TRANSFORMING COMMUNICATIONS – STUDIES IN CROSS-MEDIA RESEARCH Andreas Hepp Andreas Breiter Uwe Hasebrink COMMUNICATIVE FIGURATIONS Transforming Communications in Times of Deep Mediatization Series Editors Uwe Hasebrink Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research University of Hamburg Germany Andreas Hepp ZeMKI University of Bremen Germany Transforming Communications – Studies in Cross-Media Research We live in times that are characterized by a multiplicity of media: Traditional media like television, radio and newspapers remain important, but have all undergone fundamental change in the wake of digitalization. New media have been emerging with an increasing speed: Internet platforms, mobile media and the many different software-based com- munication media we are recently confronted with as ‘apps’. This pro- cess is experiencing yet another boost from the ongoing and increasingly fast sequence of technological media innovations. In our modern social world, communication processes take place across a variety of media. As a consequence, we can no longer explain the influences of media by focusing on any one single medium, its content and possible effects. In order to explain how media changes are related to transformations in culture and society we have to take into account the cross-media charac- ter of communications. In view of this, the book series ‘Transforming Communications’ is dedicated to cross-media communication research. It aims to sup- port all kinds of research that are interested in processes of communica- tion taking place across different kinds of media and that subsequently make media’s transformative potential accessible. With this profile, the series addresses a wide range of different areas of study: media produc- tion, representation and appropriation as well as media technologies and their use, all from a current as well as a a historical perspective. The series ‘Transforming Communications’ lends itself to different kinds of publication within a wide range of theoretical and methodological backgrounds. The idea is to stimulate academic engagement in cross- media issues by supporting the publication of rigorous scholarly work, text books, and thematically-focused volumes, whether theoretically or empirically oriented. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15351 Andreas Hepp · Andreas Breiter Uwe Hasebrink Editors Communicative Figurations Transforming Communications in Times of Deep Mediatization Editors Andreas Hepp ZeMKI, Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research University of Bremen Bremen, Germany Andreas Breiter ZeMKI, Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research University of Bremen Bremen, Germany Uwe Hasebrink Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research University of Hamburg Hamburg, Germany Transforming Communications – Studies in Cross-Media Research ISBN 978-3-319-65583-3 ISBN 978-3-319-65584-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65584-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950722 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018, corrected publication 2018. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover Design by Fatima Jamadar Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland The original version of the book was revised: Incorrect reference and corresponding reference citation have been corrected. The erratum to the book is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65584-0_19 v vii A cknowledgements This Open Access publication is supported by the institutional strategy ‘Ambitious and Agile’ of the University of Bremen, funded within the frame of the Excellence Initiative by the German Federal and State gov- ernments. ix c ontents Part I Introduction 1 Rethinking Transforming Communications: An Introduction 3 Andreas Hepp, Andreas Breiter and Uwe Hasebrink 2 Researching Transforming Communications in Times of Deep Mediatization: A Figurational Approach 15 Andreas Hepp and Uwe Hasebrink Part II Collectivities and Movements 3 Living Together in the Mediatized City: The Figurations of Young People’s Urban Communities 51 Andreas Hepp, Piet Simon and Monika Sowinska 4 Chaos Computer Club: The Communicative Construction of Media Technologies and Infrastructures as a Political Category 81 Sebastian Kubitschko x CONTENTS 5 Repair Cafés as Communicative Figurations: Consumer- Critical Media Practices for Cultural Transformation 101 Sigrid Kannengießer 6 Communicative Figurations of Expertization: DIY_MAKER and Multi-Player Online Gaming (MOG) as Cultures of Amateur Learning 123 Karsten D. Wolf and Urszula Wudarski 7 The Communicative Construction of Space-Related Identities. Hamburg and Leipzig Between the Local and the Global 151 Yvonne Robel and Inge Marszolek 8 Networked Media Collectivities. The Use of Media for the Communicative Construction of Collectivities Among Adolescents 173 Thomas N. Friemel and Matthias Bixler Part III Institutions and Organizations 9 The Transformation of Journalism: From Changing Newsroom Cultures to a New Communicative Orientation? 205 Leif Kramp and Wiebke Loosen 10 Moralizing and Deliberating in Financial Blogging. Moral Debates in Blog Communication During the Financial Crisis 2008 241 Rebecca Venema and Stefanie Averbeck-Lietz 11 ‘Blogging Sometimes Leads to Dementia, Doesn’t It?’ The Roman Catholic Church in Times of Deep Mediatization 267 Kerstin Radde-Antweiler, Hannah Grünenthal and Sina Gogolok CONTENTS xi 12 Relating Face to Face. Communicative Practices and Political Decision-Making in a Changing Media Environment 287 Tanja Pritzlaff-Scheele and Frank Nullmeier 13 Paper Versus School Information Management Systems: Governing the Figurations of Mediatized Schools in England and Germany 313 Andreas Breiter and Arne Hendrik Ruhe Part IV Methodologies and Perspectives 14 Researching Communicative Figurations: Necessities and Challenges for Empirical Research 343 Christine Lohmeier and Rieke Böhling 15 Researching Individuals’ Media Repertoires: Challenges of Qualitative Interviews on Cross-Media Practices 363 Juliane Klein, Michael Walter and Uwe Schimank 16 The Complexity of Datafication: Putting Digital Traces in Context 387 Andreas Breiter and Andreas Hepp 17 Communicative Figurations and Cross-Media Research 407 Kim Christian Schrøder 18 Communicative Figurations: Towards a New Paradigm for the Media Age? 425 Giselinde Kuipers Erratum to: Communicative Figurations E1 Andreas Hepp, Andreas Breiter and Uwe Hasebrink Index 437 xiii e ditors And c ontributors About the Editors Andreas Hepp is Professor of Media and Communication Studies at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. He is co-initiator of the research net- work Communicative Figurations and was spokesperson of its Creative Research Unit at the University of Bremen, responsible for the projects ‘Mediatized Localities of Urban Communities’ and ‘Transformations of Mediatized Cultures and Societies’. His main research interests are media sociology, mediatization, transnational and transcultural communication, datafication, and qualitative methods of media research. Publications include the monographs Cultures of mediatization (2013), Transcultural communication (2015) and The mediated construction of reality (with Nick Couldry, 2017). Andreas Breiter is Professor of Information Management and Educational Technologies at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. He is the Scientific Director of the Institute for Information Management Bremen, a not- for-profit research centre at the University of Bremen and vice- speaker of ZeMKI. His main research interests are educational media and technology, mediatization, datafication and educational governance. He has published several books and various research articles in international journals and con- ference proceedings. xiv EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Uwe Hasebrink is Professor for Empirical Communications Studies at the University of Hamburg and Director of the Hans-Bredow- Institut for Media Research. He is co-initiator of the research network Communicative Figurations and coordinators of the European research network EU Kids Online. His main research interests are in the areas of audiences and their media repertoires, with a particular focus on infor- mation repertoires. Another area of his research deals with media prac- tices of children and young people. Contributors Stefanie Averbeck-Lietz is Professor of Media and Communication Studies at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. Her main research interests are communication theory and history, communication and media ethics and qualitative methods. She is a co-editor (together with Leen d’Haenens, KU Leuven) of Communications. The European Journal of Communication Research . Recent publications include the monograph Soziologie der Kommunikation. Die Mediatisierung der Gesellschaft und die Theoriebildung der Klassiker (2015) and, together with Michael Meyen, the edited volume Nicht standardisierte Methoden in der Kommunikationswissenschaft (2016). Matthias Bixler is a research assistant at the Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research (IPMZ), University of Zürich, Switzerland. He was assistant in the project Communicative Figurations of Interpersonal Publicness within the Creative Research Unit Communicative Figurations at the University of Bremen. His research focuses on media use, media effects and social network analysis. Rieke Böhling is research associate and Ph.D. student at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI) at the University of Bremen, Germany. She holds a M.A. double degree in European Studies: Euroculture from the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, and the University of Deusto, Spain. Rieke is particularly interested in cultural memory, cultural identity and migration stud- ies. Her dissertation focuses on (mediated) memories of migration in Europe. Rieke is the assistant managing editor of VIEW: Journal of European Television History & Culture EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xv Thomas N. Friemel is Professor of Media and Communication Research at the Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research at the University of Zürich (IPMZ), Switzerland. From 2013 to 2016 he was Professor for Media and Communication Research at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. His fields of research are media use, media effects, health communication campaigns and social network analysis. He has published books on media effects, social psychology of media use, health communication campaigns and social network analysis. Sina Gogolok was a research assistant at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI) and associated with the department for the study of Religion, University of Bremen, Germany. She was a research assistant in the project ‘Transformations in the Field of Religion: Communicative Figurations of the Construction of Religious Authority in Catholicism’ within the research network Communicative Figurations. Her research interests are the contemporary research of religion, religion and media as well as renewal movements within the Catholic Church. Hannah Grünenthal is a research assistant of Religious Studies and Member of the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. In the research network Communicative Figurations she was part of the project ‘Transformations in the Field of Religion: Communicative Figurations of the Construction of Religious Authority in Catholicism’. Her main research areas are religion and media, qualitative research on contempo- rary religions in Europe, and new spiritual communities and movements in the Catholic Church. Sigrid Kannengießer holds a postdoctoral position at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research, University of Bremen, Germany. In her current project on consumer-critical media practices she studies how people use media technologies to contribute to a sustainable society. The project is funded by the Central Research Development Fund of the University of Bremen. Her research interests are in media sociology, environmental communication, globalization and