted emotional intelligence, and emotional intelligence positively predicted meta-cognitive thinking. As the authors note, this research supports the tenets of self-determination theory, viewed from the darker side, while introducing new variables and demonstrating their applicability to Spanish culture. Granero-Gallegos, Ruiz-Montero, Baena-Extremera, and Mart í nez-Molina [ 2 ] used multi-level regression models to analyze the e ff ects of perceived teaching competence, motivation, and basic psychological needs on disruptive behaviors in secondary school PE students. Their results revealed that disruptive behaviors were more likely to occur among boys and that misbehavior decreased when a teacher was perceived as competent. Furthermore, students with greater self-determined motivation were more likely to exhibit fewer behaviors related to low engagement and irresponsibility, whereas amotivation increased various disruptive behaviors in the classroom. Fuentesal-Garc í a, Baena-Extremera, and S á ez-Padilla [ 3 ] carried out two di ff erent research studies to analyze the psychometric properties of the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale applied to di ff erent contexts, for initial or original use, such as physical activity in nature. This included a confirmatory factorial analysis. The authors concluded that this scale could not be applied as-is in the studied context and that certain items had to be eliminated and / or modified. From this work, they obtained a new specific instrument for this type of practice. Hinojo, L ó pez, Fuentes, Trujillo, and Pozo [ 4 ] carried out experimental research on flipped learning as an innovative approach to physical education teaching and learning processes. The authors evaluated the e ff ectiveness of flipped learning compared with the traditional methodology. Two study groups were established: control (traditional methodology) and experimental (flipped learning) groups at each 2 IJERPH 2020 , 17 , 9171 educational stage (primary and secondary education). The results showed that the experimental group scored higher than the control group in academic indicators, motivation, autonomy, and interactions between di ff erent agents. Abad, Collado-Mateo, Fern á ndez-Esp í nola, Castillo, and Fuentes-Guerra [ 5 ] conducted a systematic review with a meta-analysis of the e ff ects of technical and tactical intervention approaches on skill execution and decision-making, and they examined the influence of the teacher / coach management style. This study was performed following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) using the Web of Science (WOS), PubMed (Medline), Scopus, and SportDiscus electronic databases. The meta-analysis results showed that tactical interventions achieved significant decision-making improvements, but they did not significantly improve skill execution compared with technical approaches. Tactical approaches are recommended for teaching games and sports in order to develop technique, understanding, tactical knowledge, and decision-making, all of which are required in gameplay. Garc í a-Angulo, Palao, Gim é nez-Egido, Garc í a-Angulo, and Ortega-Toro [ 6 ] performed a quasi-experimental study on under-12 male football players to analyze the e ff ect of reducing the number of players, the size of the goal, and the size of the playing space on the technical and tactical actions of young football players. The authors concluded that using modified rules generated a greater number of and more variability in technical–tactical actions, a greater number of actions with teammates in the pass line, greater continuity throughout the game, and more attacking and defensive actions close to the goal. This strategy also favored team play. Trigueros et al. [ 7 ] took the version of the Scale of Basic Psychological Needs tailored to the physical exercise context and adapted it to and validated it in the Spanish PE context, with the important incorporation of novelty into the scale. In total, 2372 people took part in the research, and several analyses were performed. The results were reported for both the eight-factor structure and the higher-order double model, in which the eight subscales were joined into two constructs called frustration and satisfaction. The factorial structure of both models was invariant with respect to gender and age. S á nchez-Oliva et al. [ 8 ] analyzed the relationships between perceived need support and need satisfaction with self-determined motivation and extracurricular physical activity intentions in the PE classroom, with sex and out-of-school sport participation included as moderators. Using multi-level analysis, the authors concluded that, at the classroom level, males benefited from need-supportive classes more than females in terms of increased autonomous motivation, whereas females benefited more than males in terms of decreased amotivation. Perceived need support at the class level moderated the negative association between need satisfaction and amotivation and between amotivation and intentions. The findings suggest that a need-supportive classroom environment may play an important role in students’ motivation and behavior. Burgueño and Medina-Casaub ó n [ 9 ] performed a cluster-randomized controlled trial with 148 high school students (sport education group, n = 74; control group, n = 74) to assess the influence of sports education on sportsmanship orientations. The multivariate analysis