Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 214 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D .C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG- Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Radmila J. Gorup The Semantic Organization of the Serbo-Croatian Verb Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access S l a v is t ic h e B e it r ä g e BEGRÜNDET VON ALOIS SCHMAUS HERAUSGEGEBEN VON HEINRICH KUNSTMANN PETER REHDER • JOSEF SCHRENK REDAKTION PETER REHDER Band 214 VERLAG OTTO SAGNER MÜNCHEN Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 RADMILA JOVANOVIC GORUP THE SEMANTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE SERBOCROATIAN VERB VERLAG OTTO SAGNER • MÜNCHEN 1987 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access f Sayertoan« ' etaatsblbllofbM ( K l Ûп с п e n ISBN 3-87690-382-3 © Verlag Otto Sagner, München 1987 Abteilung der Firma Kubon & Sagner, München Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 000Б0459 FOREWORD This work presents a re-analysis of a major segment of the para- dlgm of the Serbo-Croatiam verb. It concentrates chiefly on the perfective and imperfective morphology, but treats this classic problem in Slavic scholarship from a поп-aspectual point of view. The theoretical position presented here is based on an approach to the analysis of language developed by Professor William Diver and his students at Columbia University. In it the objective of an analysis is to come to an understanding of the utilization of the morphology by demonstrating that the morphological forms are signals of meanings that are being used deliberately for the com- munication of a message; thus the usage is not dictated by obedi- enee to arbitrary syntactic rules. The present work presents both an explanation of the use of ver- bal morphology in Serbo-Croatian and an exemplification of the theoretical approach. The analysis has grown out of many years of research, most of which benefited from discussion in seminars at Columbia Univer- sity between 1978 and 1984. I wish to thank Professor William Diver for his generous assis- tance, without which the research presented here could hardly have been accomplished. 1 am also indebted to all the friends and colleagues at Columbia University who have been instrumental in making this work a reality. For errors and inadequacies I am alone responsible. My husband Ivan and my sons John and Sasha I thank for their sup- port and encouragement. September 1987 Radmila Javonovic Gorup University of California at Berkeley Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access ' f r f . ' P L2II I l e . Л ■ ־ ; 'Í 1 i ł v ^ и Ä « = » , No י*:ף % ״ ־ ! • •v- Л _ й T J 1 - Ю І # !UiV. Г О К i T w l * Ç '* i тг. ЧѴк 4 і.־ sr 4 > ï f à ־״•־^. -1Ц : No : > ■ / I A í ’f n ? * ■ « ■ г ī ī ^ !1 1 lO Ä f T T ■י 4 -.- ־ ■ 1 ■ ■ fT 4 f ־ : ־ ־* r r * fe w r t * ►1Î *♦івгГмЧііѵ ; f à ״ J«àffífy י / \ו ■ י א - V - : ■j ־ * Д И к Д Й Д ж І ь Л і С И І ^ . і Х І І І Г * 1и І £ * у в I ?«р* Л 17« À'• ätf Л*־ = ־ * ? г׳ tå ־ - TV c r ^ г "V •־ I ־.י A Г - 1 A ЛГ. I ״ 1 Я.. י ^ * І Й־ Л л 1 ■ ■ . Й _____ Д 1 * >І « ׳ — • . r - w 9 י н ! J ► •г \-1 I • » I I ' J X « & f י■ - 9 ß ־ т г ^ ׳ v ; > ׳ J >< T F • Л A J ,״.I IV к S p 4 ł ' k I J ^ C L 1 É 1 » יГ ж ■ ־ ־־_׳ וו ו I ♦ג: У Л » ». ' Л ־ і Г ״I ו 1 *V I U f » Ж •; П , ! •־ г ^ Ц 1 = 4? 1 SVf..Asà Е\М К і г е т ־■.