NONSUCH PALACE The Material Culture of a Noble Restoration Household Martin Biddle Oxbow Books N ONSUCH, ‘this which no equal has in Art or Fame’, was built by Henry VIII to celebrate the birth in 1537 of Prince Edward, the longed-for heir to the English throne. Nine hundred feet of the external walls of the palace were decorated in stucco with scenes from classical mythology and history, the Gods and Goddesses, the Labours of Hercules, the Arts and Virtues, the heads of many of the Roman emperors, and Henry VIII himself looking on with the young Edward by his side. The largest scheme of political propaganda ever created for the English crown, the stuccoes were a mirror to show Edward the virtues and duties of a prince. Edward visited Nonsuch only once as king and Mary sold it to the Earl of Arundel. Nonsuch returned to the crown in 1592 and remained a royal house until 1670 when Charles II gave the palace and its park to his former mistress, Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleveland. The keeper of Nonsuch at this time was George Lord Berkeley who with his family continued to live there on and off until the final demolition began in 1688. When the palace was excavated by Martin Biddle in 1959, many of the garderobe pits were found to be full of debris from the last years of the Berkeley occupation in the 1680s: glass vessels and tin-glazed ‘delft’ pottery, both of exceptional quality, stoneware, earthenware, glass ‘sack’ bottles, pewter, ironwork, and huge quantities of bird, fish, and mammal bones. Perhaps the richest collection of domestic materials of the later seventeenth century ever recovered by archaeology from a single site — with ‘heirloom’ pieces dating back a century or more — these materials are illustrated and discussed in this volume by leading scholars, three of them former or present curators at the Victoria and Albert Museum. A window into the domestic life and material culture of a noble Restoration household, this book is a landmark in the development of Early Modern Archaeology and an essential work of reference for students and collectors of the material culture of seventeenth-century England. A volume on the art and architecture of Henry VIII’s palace is in preparation. Nonsuch Palace from the north-east , probably by Hendrick Danckerts c. 1666–79. Copyright Nonsuch Park Joint Management Committee. All rights reserved Nonsuch Palace Martin Biddle * * The Material Culture of a Noble Restoration Household Frontispiece. Fine vessel glass: Venetian goblet 1 : p.238, Fig. 110 (1:1). Painted reconstruction by Jenny Stringer Nonsuch Palace Martin Biddle * * The Material Culture of a Noble Restoration Household With contributions by Michael Archer, D. R. Atkinson, C. Bradbury, R. Brownsword, June Chatfield, the late R. J. Charleston, Geoff Egan, Blanche Ellis, Alison R. Goodall, Ian H. Goodall, P. M. Gouk, Robin Hildyard, Alison Locker, Arthur MacGregor, F. R. Maddison, Catherine Mortimer, Hugh Pagan, the late J. H. Thornton, Jane Webster and Rosemary Weinstein Oxbow Books Published by Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK © Martin Biddle, 2005 ISBN 978-1-90018-834-0 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published with the aid of a grant from English Heritage. English Heritage is now Historic England This book is available to download from http://books.casematepublishing.com/Nonsuch_Palace.pdf For IVOR NOËL HUME a founding father of Early Modern Archaeology on two continents THE NONSUCH PALACE EXCAVATION COMMITTEE † Sir John Summerson CBE, FBA (Chairman, 1959–1992) Professor Martin Biddle FBA (Secretary and Director, 1959–) † John Dent FLA (Treasurer, 1959–1972) † Miss J M I Griffiths FLA (Treasurer, 1974–1989) R.P. Brownjohn (1959–) (latterly Borough Engineer, Epsom and Ewell) Miss S.E. Butcher (1974–1980) (Ancient Monuments Inspectorate) † C.G. Cobbett (1959–1986) (Borough Engineer and Surveyor, Epsom and Ewell, Surveyor to the Nonsuch Park Joint Management Committee) Sir Howard Colvin CBE FBA (1959–) (Editor, The History of the Kings Works ) Graham Hunter (1969–1974) (Curator, Bourne Hall Museum, Epsom and Ewell) † John Hurst FBA (1959–2003) (Ancient Monuments Inspectorate) P.H. Moore (1974–1985) Borough Engineer and Surveyor, Epsom and Ewell, Surveyor to the Nonsuch Park Joint Management Committee) † Philip Shearman FSA (1959–1989) (Surrey Archaeological Society and the Nonsuch Society) Arnold Taylor CBE, FBA (1959–1974) (Ancient Monuments Inspectorate) STAFF AND VOLUNTEERS OF THE NONSUCH PROJECT Assistant director (in charge of finds) Alan Millard (1959) Site supervisors Peter Addyman (1959) Lawrence Barfield (1959–60) Joan Collins (1960) Richard Fries (1959–60) Colvin Greig (1959) Ann Hamlin (1959–60) † Frances James (1959) Martin Morris (1960–1) Fabian Radcliffe O.P. (1959) Colin Renfrew (1959) Derek Roe (1959) John Saunders (1959) Finds supervisor † Cedric Yardley (1959–63) Photographers Martin Biddle (1959) John Crook (1990–4) David C Haselden (1959–60) Stanislaus Witkowski (1960) Surveyors Anthony Baggs (1959) Martin Biddle (1960) R.P. Brownjohn (1959) John Haslam (1959) Draughtsmen Terry Ball (1959) Nicholas Griffiths (1973–8, 1982–94) John Pearson (1982–5) Jennifer Stringer (1990–3) Jeffrey Wallis (1988–3) Research Assistants Fiona Gale (1976–8) Josephine Turquet (1974–9) Alison Tinniswood (1985–7) Tim Claydon (1987–9) Jane Webster (1989–94) List of colour plates.................................................................................................................................. xi List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... xii List of tables ......................................................................................................................................... xviii Preface ...................................................................................................................................................... xxi Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................xxiii PART I: INTRODUCTORY 1 General introduction by Martin Biddle .......................................................................................... 1 2 Methods of recording and study by Martin Biddle ........................................................................ 5 PART II: CUDDINGTON 1 The excavation of Cuddington by Martin Biddle ......................................................................... 