translocal communication, materiality of media technologies and gender media studies. xvi EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Juliane Klein is personal consultant to the dean of Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin. She worked as research associate at SOCIUM, University of Bremen, Germany, and was part of the Creative Research Unit Communicative Figurations project ‘Irritations-Coping Nexus of Middle-Class Life’. She received her Ph.D. in Sociology from Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences. Leif Kramp is research coordinator at the Centre for Media, Commu- nication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. He is a member of the research network Communicative Figurations and its Creative Research Unit at the University of Bremen. The focus of his postdoctoral research lies on the transformation of jour- nalism, the news media and societal self-understanding. Kramp has co- edited and authored several books and studies on the transformation of media and journalism. Sebastian Kubitschko is a postdoctoral researcher at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. He is a member of the research network Communicative Figurations and contributed to its Creative Research Unit at the University of Bremen. His main research is on hacker cultures and politics. More recently, he is looking at the role of media/tech-corporations in society and the growing societal weight of artificial intelligence (AI). Together with Anne Kaun he is the editor of Innovative methods in media and communica- tion research (2017). Giselinde Kuipers is professor of cultural sociology and chair of the sociology department at the University of Amsterdam. She is the author of Good humor, bad taste. A sociology of the joke (2006, 2nd revised edi- tion 2015), as well as numerous articles on media, transnational cul- ture, cultural production and the social shaping of ‘naturalized’ cultural standards in fields such as humour and beauty. She is strongly dedi- cated to comparative research and process sociology, and was Norbert Elias Professor in the sociology of long-term development at Erasmus University Rotterdam from 2009 until 2016.Christine Lohmeier is Professor of Media and Communication Studies at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. Her research interests are transcultural communica- tion, media in everyday life, memory studies and qualitative methods, EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xvii especially ethnographic research methods. Christine’s publications include Cuban Americans and the Miami media (2014) and Memory in a mediated world (2016, co-edited with Andrea Hajek and Christian Pentzold). Wiebke Loosen is a Senior Researcher for Journalism Research at the Hans-Bredow-Institut for Media Research at the University of Hamburg, Germany. Her main research interests include the transfor- mation of the journalism–audience relationship, the datafication of/in journalism, computational journalism and empirical methods of media research. Inge Marszolek († 2016) taught at the University of Bremen, Germany, in the subjects of History and Cultural Studies. As a guest she worked at the International Institute for Holocaust Research (1999/2000) and at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (2001). Until her death in August 2016 Inge Marszolek was an active member of the Communicative Figurations research network and its Creative Research Unit at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI) of the University of Bremen. Frank Nullmeier is Professor of Political Science and State Theory at SOCIUM—Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Germany. He is coordinator of the High-Profile Research Area Social Sciences at the University of Bremen. He served as deputy head of the Collaborative Research Centre Transformations of the State (2002–2014). His main research interests are political theory, political decision-making, state theory and interpretive policy analysis. His pub- lications in English language include the co-edited volume Oxford hand- book of transformations of the state (2015). Tanja Pritzlaff-Scheele is Senior Researcher of Political Science at SOCIUM—Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Germany. She is one of the project leaders of the DFG Research Group Need-Based Justice and Distribution Procedures (for 2104). Her main research interests include political theory, practice the- ory, political decision-making, experimental political science and inter- pretive policy analysis. Kerstin Radde-Antweiler is Professor of Religious Studies at the Department of Religious Studies & Education and at the Centre for xviii EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. Her main research interests are religion and media, mediatization, ritual theory, and Christianity in Germany and the Philippines. She edited special issues on the interrelation of culture and digital media and published several articles, including in Online – Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, Journal of Ritual Studies, Ritual Matters and Digital Religion . Together with Xenia Zeiler she is co-founder and co-editor-in-chief of gamevironments. games, religion, and stuff (http://www.gamevironments.org/), the first aca- demic journal with a specific focus on video gaming and religion. Yvonne Robel D.Phil, is research assistant at the Research Centre for Contemporary History in Hamburg (FZH), Germany. From 2013 to 2015 she was research associate at the historical sub-project of the Creative Unit Communicative Figurations at Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen. Her main research interests include the cultural history of the twentieth century, dis- course analyses, media history, idleness, leisure and non-work, as well as politics of remembrance. Arne Hendrik Ruhe is associated researcher at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. He is a postdoctoral researcher at the Institute for Information Management Bremen, a not-for-profit research centre at the University of Bremen. His main research interests are