#! f t ״ Lf. f t »J r? t t P C L-/J i* A. *I * 1 ' * ļ ^ í • ץ s e w . и Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page C h a p t e r I The P r o b l e n o f V e r b a l A s p e c t i n S e r b o - C r o a t i a n ! A. I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 B. B r i e f . H i s t o r y o f t h e P r o b l e n 3 C. P r e v i o u s A n a l y s e s o f S e r b o - C r o a t i a n V e r b a l A s p e c t 15 C h a p t e r I I The H y p o t h e s i s 36 C h a p t e r I I I S i g n a l s and M e a n i n g s o f t h e S y s t e r , o f T i n e 40 C h a p t e r IV S i g n a l s and M e a n i n g s o f t h e S y s t e n o f Focus 57 A. The F o r n a l E x p r e s s i o n o f Focus 57 B. The M e a n i n g s o f t h e S y s t e n o f Focus 73 C h a p t e r V Q u a l i t a t i v e V a l i d a t i o n o f t h e B e f o r e Phase o f t h e T i n e - F o c u s I n t e r l o c k 84 A. I n t r o d u c t i o n 84 B. M a t e r i a l S u p p o r t i n g t h e N a r r a t i v e 90 1. D e s c r i p t i o n s 91 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access Vili ו 0 ד 12 ו 124 138 157 172 191 202 206 218 219 255 260 277 278 302 З Ю 2 . D e s c r i p t i o n s o f I n c i d e n t a l E v e n t s C. The B e g i n n i n g o f t h e N a r r a t i v e D. The S k e l e t o n o f t h e N a r r a t i v e E. U p g r a de i n F oc us F. Downgrade i n Focus G. D e p a r t u r e f r o n t h e Main N a r r a t i v e L i n e H. D e p a r t u r e f r o n t h e Main N a r r a t i v e L i n e C a r r i e d f o r w a r d by MOST IN FOCUS BEFORE J . C o n c l u s i o n K. E x p l o i t a t i o n o f LEAST IN FOCUS BEFORE C h a p t e r VI Q u a l i t a t i v e V a l i d a t i o n o f t h e M e a n i n g s HIGH FOCUS NOW and LOW FOCUS NOW A. The M e a n i n g s HIGH FOCUS NOW and LOW FOCUS NOW i n P a s t N a r r a t i v e 1 . The Use o f HIGH FOCUS NOW f o r H i g h l i g h t e d D e t a i l s 2 . E x p l o i t a t i o n o f HIGH FOCUS NOW f o r T y p i c a l O c c u r r e n c e s B. The E x p l o i t a t i o n o f NOW M e a n i n g s i n N o n - p a s t E n v i r o n m e n t s 1 . HIGH FOCUS NOW and LOW FOCUS NO W F o l l o w i n g t h e C o n j u n c t i o n s S i n 1as soon a s ' , p o S t o , a f t e r 1 , k a d ( a ) , w h e n 1 and dok , u n t i l 1 2 . The M e a n i n g s HIGH FOCUS NOW and LOW FOCUS NOW a f t e r t h e C o n j u n c t i o n s da , t h a t * and ako ’ i f 1 3. The Use o f t h e F o cu s M e a n i n g s i n Q u e s t i o n s 4 . The E x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e Focus D i s t i n c t i o n i n t h e NOW Phase o f t h e Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 IX I n t e r l o c k f o r t h e I n d i v i d u a l N o n - p a s t E v e n t s 320 C h a p t e r V I I Q u a n t i t a t i v e V a l i d a t i o n 328 A. I n t r o d u c t i o n 328 1. S t a t i s t i c a l C o u n t s 329 B. Q u a n t i t a t i v e V a l i d a t i o n o f t h e BEFORE Phase o f t h e T i m e - F o c u s I n t e r l o c k 1. Hunan S u b j e c t s v s . Non-human S u b j e c t s 334 « 2. C e n t r a l C h a r a c t e r v s . O t h e r C h a r a c t e r s 339 3 C e n t r a l C h a r a c t e r v s . O t h e r C h a r a c t e r s vs. Things 3^2 4. F i r s t P e r s o n v s . Second P e r s o n v s . T h i r d P e r s o n 344 5 S i n g u l a r S u b j e c t s v s . P l u r a l S u b j e c t s 349 6 Hunan S u b j e c t s O v e r t l y M e n t i o n e d 352 7 P a r t i c i p a n t R o l e s and t h e i r C o - o c c u r r e n c e w i t h f o c u s M o r p h o l o g y 355 8 • O n e - p a r t i c i p a n t R e f l e x i v e C l a u s e v s . O n e - p a r t i c i p a n t C l a u s e 358 9. A f f i r n a t i o n and N e g a t i o n 362 10. I n d e p e n d e n t C l a u s e s v s . R e l a t i v e C l a u s e s 365 11. C o n c l u s i o n 367 C. Q u a l i t a t i v e V a l i d a t i o n o f t h e M e a n i n g s HIGH FOCUS NOW and LOW FOCUS NOW 377 A p p e n d i x A: A k t i o n s a r t 384 A p p e n d i x B: BEFORE M e a n i n g s i n N o n - p a s t E n v i r o n n e n t s 410 1. MOST IN FOCUS and MORE IN FOCUS BEFORE i n N o n - b e f o r e