14 2 The finds from Cuddington ............................................................................................................. 18 i. Pottery by Martin Biddle with commentary by Jacqui Pearce ................................... 18 ii. Jetton by Hugh Pagan ........................................................................................................ 21 iii. Silver-gilt buckle pin by Martin Biddle .......................................................................... 21 iv. Window lead by Geoff Egan ............................................................................................. 21 v. Copper-alloy by Alison H. Goodall ................................................................................. 22 vi. Iron by Ian H. Goodall ....................................................................................................... 22 vii. Animal bone by Alison Locker ........................................................................................ 23 viii. Discussion by Martin Biddle ............................................................................................ 23 PART III: THE DOMESTIC MATERIAL FROM THE OCCUPATION OF THE PALACE AND BANQUETING HOUSE IN THE LATER SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 1 The groups of finds and their dating by Martin Biddle ............................................................... 25 i. The cleanliness of the palace ............................................................................................ 25 ii. Garderobes and artefacts as evidence for the occupation of Nonsuch ..................... 36 CONTENTS C ONTENTS viii iii. Dated and datable artefacts .............................................................................................. 37 iv. Date ranges and dating conventions used in the study of datable artefacts from the palace .................................................................................................................... 52 v. The occupation of Nonsuch: conclusions based on the archaeological evidence ... 53 vi. Written evidence for the use of Nonsuch ....................................................................... 54 vii. The archaeological and documentary evidence compared ......................................... 64 viii. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 69 2 The analytical database by Jane Webster ...................................................................................... 70 3 Tin-glazed ware by Michael Archer ............................................................................................. 71 i. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 71 ii. Catalogue ............................................................................................................................. 72 4 Stoneware by Robin J. C. Hildyard ............................................................................................. 99 i. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 99 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 101 5 Earthenware by Martin Biddle ................................................................................................... 120 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 120 ii. The fabrics .......................................................................................................................... 134 iii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 139 6 Fine vessel glass by the late Robert J. Charleston .................................................................... 200 i. Venetian and façon de Venise glass .................................................................................. 200 ii. Venetian-style glass .......................................................................................................... 213 iii. English crystal (glass of lead) ......................................................................................... 215 iv. Green glass, mainly utilitarian ....................................................................................... 217 v. Beakers ................................................................................................................................ 229 vi. Miscellaneous .................................................................................................................... 235 vii. The chemical composition of a fragment of Nonsuch glass by Julian Henderson ........................................................................................................ 236 viii. Catalogues .......................................................................................................................... 238 7 Green glass bottles by Martin Biddle and Jane Webster ......................................................... 266 i. Thick-walled wine bottles ............................................................................................... 266 ii. The Nonsuch glass bottles and fragments ................................................................... 277 iii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 285 Appendix 1: English dated glass bottles c 1650–1700 ........................................................... 293 Appendix 2: English dated glass bottles 1661–1700, known or believed to exist but not included in Appendix 1 ............................................................................................... 297 8 Wine-bottle seals by Martin Biddle ............................................................................................ 302 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 302 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 306 9 Coins, jettons and tokens by Hugh Pagan and Robert H. Thompson .................................. 316 L IST OF F IGURES ix i. English regal coins ............................................................................................................ 316 ii. Jettons ................................................................................................................................. 317 iii. Tokens ................................................................................................................................. 318 iv. A comparison of numismatic dates and phases by Martin Biddle .......................... 