Unter Joseph II. wurde 1785 das Josephinum eröffnet und beheimatete die medizinisch-chirurgische Josephs-Akademie, die ausschließlich der Ausbildung für zukünftige Feldchirurgen und als Modell für mehrere Chirurgenschule in Europa diente. Im Laufe ihrer 90-jährigen Geschichte durchlief die militärärztliche Ausbildung, bedingt durch die Entwicklung in der Medizin als auch in der universitären ärztlichen Ausbildung, mehrere grundlegende Veränderungen. Diese führten zu Reformen der Studienpläne an der Akademie. Sie mussten aber zusätzlich berücksichtigen: „dass das Wesen eines wahren Feldarztes stets aus zwei Elementen bestehen müsse, nämlich aus dem ärztlichen-wissenschaftlichen und dem militärischen.“ (Ignaz Traugott Dreyer 1843). Auch wenn in der Medizin- und Militärgeschichte die Josephs-Akademie fast vergessen ist, so haben wichtige Persönlichkeiten an ihr gelehrt und bekannte Schüler ausgebildet.This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched KU Open Services
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Food insecurity is a complex ‘wicked’ problem that results from a range of unstable and uncertain physical, social, cultural and economic factors that limits access to nutritious food. Globally, 800 million people are under-nourished, and around 2 billion are overweight/obese or have micronutrient deficiency. These populations are largely positioned in developing countries where disease burden is high and impacts health budgets and productivity. Similarly developed countries, cities and neighbourhoods are experiencing a greater emergence of vulnerable populations. This is in part explained by the change in the food production and manufacturing, the retraction in economic climates, the increase in food price, and in some regions reduced food availability and access.Vulnerable groups include but are not limited to migrant populations, Indigenous people, elderly, pregnant women, those with disability, homeless, young children and youth. Poor nutrition at significant periods of growth and development and during life impact long term health outcomes increasing non-communicable disease prevalence, health cost and reducing economic productivity.
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S lnge det har funnits litteratur har det ven funnits frsk att kontrollera och styra den. Konst och litteratur r ofta grnsverskridande, och en betydande del av de texter som vi numera rknar till de litterra klassikerna har frn brjan uppfattats som provocerande, blasfemiska eller ansttliga. Provokationen r ett knnetecken fr den moderna litteraturen och har alltsedan 1800-talets mitt kommit att normaliseras. Drfr r det ltt att glmma bort att bokcensur och andra mekanismer fr att motverka spridningen av onskade litterra uttryck r freteelser som inte enbart hr hemma i religist eller politiskt totalitra stater. I Forbidden Literature undersker frfattarna den komplexa relation mellan litteratur och samhlle som styrningen av litterra och andra texter skdliggr. Censur och olika former av restriktioner synliggr till exempel de maktrelationer som freligger mellan stat, marknad, lag, institutioner, medborgare, frfattare och lsare. Den frbjudna litteraturen visar, paradoxalt nog, ocks p en tilltro till litteraturens verkanskraft. Ett frbud mot en text sger alltid ngot om dess frvntade inverkan p lsaren. Det primra syftet med denna antologi r att ge bde historiska och samtida exempel p litteraturens ofta komplexa samspel med yttrandefriheten. Genom elva fallstudier, som behandlar material frn olika platser och olika tider, ger antologin perspektiv p dagens debatter om litteratur och yttrandefrihet. Fallstudierna rr sig mellan flera olika sprk- och kulturomrden, och avhandlar allt frn 1600-talets manualer i svartkonst till modern litteratur och avantgardistisk seriekonst. *** Freedom of the printed word is a defining feature of the modern world. Yet censorship and the suppression of literature never cease, and remain topical issues even in the most liberal of democracies. Today just as in the past, advances in media technology are followed by new regulatory mechanisms. Similarly, any attempt to control cultural expression inevitably spurs fresh discussions about freedom of speech. In Forbidden Literature scholars from a variety of disciplines address censorships past and present, whether in liberal democracies or totalitarian regimes. Through in-depth case studies they trace a historical continuum in which literature reveals its two-sided nature: it demands both regulation and protection. The contributors investigate the logic of literary repression, particularly in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and analyse why it is thought essential to control literature. Moreover, the authors determine how literary practices are shaped and transformed by regulation and censorship. Academic co-ordinator is Ole Marius Hylland, Senior Researcher, Telemark Research Institute Norway