E n v i r o n n e n t s 410 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 X 2 . LEAST IN FOCUS BEFORE i n N o n - b e f o r e Env i r o n n e n t s 414 C o n c l u s i o n 419 436 B i b i i o g r a p h y Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 1 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM OF VERBAL ASPECT IN SERBO-CROATIAN A. I n t r o d u c t i o n T h e r e e x i s t s a w i d e l y h e l d o p i n i o n t h a t l i n g u i s t i c phenomena as an o b j e c t o f s t u d y a r e v e r y d i f f e r e n t f r o m any o t h e r such o b j e c t , and s p e c i f i c a l l y f r o m an y o t h e r i n s t a n c e o f human b e h a v i o r ; t h a t i s , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f l a n g u a g e c a n n o t be e x p l a i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f a n y t h i n g t h a t i s known a b o u t o t h e r human a c t i v i t i e s . To t h o s e who h o l d s uc h a p o s i t i o n t h e t a s k o f l i n g u i s t i c s i s n e c e s s a r i l y r e d u c e d t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e o b s e r v a b l e phenomena, s i n c e e x p l a n a t i o n o f l a n g u a g e as a p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e o f known t r a i t s o f human b e h a v i o r i s n o t p o s s i b l e . The g r a m m a t i c a l a n a l y s i s we a r e p r e s e n t i n g i n t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n d i f f e r s r a d i c a l l y f r o m t h i s p o s i t i o n . I t i s based on t h e u n q u e s t i o n a b l e f a c t t h a t humans c o m m u n i c a t e Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 t h r o u g h t h e medium o f l a n g u a g e and on o t h e r known c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f human b e h a v i o r . F o r us l a n g u a g e i s a d e v i c e o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a s y s t e m o f m e a n i n g f u l s i g n s by w h i c h humans t r a n s m i t m e s s a g e s . I n t h i s we f o l l o w S a u s s u r e ' s e s s e n t i a l i d e a t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e o f l a n g u a g e i s m o t i v a t e d by i t s use as an i n s t r u m e n t o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n and we e x p l i c i t l y d e n y t h a t t h e s t r u c t u r e o f l a n g u a g e i s p a r a l l e l t o t h e s t r u c t u r e o f r a t i o n a l t h o u g h t . The b a s i c t h e o r e t i c a l u n i t s o f t h i s grammar a r e g r a m m a t i c a l s i g n s , c o n s i s t i n g o f s i g n a l s and t h e i r m e a n i n g s , and n o t s e n t e n c e s , p a r t s o f s p e e c h o r a n y t h i n g t h a t has been g e n e r a l l y s t u d i e d u n d e r t h e name o f s y n t a x . I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e g r a m m a t i c a l a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d h e r e d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s i g n a l s i n t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e l a n g u a g e i s t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e s e s i g n a l s and n o t a g r o u p o f a r b i t r a r y s y n t a c t i c r u l e s . F o r more i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s o f t h i s p o s i t i o n see D i v e r 1 9 6 9 , Rei d 1 9 7 4 , G a r c i a 1 9 7 5 , C o n t i n i - M o r a v a 1 9 8 2 , e t c . The p r i m e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o e x p l a i n t h e u s a g e o f w ha t has been t r a d i t i o n a l l y c a l l e d t h e p e r f e c t i v e and i m p e r f e c t i v e v e r b s i n S e r b o - C r o a t i a n , a p r o b l e m t h a t ha s g e n e r a l l y been t r e a t e d