320 10 Clay pipes by D. R. Atkinson ..................................................................................................... 322 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 322 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 322 iii. Summary ............................................................................................................................ 327 11 Pewter vessels by Rosemary Weinstein, with analyses of the alloys by Roger Brownsword ............................................................................................................... 328 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 328 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 331 12 Lead objects by Geoff Egan ......................................................................................................... 335 i. Catalogue: the Palace ....................................................................................................... 335 ii. Catalogue: the Banqueting House ................................................................................. 349 13 Window lead by Geoff Egan ........................................................................................................ 351 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 351 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 353 14 Copper-alloy objects by Alison Goodall with analyses of the alloys by Catherine Mortimer .................................................................................................................... 359 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 359 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 359 iii. Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of selected copper-alloy objects ............... 371 Appendix 1: Surface analysis of copper-alloy objects by XRF ............................................ 372 15 Iron objects by Ian H. Goodall ................................................................................................... 373 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 373 ii. Building ironwork ............................................................................................................ 373 iii. Door, window and furniture fittings ............................................................................. 380 iv. Locks and keys .................................................................................................................. 385 v. Domestic ironwork ........................................................................................................... 388 vi. Knives ................................................................................................................................. 399 vii. Shears and scissors ........................................................................................................... 403 viii. Buckles and personal fittings ......................................................................................... 405 ix. Horseshoes ......................................................................................................................... 407 x. Weapons ............................................................................................................................. 410 xi. Miscellaneous iron objects .............................................................................................. 410 16 Spurs by Blanche M. A. Ellis ..................................................................................................... 412 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 412 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 412 C ONTENTS C ONTENTS x 17 Wooden pocket sundial by Francis R. Maddison and Penelope Gouk .................................. 416 18 Worked bone and ivory by Arthur MacGregor .......................................................................... 419 19 Leather by the late J. H. Thornton ............................................................................................. 428 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 428 ii. Catalogue ........................................................................................................................... 428 20 Miscellaneous objects by Martin Biddle ..................................................................................... 432 21 Animal bone by Alison Locker ................................................................................................... 439 i. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 439 ii. The pre-palace deposits: Cuddington pre-1538 ........................................................... 441 iii. Palace construction: 1538–47........................................................................................... 441 iv. Palace occupation: 1538–1686/8 ..................................................................................... 444 v. Palace demolition: 1682/8 ............................................................................................... 453 vi. The post-palace deposits: 1686/8–1959 ........................................................................ 461 vii. The Banqueting House .................................................................................................... 465 viii. Ageing ................................................................................................................................ 468 ix. Metrical data ...................................................................................................................... 469 x. Conclusions........................................................................................................................ 472 22 Mollusca by June Chatfield ........................................................................................................ 475 i. The Palace .......................................................................................................................... 475 ii. The Banqueting House .................................................................................................... 476 23 The archaeology of a Berkeley household by Martin Biddle ....................................................... 477 Concordance I: The contents of the major groups compiled by Jane Webster .................................. 