Particles - no direct english translation, but here are the closest equivalents Particle - (pronunciation) = english equivalent, example + purpose This is based off of the standard American pronunciation Will organize this when I have time 1. は - (wa as in wander, but typed as “ha”) = is/as for, I は student ( わたしはがくせいです ) + marks the TOPIC as a general statement 2. を - (o as in or, but typed as “wo”) = apple を will eat ( りんごをたべます ) + marks the THING receiving the action 3. が - (ga as in Gandhi) = is, dog が there/exists （いぬがいる） + marks the SUBJECT w/ emphasis 4. に - (ni as in knee but shorter e sound) = to/on/in/at, there に will go ( そこにいきます ) + show DIRECTION, TIME, DESTINATION, emphasis on ARRIVING at the place 5. の - (no as in Nolan) = _’s, You の cat ( あなたのねこ ) + shows POSSESSION 6. で - (de as in Caden) = at/by, Where で meet? ( どこであう ?) + shows WHERE something happens 7. と - (to as in torque) = with/and, you と me ( わたしとあなた ) + links NOUNS 8. へ - (e as in get, but typed as “he”) = indicate DESTINATION supermarket へ go ( スー パーヘいく ) + moving towards, emphasis on the JOURNEY/PATH 9. も - (mo as in more - re) = also/as well as, I も good ( わたしもげんき ) + equivalent to TOO/ALSO/AS WELL AS 10. よ - (yo as in Yoruba) = !!/surprise/convincing tone, delicious よ ! ( おいしいよ !) + adds excitement/convincing tone 11. か - (ka as in Khan - n) = or, dog か cat ( いぬかねこ ) + equivalent to OR 12. や - (ya as in yard) = and as in “for example, _ and _”, for example, Apple や banana ( り んごやバナナ ) + use to provide EXAMPLES or suggest there is MORE (as in etc.) 13. ね - (ne as in happiness) = right?, delicious ね ( おいしいね ) + adds emphasis Vocab words 1. わたし watashi, I 2. あなた anata, you 3. すき suki or sski, like 4. りんご ringo, apple 5. いぬ inu, dog 6. ねこ neko, cat 7. ほん honn, book 8. いく iku, go