showed significant multivariate e ff ects at the level of each sportsmanship orientation between both groups, in favor of the sports education group. The authors concluded that sports education is an e ff ective pedagogical model that should be considered by PE teachers for optimally promoting the moral and ethical education of high school students via the development of sportsmanship orientations in the context of school PE. Tornero-Quiñones, S á ez-Padilla, Espina, Abad, and Sierra [ 10 ] carried out a study on 139 older people (between 65 and 87 years of age) to analyze the di ff erences in autonomy between an active group (69 people) and a sedentary group (70 people) in terms of both basic daily activities and instrumental daily activities, as well as in functional capacity, fragility, and fall risk. By means of multivariate analysis, the authors found that the active group presented better values than the sedentary group, with statistically significant di ff erences in all variables evaluated. Moreover, in the active group, functional capacity was a positive predictor variable of autonomy in instrumental daily activities, 3 IJERPH 2020 , 17 , 9171 while fragility and fall risk were significant positive predictors of autonomy in basic daily activities. The importance of leading an active life after retirement is demonstrated once again. Garc í a-Ceberino, Gamero, Feu, and Ib á ñez [ 11 ] carried out quasi-experimental research to compare the declarative and procedural knowledge acquired by two groups of fifth-year students after implementing two intervention programs in school football: The Tactical Games Approach vs. the Direct Instruction Model. The results revealed no significant intergroup di ff erences with regard to the methodology applied. Muñoz-Villena, G ó mez-L ó pez, and Gonz á lez-Hern á ndez [ 12 ] analyzed psychological variables in 229 young male athletes from professional youth sport teams to evaluate the di ff erences in anger expression and management according to self-esteem and perfectionism indicators. The results showed that high personal standards predicted lower anger trait indicators for athletes with low self-esteem. The results also revealed that high self-esteem acted as a protective factor in the predictive relationship between anger traits and personal standards. The study described the relationship between these variables and the young male footballers’ sense of belonging (under a high level of sports pressure). Their results highlight the need to foster athletes’ self-esteem in sports environments through prevention programs that include psychological and social resource training systems. Thomas et al. [ 13 ] performed a randomized controlled trial in several European countries to assess whether an enriched sports activity program could increase physical fitness in a population of schoolchildren. The intervention group performed an additional warm-up protocol, which included cognitive-enhancing elements over 14 weeks, while the control group continued with the standard exercise activity. In the experimental group, the intragroup analysis (pre and post-test) showed a significant increase in the 1 kg and 3 kg ball throw, the standing broad jump, the 30 m sprint, and the Illinois agility test, while no significant di ff erences were found in the quadruped test or the L é ger shuttle run. In the control group, intragroup analysis (pre and post-test) showed no di ff erences for any test except for the quadruped test and the L é ger shuttle run. Rodr í guez-Medell í n et al. [ 14 ] adapted and validated the Engagement and Disa ff ection Scale to the PE context in Mexico and assessed its reliability, factorial structure, and factorial invariance by gender on a sample of 1470 elementary school students. Confirmatory factor analysis, factorial invariance, internal consistency, correlations, and convergent and discriminant validity were performed. The authors concluded that the Mexican version of this scale is valid and useful for measuring these constructs in the PE context. Noguera, Carmona, Rueda, Fern á ndez, and Cimadevilla [ 15 ] carried out a quasi-experimental study with a recreational sample (48 healthy adults organized into two groups: 26 non-professional salsa dancers and 20 non-dancers) to evaluate whether dancing, as a physical activity that includes a lot of jumping and turning, a ff ects spatial memory and executive functions. To do this, they used sensitive virtual reality-based tasks and the ANT-I task (Attentional Network Test-Interactions) to assess spatial memory and executive functions, respectively. Dancing integrates physical activity with music and involves the memory retrieval of complex step sequences and movements to create choreographies. The conclusion suggests that dancing can be a valid approach to slowing natural age-related cognitive decline. However, since dancing combines several factors, such as social contact, aerobic exercise, cognitive work with rhythms, and music, it is di ffi cult to determine the weight of each of the variables analyzed. Amado, Le ó n-del-Barco, Mendo-L á zaro, and Iglesias [ 16 ] performed a cross-sectional study with 944 school children to examine how body image satisfaction and gender can act as modulating variables on emotional intelligence in childhood. They analyzed di ff erences in the intrapersonal, interpersonal, stress management, adaptability, and mood dimensions of emotional intelligence according