482 Concordance II: Earthenware vessel numbers and types by Martin Biddle ..................................... 517 Concordance III: Clay pipes by Martin Biddle .................................................................................. 519 List of References ...................................................................................................................................... 525 Index ......................................................................................................................................................... 537 L IST OF F IGURES xi FRONT AND BACK ENDPAPERS Nonsuch Palace from the north-east , probably by Hendrik Danckerts c 1666–79. Copyright Nonsuch Park Joint Management Committee. All rights reserved FRONTISPIECE Venetian goblet, Fine Vessel Glass 1 , painted reconstruction by Jenny Stringer BETWEEN PAGES 112 AND 113 1 Tin-glazed ware: Dutch or English dish 17 2 Tin-glazed ware: Dutch dish 24 and English (probably London) dishes 27 and 28 3 Tin-glazed ware: Netherlandish dish 31 , mug 58 , and drug jar 114 , and Netherlands or English drug jar 111 4 Tin-glazed ware: Netherlandish jug/vase fragments 91–5 5 Tin-glazed ware: Netherlandish flower vase 103 6 Tin-glazed ware: Netherlandish or English drug jars 116–17 and 120–1 7 Stoneware: Cologne Bartmann jug 62 8 Fine vessel glass: Venetian (?) goblet/vase 4 9 Fine vessel glass: pair of Venetian (?) side-handles 67 10 Fine vessel glass: pair of Venetian (?) or perhaps English side-handles 68 11 Fine vessel glass: Venetian (?) bowl 72 LIST OF COLOUR PLATES Photographs by John Crook C ONTENTS xii 1 Nonsuch Palace: the 1959 excavations from the air ........................................................................................................ 2 2 The location of Nonsuch Palace ......................................................................................................................................... 3 3 Nonsuch Palace and the Banqueting House .................................................................................................................... 4 4 Nonsuch Palace: the excavation of the east range, looking south ............................................................................... 6 5 Nonsuch Palace: reconstructed ground plan ................................................................................................................... 7 6 Nonsuch Palace: diagram of a square of the excavation grid ...................................................................................... 8 7 Nonsuch Palace, the Banqueting House: looking west .................................................................................................. 9 8 Nonsuch Palace, the Banqueting House, reconstructed ground plan ....................................................................... 10 9 Key to conventions used in plans and sections ............................................................................................................. 11 10 Cuddington: the church, the cemetery, and other structures ...................................................................................... 15 11 Cuddington: pottery, 1–14 ................................................................................................................................................. 19 12 Cuddington: silver-gilt buckle pin, 1 ............................................................................................................................... 21 13 Cuddington: iron, 1–4 , 6 , 9–12 .......................................................................................................................................... 23 14 Cuddington: iron, 13–17 .................................................................................................................................................... 24 15 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobes 1 and 31, 9 and 26, plans and sections ....................................................................... 28 16 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobe 1, looking west .................................................................................................................. 29 17 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobe 9, looking south ................................................................................................................ 29 18 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobe 4, looking north ................................................................................................................ 30 19 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobes 6 and 7, looking north-west .......................................................................................... 30 20 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobe 4 with earthenware tripod pipkins, looking south .................................................... 31 21 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobe 4 with stoneware jug, earthenware jug and squat jar, looking south .................... 31 22 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobes 2–4, plans and sections .................................................................................................. 32 23 Nonsuch Palace: Garderobes 5–7, 11, and 19, plans and sections ............................................................................. 33 24 Nonsuch Palace: Well in Room 24, plans and section .................................................................................................. 34 25 Nonsuch Palace: Well in Room 24, looking west .......................................................................................................... 35 26 Nonsuch Palace: the Great Cellar, looking west ........................................................................................................... 35 27 Nonsuch Palace: distribution of the full, half-full, and clean garderobes ................................................................ 38 28 Nonsuch Palace find distributions: tin-glazed ware, stoneware, and fine white and green vessel glass .......... 39 29 Nonsuch Palace find distributions, glass bottles ........................................................................................................... 