u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g o f v e r b a l a s p e c t . A n a l y s i s o f v e r b a l a s p e c t i s t h e c l a s s i c p r o b l e m i n 2 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 S l a v i c l i n g u i s t i c s , one w h i c h ha s i n t e r e s t e d a l a r g e number o f s c h o l a r s r e p r e s e n t i n g a v a r i e t y o f t h e o r e t i c a l v i e w p o i n t s . B u t i n s p i t e o f a l l t h e a t t e n t i o n i t h a s r e c e i v e d t h e p r o b l e m ha s r e m a i n e d l a r g e l y u n s o l v e d . T r e a t m e n t s p r o p o s e d t o d a t e , w h e t h e r t r a d i t i o n a l , s t r u c t u r a l o r g e n e r a t i v i s t h a v e p r o v e d t o be i n a d e q u a t e . The p u r p o s e o f t h i s w o r k i s t o p r o p o s e a new a p p r o a c h based on t h e o r e t i c a l p r i n c i p l e s e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m any t h a t have p r e c e d e d . Two c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h i s a n a l y s i s have t o be s t r e s s e d f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g : 1 . W e a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h v e r b a l a s p e c t as a p a r t o f g e n e r a l l i n g u i s t i c t h e o r y n o r as a p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f S l a v i c l a n g u a g e s . T h i s a n a l y s i s i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h a p a r t i c u l a r l a n g u a g e - S e r b o - C r o a t i a n . 2 . T h i s w o r k has no b e a r i n g on t h e h i s t o r i c a l e v o l u t i o n o f a s p e c t o r on t h e m o r p h o l o g y o f t h e S e r b o - C r o a t i a n v e r b . I t i s a s y n c h r o n i c s t u d y i n t h e s e n s e t h a t i t p r o v i d e s c u r r e n t m o t i v a t i o n f o r t h e use o f t h e v e r b a l m o r p h o l o g y w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o e a r l i e r s t a g e s o f t h e l a n g u a g e . B. B r i e f H i s t o r y o f t h e P r o b l e m The m a j o r i t y o f S e r b o - C r o a t i a n v e r b s a r e o r g a n i z e d i n p a i r s such as t h e f o l l o w i n g o n e s : 3 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 4 ’ t o b u y * 1t o w r i t e ’ • t o d a n c e * ’ t o d r i n k 1 * t o c o n e * p o p i t i d o c i k u p i t i n a p i s a t i z a i g r a t i p i t i d o l a z i t i k u p o v a t i p i s a t i i g r a t i The r e a s o n g i v e n f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s e p a i r s i n t h e l a n g u a g e i s t h a t S e r b o - C r o a t i a n v e r b s u n l i k e t h e i r E n g l i s h c o u n t e r p a r t s use t h i s m o r p h o l o g y t o i n d i c a t e s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e a c t i o n p e r f o r m e d . T h i s d i s t i n c t i o n , r e a l i z e d i n v e r b a l p a i r s as shown a b o v e , has t r a d i t i o n a l l y been t r e a t e d as a d i s t i n c t i o n o f v e r b a l The s u b j e c t f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g h a s had an a u r a o f m y s t e r y . I t s g r e a t a p p e a l t o g r a m m a r i a n s and l i n g u i s t s e l u s i v e n e s s . G r a m m a r i a n s wer e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e g r a m m a t i c a l c a t e g o r i e s i n h e r i t e d f r o m G r e e k and Roman p h i l o s o p h y , b u t t h i s was a d i s t i n c t i o n t h a t somehow d i d n o t f i t i n t o any o f t h e c a t e g o r i e s c o d i f i e d i n t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l g r a m m a r . T h i s was s o m e t h i n g d i f f e r e n t - a d i s t i n c t i o n t h a t was n o t bas e d on t h e v e r b a