educational media and technology, methodological innovations, visualization techniques, and ethical, legal and social implications (ELSI) in research and techni- cal systems. He has published various research articles in conference pro- ceedings and edited books. Uwe Schimank is Professor of Sociological Theory at SOCIUM— Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen, Germany. His main research interests are social theory, theories of modern society, organizational sociology, sociology of the middle classes, and science and higher education studies. Recent publications include the monographs Statusarbeit unter Druck—Zur Lebensführung der Mittelschichten (2014) and Gesellschaft (2013). Kim Christian Schrøder is Professor of Communication at the Department of Communication and Arts, Roskilde University, Denmark. His co-authored and co-edited books in English include Audience EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS xix transformations (2014), Museum communication and social media: The connected museum (2013), Researching audiences (2003), Media cultures (1992), and The language of advertising (1985). His research interests comprise the theoretical, methodological and analytical aspects of audi- ence uses and experiences of media, with particular reference to the chal- lenges of methodological pluralism. His recent work explores different methods for mapping news consumption and includes the Danish part of the annual Reuters Institute Digital News Report as well as qualitative studies of repertoires of news consumption. Piet Simon is a research associate at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. He was part of the research project Mediatized Localities of Urban Communities. Previously, he worked as a research associate at the Centre for Digital Cultures within the frame of the EU-funded project Innovation Incubator at the Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Germany. Monika Sowinska was Research Associate at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany until March 2017. Her main research interests are medi- atization, media appropriation and qualitative methods of media research. Rebecca Venema is research assistant and Ph.D. student at the Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Switzerland. Before joining USI she was a Doctoral Researcher at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. Her main research interests are norms and ethics in the digital age, net- worked (visual) everyday communication, digital (visual) culture and methods of media research. Michael Walter works as a postdoctoral research associate at the Research Centre on Inequality and Social Policy of the University of Bremen. Prior to his current position, he was research associate in the project “Irritations- Coping Nexus of Middle-Class Life” of the Creative Unit Communicative Figurations at the University of Bremen. His main research interests are economic sociology, visual studies, hegemony theory and media sociol- ogy. Recent publications include the monograph Reformvisionen. Zur Bildpolitik wirtschafts- und sozialpolitischer Reforminitiativen (2016) and the co-edited volume Wie Eliten Macht organisieren. Bilderberg & Co.: Lobbying, Think Tanks und Mediennetzwerke (2016). xx EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Karsten D. Wolf is Professor of Media Education and Design of Learning Environments at the Faculty of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences, University of Bremen, Germany. He is head of lab Media Education | Educational Media at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, where he is leading research on informal learning and mediatization. As the scientific director at the Centre for Multimedia in Teaching (ZMML), University of Bremen, he is supervising development on e-portfolio, e-assessment and MOOC development at the university. His main research interests are interactive learning, mediatization, instructional videos, digital liter- acy and informal learning. Urszula Wudarski was a research assistant at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI), University of Bremen, Germany. She was involved in the Creative Research Unit Communicative Figurations at the University of Bremen and part of the project “Informal and Non-Formal Learning”. Her main research inter- ests were on learning environments within online shooter communities and trending bike activities. xxi l ist of f igures Fig. 2.1 Investigating transforming communications in times of deep mediatization 31 Fig. 3.1 Mediatized public places for community-building in Bremen 64 Fig. 3.2 Public viewing in the Food Court of Bremen’s Waterfront Mall 66 Fig. 3.3 Communal cinema City 46 68 Fig. 3.4 Interior of Hackerspace 70 Fig. 6.1 Schematic view of media environment, learning domain’s media ensemble and individual learners’ media repertoires 134 Fig. 6.2 Comparison between two learning domains’ media ensembles (DIY_MAKER versus MOG) 137 Fig. 6.3 Constellation of actors for learning domain Multiplayer Online Gaming 138 Fig. 6.4 Constellation of actors for learning domain DIY_MAKER 140 Fig. 7.1 Cover page Unser Rundfunk , 9/1955 162 Fig. 8.1 Most frequently used media (days/week) 185 Fig. 8.2 Most frequent conversation topics 186 Fig. 8.3 School grade B friendship 191 Fig. 8.4 School grade B TV communication 192 Fig. 8.5 School grade B YouTube communication 193 Fig. 8.6 School grade B gaming communication 194 Fig. 9.1 2012 survey on transformation in newspaper newsrooms 220 Fig. 9.2 Case study Süddeutsche Zeitung : journalistic role conception among journalists and audience members 228 Fig. 9.3 Case study Süddeutsche Zeitung : congruence of (assumed) importance of participatory features 230 xxii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 13.1 Relation of communicative practices and media ensemble in English schools 328 Fig. 13.2 Relation of communicative practices and media ensemble in German schools 333 Fig. 16.1 Example for log-file entries 395 Fig. 16.2 Data from learning management system as network graph 397 Fig. 16.3 Materials and hits by subject 398