40 30 Nonsuch Palace find distributions: non-ferrous metal objects, iron objects, and clay pipes ................................ 41 31 Nonsuch Palace find distributions, earthenware fabrics: A, all types; B, imported and non-local wares; C, related to CHER and CHER; D, TUDB ...................................................................................................................... 42 32 Nonsuch Palace find distributions, earthenware fabrics: E, GUYS; F, PMCR; G, NONA; H, NONB ................. 43 LIST OF FIGURES Photographs by John A. Brancher (1, 106), Martin Biddle (4, 16–21, 25–7), John Crook (38–9, 41, 44–5, 50, 53– 4, 56, 58, 64, 105, 107–8), David C. Haiselden (72–3), Oxford, Museum of the History of Science (206), and Stanislaus Witkowski (7). Drawings by Terry Ball (68), Nicholas Griffiths (2, 3, 6, 11–14, 34–6, 69–71, 109, 126–46, 151–82, 184–205, 207–29), John Pearson (37, 40, 42–3, 46–9, 51–2, 55–7, 59–63, 65–7, 74, 76–103), Jennifer Stringer (110–25), and Jeffrey Wallis (5, 8–10, 15, 22–4, 28–33). L IST OF F IGURES xiii 33 Nonsuch Palace find distributions, earthenware fabrics: I, PMFR; J, PMBL; K, RBOR; L, BORD ....................... 44 34 The datable artefacts, earliest and latest decades assigned by the contributors: 1, Tin-glazed ware; 2, Stoneware; 3, Earthenware ............................................................................................................................................ 55 35 The datable artefacts, earliest and latest decades assigned by the contributors: 4, Vessel glass; 5, Bottle glass; 6, Clay pipes .............................................................................................................................................. 56 36 The datable artefacts: comparison of the contributors’ assigned dates for four principal classes of artefacts ................................................................................................................................................................................. 57 37 Tin-glazed ware: colour conventions ............................................................................................................................... 71 38 Tin-glazed ware: lid 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 72 39 Tin-glazed ware: bowl 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 72 40 Tin-glazed ware: Group I, 1–5 ; Group II, 6–8 ................................................................................................................ 74 41 Tin-glazed ware: plate 11 ................................................................................................................................................... 74 42 Tin-glazed ware: Group III, 11 ; Group IV, 17 ; Group V, 18–19 ; Group VI, 21 , 23 ................................................... 76 43 Tin-glazed ware: Group VII, 24 , 26–30 ............................................................................................................................ 78 44 Tin-glazed ware: dish 36 .................................................................................................................................................... 80 45 Tin-glazed ware: dish 37 .................................................................................................................................................... 80 46 Tin-glazed ware: Group VIII, 31–5 ; Group IX, 36–7 ..................................................................................................... 81 47 Tin-glazed ware: Group X, 38–9 , 41–2 ; Group XII, 46–7 , 49 , 50 , 55–7 ....................................................................... 83 48 Tin-glazed ware: Group XIII, 58 ; Group XIV, 59–63 ; Group XV, 69 , 70 ; Group XVI, 83–6 .................................... 86 49 Tin-glazed ware: Group XVII, 89 , 90 ; Group XVIII, 91–7 ; Group XIX, 103–5 .......................................................... 89 50 Tin-glazed ware: drug jar 122 ........................................................................................................................................... 95 51 Tin-glazed ware: Group XX, 107–18 , 120–39 , 141–2 , 144 ............................................................................................. 97 52 Tin-glazed ware: Group XXI, 145–6 ................................................................................................................................. 98 53 Stoneware: undecorated Frechen jugs 2 , 4 and 5 ........................................................................................................ 100 54 Stoneware: undecorated Frechen jug 8 ......................................................................................................................... 101 55 Stoneware: Group I, 1–6 ; Group II, 7 , 8 , 10 .................................................................................................................. 103 56 Stoneware: Group IV, Frechen Bartmann vessel 16 ..................................................................................................... 104 57 Stoneware: Group III, 11–13 ; Group IV, 14–17 ............................................................................................................. 105 58 Stoneware: Group V, Frechen Bartmann vessel 18 ....................................................................................................... 106 59 Stoneware: Group V, 18–21 ............................................................................................................................................. 107 60 Stoneware: Group VI, 22–6 .............................................................................................................................................. 108 61 Stoneware: Group VI, 27–8 .............................................................................................................................................. 109 62 Stoneware: Group VIII, 30–41 ......................................................................................................................................... 111 63 Stoneware: Group IX, 42–3 .............................................................................................................................................. 112 64 Stoneware: Group X, Frechen Bartmann vessel 48 ...................................................................................................... 