This book documents the inaugural public lecture of Honorary Professor Dr. Murad Erdemir, held on May 28th 2014 in the auditorium of the University of Göttingen. Murad Erdemir is the Vice Director and General Counsel in the Hessian State Authority for Commercial Broadcasting and New Media (LPR Hessen). His inaugural lecture looks at human dignity as a central concept of law and ethics. The lecture covers the media law review and also the supervisory practices of the State Media Authorities and the German Press Council. The full text is reprinted, also including references and further reading.Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert die öffentliche Antrittsvorlesung von Honorarprofessor Dr. Murad Erdemir, gehalten am 28. Mai 2014 in der Aula der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Murad Erdemir, im Hauptamt stellvertretender Direktor und Justiziar der Hessischen Landesanstalt für privaten Rundfunk und neue Medien (LPR Hessen), beschäftigt sich in seiner Antrittsvorlesung mit der Menschenwürde als Zentralbegriff von Recht und Ethik. Dabei konkretisiert er deren Schutzbereich im Hinblick auf die medienrechtliche Bewertung und benennt anhand der Aufsichtspraxis der Landesmedienanstalten und des Deutschen Presserates mögliche Verletzungskategorien. Die im vollen Wortlaut abgedruckte Rede wurde vom Referenten um Gliederungsüberschriften sowie Fundstellen und Vertiefungshinweise ergänzt.
Recent developments have caused important changes in the IT industry: while being considered comparatively resistant to international relocation of jobs for a long time, the IT industry's landscape has changed a lot in the course of the 1990s, when IT companies started to make use of low-wage destinations and integrated them in globally distributed workflows. According to many authors the internationalisation of the IT industry does not only put jobs in high-wage countries into jeopardy, but also formalizes and standardizes the working processes, thus significantly limiting the employees´ task discretion. Drawing upon case studies in the Indian subsidiaries of two transnationally operating IT companies, the presented study critically questions this prognosis. The results clearly show that the forms of work organisation and control in the IT industry do not develop homogeneously or uniformly in the course of internationalization. Instead, it is possible to identify specific modes of reorganization that are shaped by varying patterns of internationalization, on the one hand, and the institutional settings of the offshore destinations, on the other hand."Arbeit in den Bereichen Softwareentwicklung und IT-Dienstleistungen galt lange Zeit als weitgehend resistent gegen die internationale Verlagerung. Doch spätestens seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre hat sich das Bild grundsätzlich gewandelt und auch in diesem Bereich der Wirtschaft begannen Unternehmen, ihre Produktion zunehmend zu internationalisieren. Der Internationalisierung wird in der Folge zugeschrieben, die Formen der Arbeitsorganisation und -kontrolle in dieser Branche grundsätzlich zu verändern, da die globale Verlagerung von Arbeitsprozessen deren zunehmende Standardisierung und Formalisierung nach sich ziehe und damit die Arbeit der IT-Beschäftigten in wesentlich direkterer Form der Kontrolle durch das Management unterwerfe. Entgegen dieser Prognose zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit unter Rückgriff auf zwei Fallstudien in transnational operierenden IT-Unternehmen, dass sich in der IT-Industrie im Zuge der Internationalisierung weniger einheitliche Tendenzen der Arbeitsorganisation und -kontrolle durchsetzen. Vielmehr setzen sich unterschiedliche Reorganisationsmodi von Arbeit durch, die mit unterschiedlichen Folgen für die Arbeitssituation der Beschäftigten einhergehen und von dem dynamischen Wechselspiel zwischen variierenden Internationalisierungswegen innerhalb der IT-Industrie und den institutionellen Gegebenheiten der Offshore-Standorte geprägt sind.