to the degree of body image satisfaction and the children’s genders. The results revealed that children who were satisfied with their body image exhibited higher interpersonal intelligence, greater adaptability, and better mood; in addition, girls outperformed boys in stress management. The authors emphasized the need to promote campaigns designed by specialists to prevent body 4 IJERPH 2020 , 17 , 9171 image dissatisfaction and to ensure that the benefits are able to reach the entire educational community (students, teachers, and parents). In this paper, several possibilities are described for meeting the demands of contemporary society. Yang, Chuang, Lo, and Lee [ 17 ] propose a novel two-stage multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model that incorporates the concept of sustainable development into sports tourism. For this purpose, the authors carried out the Bayesian best–worst method (Bayesian BWM) to screen for important criteria and used a laboratory evaluation technique to map out complex influential relationships. To demonstrate the model’s e ff ectiveness, it was tested in central Taiwan. The results showed that the quality of urban security, government marketing, business sponsorship, and mass transit planning were the most important criteria. Together with local festivals, this was the most influential factor overall for the evaluation system. P é rez-Pueyo, Hortigüela-Alcal á , Hernando-Garijo, and Granero-Gallegos [ 18 ] carried out a qualitative study to propose the attitudinal style as a pedagogical model in PE. First, they defined the characteristics and elements that make up the attitudinal style as a pedagogical model; second, the authors analyzed the perceptions of future teachers regarding the usefulness and transferability of the model in their classes. The results revealed that future PE teachers considered this model to be a transcendental methodological tool for understanding and addressing PE at school. Interpersonal relationships in the classroom, student autonomy, and group responsibility were highlighted as necessary aspects with high transferability to the school. Oliva-Lozano, Mart í n-Fuentes, and Muyor [ 19 ] analyzed the validity and reliability of an inertial device for monitoring the range of pelvic motion during simulated intercourse and then compared the results with those of a gold standard system. Twenty-six adults took part and were monitored during simulated intercourse using an inertial device (WIMU) and a motion capture system (gold standard). The authors concluded that WIMU could be considered a valid and reliable device for monitoring the in–out cycle range of motion during sexual intercourse in the missionary and cowgirl positions. Conejero, Prado, Fern á ndez-Echeverr í a, Collado-Mateo, and Moreno [ 20 ] performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to evaluate the scientific literature on the e ff ect of decision training interventions / programs from a cognitive perspective on the decision-making capabilities of volleyball players. This research was carried out following PRISMA guidelines, and studies were accessed through the WOS, Pubmed (Medline), Scopus, SportDiscus, and Google Scholar databases. From the results, the authors recommend using decisional interventions or training, both as part of normal active training and as a complement to it, in order to improve players’ decision-making capabilities. Płoszaj, Firek, and Czechowski [ 21 ] emphasized the role of referees as educators and suggested that they be taken into account when researching the educational value of sports among the youngest participants. This study was conducted on a group of 25 handball referees to analyze the quality of their interactions (a positive climate, responsiveness, behavior management, proficiency, instructing, communicating) with young players during handball matches. The authors concluded that the referees should be trained to foster a positive climate on the sports field by creating emotional ties with players (physical proximity, social conversation) while expressing an enthusiastic attitude and the joy of contact. Kokkonen, Gråst é n, Quay, and Kokkonen [ 22 ] performed structural equational modeling based on the self-reports of 363 fourth to sixth graders to analyze how students’ perceptions of their psychological environment (i.e., the motivational climate in PE) contributed to their adoption of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) via their social competence and physical activity motivation. The results showed that both the motivational climate and co-operational aspect of social competence played significant roles in students’ physical activity motivation, physical activity intention, and MVPA. Thus, the analysis of creative PE highlights that teaching behaviors contribute to students’ MVPA through motivational climates, co-operation, physical activity motivation and physical activity intention. Carrasco-Poyatos, Gonz á lez-Qu í lez, Mart í nez-Gonz á lez-Moro and Granero-Gallegos [ 23 ] proposed a protocol study for a cluster-randomized controlled trial to assess changes in the performance of high-level athletes after a heart rate variability (HRV)-guided training period or a traditional 5 IJERPH 2020 , 17 , 9171 training period and to determine the di ff erences in athletes’ performance after both training protocols (follow-up after 12 weeks for the cluster-randomized controlled protocol, control