© 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Hypomnemata Untersuchungen zur Antike und zu ihrem Nachleben Herausgegeben von Albrecht Dihle, Siegmar Döpp, Dorothea Frede, Hans-Joachim Gehrke, Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Günther Patzig, Christoph Riedweg, Gisela Striker Band 177 Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Christos Simelidis Selected Poems of Gregory of Nazianzus I.2.17; II.1.10, 19, 32: A Critical Edition with Introduction and Commentary Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Verantwortlicher Herausgeber: Albrecht Dihle Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-525-25287-1 Hypomnemata ISSN 0085-1671 Umschlagabbildung: St. Gregory the Theologian and the brothers in Christ: from codex Dionysiou 61 (s. XI), f. 142 r . © Holy Monastery of Dionysiou, Mount Athos. © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co.KG, Göttingen / www.v-r.de Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorheri- gen schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. Hinweis zu § 52a UrhG: Weder das Werk noch seine Teile dürfen ohne vorherige schriftliche Einwilligung des Verlages öffentlich zugänglich gemacht werden. Dies gilt auch bei einer entsprechenden Nutzung für Lehr- und Unterrichtszwecke. Printed in Germany. Druck und Bindung: n Hubert & Co, Göttingen Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 FOR PARASKEVI πέπειcμαι γὰρ ὅτι οὔτε θάνατοc οὔτε ζωὴ οὔτε ἄγγελοι οὔτε ἀρχαὶ οὔτε ἐνεcτῶτα οὔτε μέλλοντα οὔτε δυνάμειc οὔτε ὕψωμα οὔτε βάθοc οὔτε τιc κτίcιc ἑτέρα δυνήcεται ἡμᾶc χωρίcαι ἀπὸ τῆc ἀγάπηc τοῦ θεοῦ τῆc ἐν Χριcτῷ Ἰηcοῦ τῷ κυρίῳ ἡμῶν. © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Preface Gregory’s Poem on his own Life contains some beautiful lines [...] which burst from the heart, and speak the pangs of injured and lost friendship: [...]. In the Midsummer Night’s Dream , Helena addresses the same pathetic complaint to her friend Hermia: [...] Shakspeare had never read the poems of Gregory Nazianzen; he was ignorant of the Greek language; but his mother-tongue, the language of Nature, is the same in Cappado- cia and in Britain. E. Gibbon 1 Gregory of Nazianzus ( ca . AD 330-390) is a very important theologian of the early Christian Church and was undoubtedly one of the most learned men of his generation. In the Byzantine period Gregory became ‘the most widely imitated Christian author’ (Mango [2002: 103]). 2 Apart from ora- tions and letters, he wrote poetry (about 17,000 verses) in traditional, i.e. archaic and Classical, language and metres. The poems were widely read in Byzantium, and there is a strong case that they were part of the school cur- riculum. In later times, Aldus Manutius’ 1504 edition of Gregory’s Carmina predated the editiones principes of such central classical authors as Plato (1513), Pindar (1513), and Aeschylus (1518). Aldus translated the poems him- self and he is very enthusiastic about them in the brief preface to his book. However, the reception of the poems in modern times has been less sympa- thetic. 3 And although Gregory’s letters and the great majority of his orations have recently been edited, most of his poems are still awaiting a critical edi- tion. For the moment we have to wrestle with the Maurist edition (Paris, 1778-1840), reprinted by Migne (henceforth M.) in his Patrologia Graeca vols. 37-8 (Paris, 1858-62). 4 The lack of a critical edition of these poems im- pedes serious study and full appreciation. A century ago, Cavafis used to say 1 The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , ch. 27, n. 29. The last sentence was cited by U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Kleine Schriften (vol. IV, Berlin, 1962), 639. 2 Cf. J. Noret, ‘Grégoire de Nazianze, l’auteur le plus cité, après la Bible, dans la littérature ecclésiastique byzantine’, in Mossay (1983: 259-66). 3 See Edwards (2003: 1-49). 4 The Maurist edition consists of two volumes; the poems are included in the second (1840), edited by A. B. Caillau (‘post operam et studium monachorum Ordinis Sancti Bene- dicti e Congregatione sancti Mauri; edente et accurante D. A. B. Caillau’). There are some discrepancies between this edition and M. and I will refer to some of them in my notes. © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Preface 8 to his friends: ‘Δύο ποιήματα ἐναυάγησαν γιατὶ δὲ βρῆκα Γρηγόριο Ναζιαν- ζηνό’! 