Mit seiner während des Ersten Weltkriegs entstandenen Erzählung legte Simon Dubnow zugleich eine kollektive Biografie der russischen Judenheit vor. Stellvertretend für 35 Jahre der Erniedrigung und Verfolgung, aber auch des Kampfes und der Hoffnung einer ganzen Generation russischer Juden schildert er das Leben eines namenlosen jüdischen Soldaten. Dabei konzentriert er sich auf die Jahre zwischen 1881, der Zeit der Pogrome, und 1915. Die Erzählung wird ergänzt durch einen ausführlichen Kommentar und Dokumente aus dem persönlichen Archiv Simon Dubnows, die hier erstmals veröffentlicht werden.This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched KU Open Services
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The Uncommercial Traveller is a collection of literary sketches and reminiscences written by Charles Dickens. In 1859 Dickens founded a new journal called All the Year Round and the Uncommercial Traveller articles would be among his main contributions. He seems to have chosen the title and persona of the Uncommercial Traveller as a result of a speech he gave on 22 December 1859 to the Commercial Travellers' School London in his role as honorary chairman and treasurer. The persona sits well with a writer who liked to travel, not only as a tourist, but also to research and report what he found; visiting Europe, America and giving book readings throughout Britain. He does not seem content to rest late in his career when he had attained wealth and comfort and continued travelling locally, walking the streets of London in the mould of the flâneur, a 'gentleman stroller of city streets'. He often suffered from insomnia and his night-time wanderings gave him an insight into some of the hidden aspects of Victorian London, details of which he also incorporated into his novels. From Wikipedia (CC BY-SA).
In the public theology discourse, the concept ‘public square’ has become significant. In today’s multicultural and globalised world it is inevitable that people with different religious affiliations will encounter one another in the public square. ‘Public theology’ cannot but become ‘theology of religions’. Scholars in the field of religion studies are compelled to reflect theologically on the relevance of religiosity in the postmodern secular world. The term ‘theology of religions’ refers to the academic inquiry into the relationship between religions. The collected essays constitute such an inquiry. In the end, it is not so much about the encounter of religions, but rather of people. Religion is no longer regarded as a monolithic body of beliefs and practices. The authors concede that the concept ‘religion’ is too fluid to be delineated precisely. The book’s approach to the relationship between religions, i.e. ‘theology of religions’, reflects how the authors understand the origin and nature of religion (a ‘theology of religion’ in the singular). This book focuses more on ‘theology of religions’ (plural) than on ‘theology of religion’ (singular). The main objective of the book is to present a variety of perspectives on how theology of religions manifested in different contexts. This includes historical (i.e. Luther’s theology of religions and the Roman Catholic position on other religions as taken by Vatican II) as well as cultural and religious perspectives. In the first chapter, the editor gives a brief overview of the development of the discipline of theology of religions. The postmodern era is characterised by an almost non-foundational approach. The second chapter traces the development of the discipline in the Roman Catholic tradition in particular. This contribution is based on the insights of P.J. van der Merwe (1944–2014), who as researcher and Head of the Department of Science of Religion and Missiology at the University of Pretoria, developed a specific theological position on non-Christian religions. A whole generation of theologians was trained in this school of thought. He passed away in 2014 and this publication pays tribute to his life’s work on religions and their relations. The contributions that follow are the culmination of the research of postgraduate students at the University of Pretoria. The third chapter presents a perspective on the Reformation, with a particular focus on Martin Luther. In this year of the quincentenary anniversary of the Reformation the legacy of Reformed belief is highlighted. The fourth chapter describes the relationship between Christianity and Islam from the perspective of a willingness to embrace. The fifth chapter analyses the relation between Christianity, Judaism and Islam from the perspective of intergroup threat theory. A model for theology of religions in a South African context is developed in the sixth and final chapter. This scholarly book pays tribute to the academic contribution of P.J. van der Merwe, mentor of the authors of these multifaceted reflections on theology of religions. The target audience is specialists in the field of religion studies. The distinctive contribution of the book is the innovative perspectives on the relationship between Islam and Christianity in both the Roman Catholic and Protestant contexts.