l c a t e g o r i e s o f t e n s e , mood and v o i c e y e t p e r m e a t e d a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e v e r b a l l e x i c o n and a l s o was p a r a d i g m a t i c i n n a t u r e . E a r l y g r a m m a r i a n s o f t h e S l a v i c l a n g u a g e s , a d o p t i n g L a t i n t e r m i n o l o g y , d i v i d e d S l a v i c v e r b s i n t o t wo m a j o r a s p e c t a l i k e can be a t t r i b u t e d t o a g r e a t e x t e n t t o i t s Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 g r o u p s c a l l i n g t h e n , v e r b a p e r f e c t a ' and , v e r b a i m p e r f e c t a 1 ( W . J . Rosa, 1 6 7 2 , B . K a s i c , 1 6 1 4 ) , o f t e n a d d i n g a d d i t i o n a l s u b - c a t e g o r i e s . I n 1808 B. K o p i t a r i n h i s G r a n n a t i k d e r s i a v i s c h e n S p r a c h e i n K r a i n , K ä r n t e n und S t e y e r m a r k , c o n p l a i n e d t h a t t h e s e L a t i n t e r n s a d o p t e d f o r R u s s i a n do n o t r e f l e c t t h e S l a v i c s i t u a t i o n b u t a r e i n s t e a d t e r n s w h i c h n e a n t o t h e r t h i n g s i n L a t i n . He c h a n g e d t h e s e t e r n s f o r S l o v e n e t o , v e r b a p e r f e c t i v a 1 and , v e r b a i n p e r f e c t i v a * , l a b e l s s t i l l used t o d a y i n S l a v i c s c h o l a r s h i p . A l s o , t h e Gr eek t e r n e i d o s , f o r n , s h a p e 1 has been used t o r e f e r t o v e r b s d e r i v e d f r o n a s i n p l e f o r n . T h i s t e r n , t r a n s l a t e d i n t o R u s s i a n v i d , was t a k e n i n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y t o r e f e r t o R u s s i a n p r e f i x e d v e r b s . T o d a y i t i s s t i l l used i n t h e S l a v i c l a n g u a g e s t o r e f e r t o t h e g r a n n a t i c a l c a t e g o r y o f v e r b a l a s p e c t . Gernan s c h o l a r s h a v e used b o t h A s p e k t and A k t i o n s a r t w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o v e r b a l a s p e c t i n t h e S l a v i c l a n g u a g e s . The f i r s t t o p r e s e n t a c o n p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f v e r b a l a s p e c t i n t h e S l a v i c l a n g u a g e s was F r a n z M i k l o s i c h ( 1 8 6 3 ) • To t h i s day h i s d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e p e r f e c t i v e and t h e i n p e r f e c t i v e v e r b r e n a i n s t h e n o s t e n d u r i n g o n e . M i k l o s i c h o p p o s e d , c o n t i n u o u s a c t i o n ״ as a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f i n p e r f e c t i v e v e r b s t o , c o n p l e t e d a c t i o n * as a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f p e r f e c t i v e v e r b s . T h i s b r o a d d e f i n i t i o n a c c o u n t e d f o r п а п у u s e s o f t h e p e r f e c t i v e and i n p e r f e c t i v e 5 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 v e r b s b u t n o t f o r a l l . The n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y s c h o l a r s c o n t i n u e d t o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s . I n t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y , i n o r d e r t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e e n t i r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a s p e c t u a l p a i r s , s c h o l a r s s t a r t e d t o e l a b o r a t e on t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s and a l s o t o s u b d i v i d e t h e t w o m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s a l o n g t h e l i n e o f d i f f e r e n t s e m a n t i c f e a t u r e s t h a t c o u l d be a b s t r a c t e d o v e r c e r t a i n g r o u p s o f v e r b s . The t w o p r o c e d u r e s were o f t e n c o m b i n e d . From t h e b e g i n n i n g , s c h o l a r s wer e t e m p t e d t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e i n a d e q u a c y o f d e f i n i t i o n s a d v an c e d t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e p e r f e c t i v e and t h e i n p e r f e c t i v e v e r b by g r o u p i n g t h e n i n t o s e m a n t i c c a t e g o r i e s , c l a s s e s and s u b - c l a s s e s o f t h e t w o m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s . Then i n 1908 and 1914 A g r e l l s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e was a d i f f e r e n c e i n k i n d b e t w e e n t h e t w o m a j o r c a t e g o r i e s on t h e one hand and t h e i r s u b - c l a s s e s on t h e o t h e r . He p r o p o s e d t h e t e r m A k t i o n s a r t 1t h e k i n d o f a c t i o n ' t o be used t o name w h a t he c a l l e d a s e m a n t i c f u n c t i o n o f t h e v e r b w h i c h , a c c o r d i n g t o h i m , s p e c i f i e s t h e f a s h i o n i n w h i c h an a c t i o n i s p e r f o r m e d , and t h e t e r m A s p e k t t o be used e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p e r f e c t i v e and i m p e r f e c t i v e d i s t i n c t i o n . T h i s i n t r o d u c e d new c o m p l e x i t y i n t o an a l r e a d y c o m p l i c a t e d m a t t e r . I t i m m e d i a t e l y r a i s e d t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r a s p e c t i s i n t h e d o ma i n o f grammar o r l e x i c o g r a p h y , w h e t h e r t h e A k t i o n s a r t d i f f e r e n c e i s e q u a l l y i n t h e s p h e r e 6 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access o f b o t h t h e p e r f e c t i v e and t h e i n p e r f e c t i v e v e r b o r o n l y t h e p e r f e c t i v e , e t c . , e t c . More a b o u t t h e s t a t u s o f A k t i o n s a r t ( e n ) i n t h i s a n a l y s i s w i l l be s a i d i n A p p e n d i x A. I n a d v a n c i n g d e f i n i t i o n s w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y , t h e a n a l y s t s wer e u s u a l l y n o r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h d e f i n i n g t h e p e r f e c t i v e a s p e c t . The i n p e r f e c t i v e a s p e c t was g e n e r a l l y d e f i n e d n e g a t i v e l y . As s t a t e d i n F e r r e l l ( 1 9 5 1 ) , t h e r e a r e f i v e n a i n d e f i n i t i o n s o f v e r b a l a s p e c t t h a t a t one t i n e o r a n o t h e r h a v e r e c e i v e d t h e a t t e n t i o n o f s c h o l a r s . The f i r s t and t h e n o s t e n d u r i n g one was t h e d e f i n i t i o n a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d a c c o r d i n g t o w h i c h t h e p e r f e c t i v e a s p e c t e x p r e s s e s an a c t i o n as c o m p l e t e d w h i l e t h e i n p e r f e c t i v e v e r b e x p r e s s e s an a c t i o n as e n d u r i n g , as d e v e l o p i n g i n t i n e . One o f t h e e l a b o r a t i o n s o f t h i s t h e n e was t h a t t h e o p p o s i t i o n bet ween t h e p e r f e c t i v e and t h e i m p e r f e c t i v e a s p e c t l i e s a l o n g t h e p a r a m e t e r o f d u r a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s v i e w , i n t h e p e r f e c t i v e v e r b t h e a c t i o n i s d e n o t e d i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o a l i m i t e d t i n e , e i t h e r l o n g o r s h o r t . I n t h e i m p e r f e c t i v e v e r b t h e a c t i o n i s r e g a r d e d w i t h o u t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o any l i m i t a t i o n i n t i m e . The c h i e f e x p o n e n t o f t h i s v i e w was F o r t u n a t o v and h i s