5 This book offers a critical edition (from 29 manuscripts), with introduc- tion and commentary, of four poems (266 verses): two autobiographical (II.1.10 and 19), one lament (ΙΙ.1.32) and one gnomology (I.2.17). The intro- duction discusses features of Gregory’s poetry in general, using material from the entire corpus. I also discuss his relationship to Hellenistic poetry and other poetic texts (from Homer to Theodore Metochites), and offer an account of the poems’ reception in Late Antiquity and Byzantium: SEG 48.1847-8 (Apameia; s. VI); CIG 4.9065; the epigram in Photius’ copy of Ps- Apollodorus’ Bibliotheca ( Bibliotheca 142b) and various imitations in several Byzantine authors are brought together in this context for the first time. However, the introduction is necessarily brief and does not intend to exam- ine in detail all issues that arise. My commentary on the text is primarily linguistic, but I treat literary, historical, and religious questions suggested by the text alongside my de- tailed verbal work. The introductory chapters to each poem (I. General Out- line, II. Literary Characteristics, III. Place in Gregory’s Life and Thought) include historical and theological evidence which is relevant to understand- ing the poems. In addition to echoes of and sources for the poems, I investi- gate their influence in later centuries. The fate and the understanding of the poems in later ages are also reflected in the three different Byzantine para- phrases, which are transmitted by the majority of the manuscripts together with the text of the poems. The paraphrases of my four poems are edited as an appendix. A section of the introduction discusses their linguistic charac- teristics and the support they offer for the idea that Gregory’s poems were used in schools. Some of the verbal parallels cited in my commentary are not intended to help the reader to understand the poems, but only seek to shed some light on Gregory’s compositional technique, his knowledge of certain earlier au- thors, or his fate in Byzantium. This is sometimes the case with the same words or phrases used in other poems of Gregory at the same metrical sedes , or references to the use of uncommon words by earlier or later authors. Similarly, some of the variants in my apparatus offer no more than a picture of the kinds of errors found in the manuscripts. Difficult or rare readings are discussed in detail in the commentary. One of these cases is the word προνόμοιcι (I.2.17. 15), which had previously been 5 ‘Two poems of mine were shipwrecked because I could not find a copy of Gregory Na- zianzen’: G. Seferis, Δοκιμές (vol. I: 1936-1947, Athens, 1974), 343. The English translation is from G. Seferis, On the Greek Style: Selected Essays in Poetry and Hellenism , (tr.) R. Warner and T. D. Frangopoulos (Boston-Toronto, 1966), 140. Cavafis was ‘an admiring reader’ of Gregory, according to R. Liddell, Cavafy: A Biography (London, 2002), 120. © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Preface 9 thought to occur only once, in Aeschylus. Gregory uses the word with a dif- ferent meaning from that traditionally ascribed to it in Aeschylus. The new meaning makes much better sense in Aeschylus and, moreover, invites a reconsideration of a textual problem in the Aeschylean verse in question. I have made a new proposal which is closer to the manuscript transmission (Simelidis [2003 and 2005]). Scholars have not sufficiently appreciated to what extent Gregory is able to inform our understanding of classical au- thors. Gregory’s poems present particular interest as an attempt to create a dis- tinctive Christian poetry within the tradition of classical literature. Gregory may not have been the first to write classicizing Christian verse, but his po- etry is the earliest Greek verse of this kind that survives in any great quan- tity. Gregory often wants to engage his reader in exploring literary allusions. In fact the reader of Gregory’s verses can often fully understand his text only if he is aware of the classical texts to which Gregory alludes. The fact that some texts which he echoes are erotic (cleverly transformed) is particu- larly striking, and may throw some light on the tolerant attitude of the Byz- antine Church towards the various kinds of classical texts (cf. Wilson [1970]). © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Acknowledgements This monograph is the revised version of an Oxford thesis, which was ac- cepted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in June 2006. I am grateful to my supervisor, Mr Nigel G. Wilson, for his most helpful guidance and sup- port. I benefited from his advice even before coming to Oxford and I am aware of being indebted to him for much that goes beyond my work. During my undergraduate studies in Thessaloniki, Prof. Dimitrios Chris- tidis’ course on Textual Criticism was for me an inspiration. He later drew my attention to the text of Gregory’s poems and always showed a kindly interest in my work. Both to him and to Prof. Christos Theodoridis I ex- press my appreciation and gratitude. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Martin Sicherl for his valuable advice and encouragement. We have exchanged more than 30 letters since June 2005, when he entrusted to me the edition of Gregory’s poems for Corpus Chris- tianorum . When I visited him twice in Münster, he was most helpful and supportive. My graduate studies, which included an M.Phil. in Byzantine Studies, were initially funded by the Leventis Senior Scholarship 2001-4 at Merton College, Oxford. In October 2004 I moved to Somerville College as a Senior Scholar in the Arts and Humanities (2004-6). The revision of my doctoral thesis was one of my projects during a Fellowship in Byzantine Studies at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C. for the 2006-7 academic year. The work was completed in the first months of a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellowship (2007-10), which I hold jointly with a Junior Research Fellow- ship in Greek Palaeography at Lincoln College, Oxford. To all these colleges and foundations I am deeply grateful for their support and for the honour of being associated with them. Prof. Dr. Albrecht Dihle recommended my thesis for publication in Hy- pomnemata and made valuable comments. The publication of this book was assisted by generous grants from the Lincoln College Zilkha Fund and the Balliol College Jowett Copyright Trust. I am grateful to Dr Andrew Faulkner, who read parts of my thesis at various stages and always made very helpful comments. I also thank him, Mr Ben Gray, Prof. Marc Lauxtermann and Dr Mary Whitby for reading the revised version of my work and making valuable suggestions for im- provement. It is also a pleasure to acknowledge valuable help of various kinds that I have received from Prof. Sebastian Brock, Prof. Carmelo Crimi, Dr Evang- helos Dakas, Prof. John Duffy, Dr Clarence Gallagher SJ, Dr Alan Griffiths, © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Acknowledgements 12 Mr Adrian S. Hollis, Dr Neil Hopkinson, Prof. Elizabeth M. Jeffreys, Met- ropolitan Kallistos of Diokleia, Dr Jane L. Lightfoot, Dr Neil McLynn, Dr Manolis Patedakis, Dr Antonis K. Petrides, Prof. Tobias Reinhardt, Dr Ales- sandro Rolim de Moura, Prof. Andrei Rossius, Dr Alice-Mary Talbot, Prof. Ioannis Vassis and Prof. Speros Vryonis Jr.. Selections from my work have been presented in seminars and lectures at the Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (Oslo), at the Catholic University of America (Washington, D.C.), at Dumbarton Oaks (Washington, D.C.), at the University of Texas at Austin and at the University of Oxford. I would like to thank those who partici- pated for their helpful comments. Ι also thank the following friends in Greece, England and the U.S.Α. for their friendship, especially during the period of my studies in Oxford: Kos- mas Boutsikos, Yannis Galanakis, George Kazantzidis, Dimitri Korobe- inikov, Jeremy Kurzyniec, Stella Skaltsa, Dimitris Skrekas, Yannis Trian- taphylidis and Dimitris Tsiakalos. Last but not least, I thank my parents, Dimitris and Niki, and my broth- ers and sisters, Yannis, Kyriaki (and Dimitris), Michalis, Steryios and Maria, for their love and support. The book is dedicated to my wife Paraskevi Zerva for the light and the joy she has brought to my life. Our wedding on the 2nd of July 2006 truly marked the beginning of a new life. C. S. Lincoln College, Oxford March 2008 © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Contents Abbreviations and Conventions ................................................................ 17 Introduction.................................................................................................. 21 1. Gregory’s Poetry .................................................................................. 21 1.1 Gregory’s Poetry and Modern Scholarship ............................... 21 1.2 The Case for Christian Poetry.....................................................24 1.3 Gregory and Hellenistic Poetry.................................................. 30 1.4 Language and Metre .....................................................................47 Language ..............................................................................................47 Metre ....................................................................................................54 2. Gregory’s Poetry in Byzantium .........................................................57 2.1 Reputation and Influence ............................................................57 2.2 The Poems and the School Curriculum ....................................75 2.3 The Anonymous Paraphrases.....................................................79 2.3.1 Paraphrase A ...............................................................................83 2.3.2 Paraphrase B .............................................................................. 84 2.3.3 Paraphrase C...............................................................................87 3. The Transmission of the Poems........................................................88 Sigla .............................................................................................................. 