group, and HRV group). The variables measured were the maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max ), the maximum speed (in m / s), the maximum heart rate, the respiratory exchange ratio, ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2), and their derived speed, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and VO 2 in an incremental treadmill test. To date, no other HRV-guided training research has been conducted on these types of professional athletes. It is expected that this HRV-guided training protocol will improve functional performance in high-level athletes, achieve better results than a traditional training method, and thus provide an e ff ective strategy for coaches of high-level athletes. Cattuzzo et al. [ 24 ] carried out a systematic review to examine studies that have assessed the performance of the supine-to-stand (STS) task in young people, adults, and the elderly. The databases accessed in the search were MEDLINE / Pubmed, Scielo, EMBASE, Scopus, ERIC / ProQuest, WOS, Science Direct, EBSCO, and Cochrane. After a qualitative analysis of the 37 studies included, the paper concluded that the STS task appears to be a universal tool for tracking functional motor competence and musculoskeletal fitness throughout life for clinical or research purposes. Hutmacher, Eckelt, Bund, and Ste ff gen [ 25 ] performed a longitudinal study on 1681 students from elementary and high school in the context of PE. The measured variables were perceived need for support in PE, motivational regulation during PE, leisure time, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, intention, and physical activity behavior. The main findings, based on mixed-e ff ect models, revealed that the autonomy, competence, and relatedness support given by the PE teacher was positively related to autonomous motivation. In addition, longitudinal mediation analyses further supported the impact of autonomous motivation on physical activity, mediated by intention, attitude, and perceived behavioral control. Á valos-Ramos and Mart í nez-Ruiz [ 26 ] designed a qualitative study with 38 students who were in the first year of a bachelor’s degree in Physical Activity and Sport Sciences of a Spanish university and were enrolled in the Gymnastic and Artistic Skills course. The methodological design consisted of 13 practical learning sessions on the subject mentioned, in which a support strategy for autonomy in collaboration was implemented. The learning process was carried out in three phases (initial, progress, and final). The evolution of motivation, autonomy, collaboration, and achievements was highly valued throughout the process. The final assessment caused pressure and anxiety in the students, thus decreasing self-control, impairing action, and distorting the motivation experienced during the learning process. Granero-Gallegos, Gonz á lez-Qu í lez, Plews, and Carrasco-Poyatos [ 27 ] performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to analyze the e ff ect of HRV-guided training on VO 2max in endurance athletes. The methods were reported in accordance with the Campbell Collaboration policies and guidelines for systematic reviews. The register contained studies identified from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, the Web of Science Core Collection, Global Health, Current Contents Connect, and the SciELO Citation Index. The results showed that HRV-guided training and control training enhanced the athletes’ VO 2max ( p < 0.0001), but the e ff ect size (ES) for the HRV-guided training group was significantly higher. The amateur level and female subgroup produced better and significant results ( p < 0.0001) for VO 2max HRV-guided training had a small (ES = 0.402) but positive e ff ect on endurance athlete performance (VO 2max ), conditioned by the athlete’s level and sex. Finally, Baños, Fuentesal, Conte, Ortiz-Camacho, and Zamarripa [ 28 ] carried out a probabilistic study on secondary school students in Mexico to analyze the mediating e ff ect of satisfaction / enjoyment and boredom between the perception of autonomy support and academic performance in PE. The mediating e ff ect was examined using the PROCESS V.3.5 macro. The main findings revealed that autonomy support was not a direct indicator of PE performance; instead, a forecast of positive PE performance only occurred if students felt satisfied with PE. Satisfaction with PE had a mediating 6 IJERPH 2020 , 17 , 9171 e ff ect between autonomy support and PE performance. However, boredom did not have a mediating e ff ect between autonomy support and the student’s performance in the PE class. 3. Conclusions In summary, these papers add to our understanding of the latest advances and developments in PE and sport. Through the 14 articles that analyze the educational context at di ff erent stages, from elementary school to university, the concerns of the di ff erent agents that intervene in the teaching–learning process are assessed. Two articles also focus on motivational aspects, executive functions, and spatial memory performance in relation to the practice of physical activity during leisure time. An analysis of physical activity in elderly people is also presented to address concerns such as functional capacity, frailty, and fall risk. Two articles focus on physical activity in nature and sports tourism, while another study validates the most advanced technological applications in sport and the analysis of huma