a n a l y s i s i n f l u e n c e d B e l i e and many o t h e r S e r b o - C r o a t i a n i s t s . O t h e r e x p o n e n t s o f i t were K o s c h m i e d e r , S o r e n s e n and o t h e r s . A n o t h e r a t t e m p t t o i m p r o v e on t h e o r i g i n a l d e f i n i t i o n Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 was t h e c o n c e p t t h a t t h e p e r f e c t i v e v e r b e x p r e s s e s an a c t i o n as a p o i n t . T h i s v i e w , a c c o r d i n g t o P e ä k o v s k i j , b e s t a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e n o n - o c c u r r e n c e o f v e r b s s uc h as p o S e t i - p o & i n j a t j - , t o b e g i n 1 , s v r ? i t i - s v r l a v a t i and z a v r S i t i - z a v r š a v a t i - , t o e n d , t o f i n i s h * and n a s t a v i t i - n a s t a v l j a t i - * t o c o n t i n u e ' w i t h p e r f e c t i v e v e r b s as t h e i r c o m p l e m e n t i n p h r a s e s such a s : Poceo j e da p i s e . *He began t o w r i t e / w r i t i n g * . T h i s v i e w t h a t t h e p e r f e c t i v e v e r b e x p r e s s e s n o n - d u r a t i v i t y o f t h e p r o c e s s was a l s o h e l d by M e i l l e t , de S a u s s u r e , e t c . A c c o r d i n g t o some o t h e r s c h o l a r s t h e p r o c e s s o f p e r f e c t i v i z a t i o n i s n o t h i n g more t h a n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f a t t e n t i o n on one o f t h e c o n c r e t e moments o f t h e p r o c e s s t o t h e e x c l u s i o n o f a l l o t h e r s . W h e t h e r t h a t moment m i g h t be i n i t i a l , f i n a l o r o t h e r , i t i s s u b j e c t i v e l y f e l t as a r e s u l t a t i v e moment . A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s g r o u p o f s c h o l a r s , r e p r e s e n t e d by P o t e b n j a , K a r c e v s k i and Mazon, t h e p e r f e c t i v e v e r b e x p r e s s e s t h e r e s u l t o f an a c t i o n and t h e i m p e r f e c t i v e v e r b t h e a c t i o n i t s e l f . A s t i l l d i f f e r e n t d e f i n i t i o n was a d v a n c e d by S a x m a t o v , P e d e r s e n and H o l t . A c c o r d i n g t o i t , t h e p e r f e c t i v e v e r b i n t r o d u c e s t h e c o n c e p t o f a t e r m o f l i m i t a t i o n i n t h e a c t i o n . N a m e l y , i n e v a l u a t i n g an a c t i o n , t h e s p e a k e r can have i n v i e w i t s c o n t i n u i n g c o u r s e o r * t h e f u l l n e s s o f i t s r e a l i z a t i o n * . The i m p e r f e c t i v e a s p e c t d e n o t e s t h e f o r m e r 8 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 and t h e p e r f e c t i v e t h e l a t t e r . I n t h e l a t t e r , t h e s p e a k e r can v i e w t h e ' f u l l n e s s o f t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f an a c t i o n 1 i n ( 1 ) i t s b e g i n n i n g o r i t s r e s u l t i n g e n e r a l , i n ( 2 ) i t s l i m i t a t i o n , i n ( 3 ) t h e m o m e n t a r y r e v e l a t i o n and i n ( 4 ) t h e d e - f i n i t e n e s s o f a g i v e n m o t i o n . T h i s m u l t i p l e d e f i n i t i o n c o m b i n e d some o f t h e d e f i n i t i o n s we have a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d . None o f t h e ab o v e d e f i n i t i o n s , n o r a l l o f them c o m b i n e d , a c c o u n t f o r t h e phenomena i n q u e s t i o n and f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s c o n t i n u e t o a p p e a r . We do n o t i n t e n d t o g i v e an a n a l y s i s o f a l l t h e s e t r e a t m e n t s s e p a r a t e l y as t h i s w o u l d t a k e п а п у v o l u m e s i n i t s e l f . W e may say h o w e v e r , t h a t a l l t h e d e f i n i t i o n s we have m