101 Text............................................................................................................... 103 α ́ Διαφόρων βίων μακαριcμοί (I.2.17) ...............................................104 β ́ Πρὸc τοὺc τῆc Κωνcταντινουπόλεωc ἱερέαc καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν πόλιν (II.1.10) .............................................................................107 γ ́ Cχετλιαcτικὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτοῦ παθῶν (II.1.19)...........................109 δ ́ Περὶ τῆc τοῦ βίου ματαιότητοc καὶ ἀπιcτίαc καὶ κοινοῦ πάντων τέλουc (II.1.32).....................................................................113 Commentary ................................................................................................117 α ́Διαφόρων βίων μακαριcμοί (I.2.17) .................................................117 1.1 Outline ...........................................................................................117 1.2 Literary Characteristics ...............................................................117 1.3 Place in Gregory’s Life and Thought.........................................121 1.4 Comments on the Text .............................................................. 129 β ́ Πρὸc τοὺc τῆc Κωνcταντινουπόλεωc ἱερέαc καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν πόλιν (II.1.10) .............................................................................149 © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Contents 14 2.1 Outline ..........................................................................................149 2.2 Literary Characteristics..............................................................149 2.3 Place in Gregory’s Life and Thought ....................................... 152 2.4 Comments on the Text ...............................................................155 γ ́ Cχετλιαcτικὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτοῦ παθῶν (II.1.19)........................... 167 3.1 Outline .......................................................................................... 167 3.2 Literary Characteristics..............................................................168 3.3 Place in Gregory’s Life and Thought .......................................170 3.4 Comments on the Text .............................................................. 173 δ ́ Περὶ τῆc τοῦ βίου ματαιότητοc καὶ ἀπιcτίαc καὶ κοινοῦ πάντων τέλουc (II.1.32).................................................................... 218 4.1 Outline.......................................................................................... 218 4.2 Literary Characteristics.............................................................. 219 4.3 Place in Gregory’s Life and Thought ....................................... 221 4.4 Comments on the Text..............................................................222 Appendix .....................................................................................................247 1. The Anonymous Paraphrase A........................................................247 1. Διαφόρων βίων μακαριcμοί (I.2.17) ............................................247 2. Πρὸc τοὺc τῆc Κωνcταντινουπόλεωc ἱερέαc καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν πόλιν (II.1.10) ........................................................................ 248 3. Cχετλιαcτικὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτοῦ παθῶν (II.1.19) ...................... 249 4. Περὶ τῆc τοῦ βίου ματαιότητοc καὶ ἀπιcτίαc καὶ κοινοῦ πάντων τέλουc (II.1.32)................................................................252 2. The Anonymous Paraphrase B........................................................ 253 1. Διαφόρων βίων μακαριcμοί (I.2.17) ............................................ 253 2. Πρὸc τοὺc τῆc Κωνcταντινουπόλεωc ἱερέαc καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν πόλιν (II.1.10) ......................................................................... 255 3. Cχετλιαcτικὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν αὐτοῦ παθῶν (II.1.19) .......................256 4. Περὶ τῆc τοῦ βίου ματαιότητοc καὶ ἀπιcτίαc καὶ κοινοῦ πάντων τέλουc (II.1.32)................................................................259 3. The Anonymous Paraphrase C .......................................................261 1. Διαφόρων βίων μακαριcμοί (I.2.17) ............................................261 2. Πρὸc τοὺc τῆc Κωνcταντινουπόλεωc ἱερέαc καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν πόλιν (II.1.10) ........................................................................ 262 4. Περὶ τῆc τοῦ βίου ματαιότητοc καὶ ἀπιcτίαc καὶ κοινοῦ πάντων τέλουc (II.1.32)................................................................263 Bibliography................................................................................................265 © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Contents 15 Indexes .........................................................................................................275 1. General Index .....................................................................................275 2. Index of Selected Greek Words Discussed ....................................278 3. Index of Selected Passages Discussed............................................ 280 4. Index of Manuscripts Discussed.................................................... 