113 65 Stoneware: Group X, 44–52 ............................................................................................................................................. 114 66 Stoneware: Group X, 53–7 ............................................................................................................................................... 115 67 Stoneware: Group XII, 62 ; Group XIII, 63 ; Group XIV, 64 , 69 ................................................................................... 116 68 Stoneware: Medallions, 87–100 ....................................................................................................................................... 117 69 Earthenware: the location of kiln sites and pottery-using sites mentioned in the text ........................................ 123 70 The supply of earthenware to Nonsuch in the second half of the seventeenth century: markets in the Nonsuch area ..................................................................................................................................................................... 124 71 The dating of post-medieval earthenware in the London region: A , the accepted chronology; B , the chronology proposed in the light of the Nonsuch evidence ..................................................................................... 135 72 Earthenware: Martincamp flask Type 1a.2 ; costrel Type 2 ; red ware vessels, juglet Type 12 , jar Type 21b , and mug Type 46a.2 ; cream ware, jug Type 97 , costrel Type 99 , and pipkin Type 100 ....................................... 137 73 Earthenware: red ware vessels, jugs Type 9d and 14 , pipkin Type 25 , jar Type 31b.1 , pan Type 73 , and chamber pot Type 86a ...................................................................................................................................................... 138 C ONTENTS xiv 74 Earthenware: Semi-stonewares, Types 1 , 2 ................................................................................................................... 140 75 Paris tavern scene, 1641, showing wanded bottles ..................................................................................................... 141 76 Earthenware: North Italian sgraffito, Type 3 ; ‘Pink ware’ dish, Type 4 ; North Holland slipware, Type 5 ...... 143 77 Earthenware: Metropolitan slipware, Types 6 , 7 ; Staffordshire slipware, Type 8 ................................................. 144 78 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 9 , 10 .............................................................................................................................. 146 79 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 11–14 ............................................................................................................................ 148 80 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 15–18 ............................................................................................................................ 150 81 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 19–21 ............................................................................................................................ 151 82 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 22–4 .............................................................................................................................. 153 83 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 25–6 .............................................................................................................................. 155 84 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 27–9 .............................................................................................................................. 156 85 Earthenware: Red ware, Type 30 .................................................................................................................................... 159 86 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 31–2 .............................................................................................................................. 160 87 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 33–5 .............................................................................................................................. 162 88 Earthenware: Red ware, Type 36 .................................................................................................................................... 164 89 Earthenware: Red ware, Type 37 .................................................................................................................................... 166 90 Earthenware: Red ware, Type 37–9 ................................................................................................................................ 167 91 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 40–2 , 47 ........................................................................................................................ 168 92 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 43–6 .............................................................................................................................. 170 93 Earthenware: Red ware, Type 48 .................................................................................................................................... 172 94 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 49–61 ............................................................................................................................ 175 95 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 62–5 .............................................................................................................................. 177 96 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 66–70 ............................................................................................................................ 179 97 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 71–5 .............................................................................................................................. 180 98 Earthenware: Red ware, Types 76–85 ....................................................................................................................