e n t i o n e d a r e somehow r e l a t e d t o t h e n o t i o n o f t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o u r s e o f a c t i o n d e n o t e d by t h e v e r b . Each o f t h e s c h o l a r s who o f f e r e d a p a r t i c u l a r d e f i n i t i o n t o o k f o r t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e c a t e g o r y o f a s p e c t w ha t was a c t u a l l y a n u a n c e o f t h e m e s s a g e . As a c o n s e q u e n c e d e f i n i t i o n s w e r e n o t b r o a d e no u g h t o a c c o u n t f o r a l l t h e u s es o f " a s p e c t u a l " m o r p h o l o g y . F u r t h e r , t h e a t t e m p t t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e i n a d e q u a c y o f a d e f i n i t i o n by c l a s s i f y i n g v e r b s i n d i f f e r e n t s e m a n t i c g r o u p s d i d n o t r e s u l t i n an e x h a u s t i v e c a t e g o r i z a t i o n . As we s h a l l see f r o m G r u b o r ' s a n a l y s i s f o r e x a m p l e , S e r b o - C r o a t i a n v e r b s d i d n o t a l l o w c l e a r - c u t d i v i s i o n s i n t o d i s t i n c t s e m a n t i c g r o u p s , and i n a d d i t i o n t h e r e were 9 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access 00050459 n u m e r o u s o v e r l a p s . T h i s p r o c e d u r e i n g e n e r a l d o e s n o t p r o v i d e any c o n t r o l o v e r c a t e g o r i e s . T h e r e i s a l w a y s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t one can a p p l y a f i n e r g r i d and c on e up w i t h m o r e c a t e g o r i e s . Were t h i s p r o c e d u r e f o l l o w e d t o i t s l o g i c a l c o n c l u s i o n any v e r b c o u l d be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a s e m a n t i c f e a t u r e t h a t no o t h e r v e r b h a s and t h u s c l a s s i f i e d s e p a r a t e i y . A n o t h e r i n n o v a t i o n i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f a s p e c t was t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e n o t i o n o f n a r k e d n e s s . J a k o b s o n i n t r o d u c e d t h e c o n c e p t o f b i n a r y o p p o s i t i o n and J . M a s l o v a p p l i e d i t t o h i s a n a l y s i s o f t h e B u l g a r i a n v e r b i n 1 9 5 9 I n c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e mar ked member, t h e p e r f e c t i v e v e r b , M a s l o v a d o p t e d t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f Raznusen who i n 1391 d e f i n e d t h e c a t e g o r y o f a s p e c t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way: 1״The p e r f e c t i v e v e r b e x p r e s s e s an a c t i o n c o n s i d e r e d as a s i n g l e w h o l e , w h i l e t h e i m p e r f e c t i v e v e r b e x p r e s s e s an a c t i o n c o n s i d e r e d o n l y f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f i t s c o n c r e t e , d e n o t a t i v e f e a t u r e , w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o i t s t o t a l i t y ” . ( J . F o r s y t h : A G r a n n a r o f A s p e c t : Usage and M e a n i n g o f t h e R u s s i a n V e r b . C a n b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 0 , p . 8 ) L a t e r o n , i n 1 9 7 0 , F o r s y t h a d o p t e d R a z m u s e n ' s and M a s l o v ״ s d e f i n i t i o n s . I n h i s a n a l y s i s o f t h e R u s s i a n v e r b , t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e i m p e r f e c t i v e v e r b i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e a c t i o n l e x i c a l l y , w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o i t s p e r f e c t i v i t y . 10 Radmila J. Gorup - 9783954792269 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 04:17:57AM via free access