284 © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Abbreviations and Conventions CA Collectanea Alexandrina , ed. J. U. Powell (Oxford, 1925). CIG Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum , ed. A. Boeckh (4 vols., Ber- lin, 1828-77). Cosmas Κοcμᾶ Ἱεροcολυμίτου φιλογρηγορίου , Cυναγωγὴ καὶ ἐξήγη- cιc ὧν ἐμνήcθη ἱcτοριῶν ὁ θεῖοc Γρηγόριοc ἐν τοῖc ἐμμέτρωc αὐτῷ εἰρημένοιc ἔκ τε τῆc θεοπνεύcτου γραφῆc καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ποιητῶν καὶ cυγγραφέων , ed. G. Lozza (2000). EG Epigrammata Graeca ex Lapidibus Conlecta , ed. G. Kaibel (Berlin, 1878). epigr . Cougny Epigrammatum Anthologia Palatina cum Planudeis et Appen- dice nova epigrammatum veterum ex libris et marmoribus ductorum , ed. E. Cougny (vol. III, Paris, 1890). epigr . M-S Steinepigramme aus dem griechischen Osten , ed. R. Merkel- bach and J. Stauber (5 vols., Stuttgart-Munich-Leipzig, 1998- 2004). DGE Diccionario griego-español , ed. F. R. Adrados, E. Gangutia et al., 6 vols. ( α-ἐκπελεκάω ) (Madrid, 1980-2002). GDRK Die griechischen Dichterfragmente der römischen Kaiserzeit , ed. E. Heitsch (2 vols., Göttingen, 1961-4). GVI Griechische Vers-Inschriften , ed. W. Peek (Berlin, 1955). IG Inscriptiones Graecae (Berlin, 1893-). Kriaras Λεξικό της Μεσαιωνικής Ελληνικής Δημώδους Γραμματείας (1100-1669) , ed. E. Kriaras, 15 vols. ( α-περιδεcμώ ) (Thessalo- niki, 1968-2006). [Vol. 15 was published by the Center for the Greek Language]. LBG Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität : besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts , ed. Erich Trapp et al., Fasz. 1-5 (α-παλιάν- θρωποc) (Wien, 1993-2005). Lex. Cas. Lexicon Casinense , ed. D. Kalamakis (1995). Lex. alph. Lexicon Ordine Alphabetico , ed. D. Kalamakis (1992), 145-227. Lex. vers. Lexicon Ordine Versuum , ed. D. Kalamakis (1992), 119-143. © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Abbreviations and Conventions 18 LSJ H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon , 9 th edn., revised by Sir H. S. Jones (Oxford, 1940); Revised Supple- ment, ed. P. G. W. Glare (Oxford, 1996). M. Patrologia Graeca , ed. J. P. Migne (162 vols., Paris, 1857-66). NTG F. Blass and A. Debrunner, A Greek Grammar of the New Tes- tament and Other Early Christian Literature , A Translation and Revision of the ninth-tenth German edition incorporat- ing supplementary notes of A. Debrunner by R. W. Funk (Chicago-Cambridge, 1961). NTL A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature , 3 rd edn., revised and edited by F. W. Danker, based on W. Bauer’s (Chicago-London, 2000). Nicetas David Νικήτα τοῦ καὶ Δαυῒδ δούλου Ἰηcοῦ Χριcτοῦ, τοῦ φιλοcόφου, Ἐξήγηcιc τῶν ἀποῤῥήτων τοῦ ἁγίου Γρηγορίου τοῦ Θεολόγου ἐπῶν . The Commentary on I.2.17 is in M. 38.765-773 (M. re- prints the edition by E. Dronke [Göttingen, 1840]). OCD The Oxford Classical Dictionary , rev. 3 rd edn., ed. S. Horn- blower and A. Spawforth (Oxford-New York, 2003). ODB The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium , ed. A. P. Kazhdan et al. (3 vols., New York-Oxford, 1991). Par. A The Anonymous Paraphrase A (see pp. 83-4). Par. B The Anonymous Paraphrase B (see pp. 84-7). Par. C The Anonymous Paraphrase C (see pp. 87-8). PGL A Patristic Greek Lexicon , ed. G. W. H. Lampe (Oxford, 1968). PGM Papyri Graecae Magicae , ed. K. Preisendanz, 2 nd edn., revised by A. Henrichs (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1973-74). PMG Poetae Melici Graeci , ed. D. L. Page (Oxford, 1962). POxy The Oxyrhynchus Papyri (London, 1898-) SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (Leiden 1923-). SH Supplementum Hellenisticum , ed. H. Lloyd-Jones and P. J. Parsons (Berlin, 1983). SL J. Lust, E. Eynikel and K. Hauspie, A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint (rev. ed., Stuttgart, 2003). © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871 Abbreviations and Conventions 19 Conventions 1. Periodicals are abbreviated as in L’Année Philologique ; classical authors as in LSJ or, if not available there, as in DGE; books of the Bible and Fathers of the Church as in PGL. In certain cases (especially of patristic texts) I ei- ther give the full titles or slightly expand the abbreviations in order to avoid confusion. 2. Modern works cited by author and year only are listed in the Bibliography. 3. The number in square brackets in references to Gregory’s poems indicates the column in M. 37. If the poem is available in a modern edition (other than the present one), the name of the editor is given instead in a parenthe- sis. 4. In references to AP 8 the author, Gregory of Nazianzus, is implied. 5. In the chapter on the ‘Transmission of the Poems’ Gertz (1986) is referred to as ‘G.’. 6. Bibliographical details of well-known or unique commentaries on classical texts are sometimes omitted. 7. Transliterations of Greek names are generally a mixture of what is familiar in English (Aeschylus not Aischylos) and what looks or sounds better for authors of the Byzantine period (Antiochos Monachos not Antiochus Monachus). Inevitably, there are inconsistencies. © 2009, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Göttingen ISBN Print: 9783525252871