YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. Class Test - 1 Model Answer Class: F Y (AN ,CO Subject: BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BEE) Course Code: 312302 Maximum Marks: 30 1 Define transistor & draw the symbol of NPN, PNP transistor. CO 5 5.1 R [03] Ans A transistor is a three - terminal semiconductor device (Emitter, Base, Collector) used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It controls current flow, functioning as an electronic switch or amplifier, and consists of either NPN or PNP doped mat erials. The key difference is the arrow on the emitter: outward for NPN, inward for PNP. NPN Transistor Symbol • Arrow: Points outward from the emitter (E). • Structure: N - type material separates two P - type layers (implied), but in the symbol, current flows from collector to emitter. • Function: Activates with a positive voltage at the base. PNP Transistor Symbol • Arrow: Points inward toward the base/emitter (E). • Structure: P - type material separates two N - type layers (implied), but in the symbol, current flows from emitter to collector. • Function: Activates with a negative voltage at the base. 2 State LED operating principle. CO4 4.2 U [03] YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. Ans 1)The energy is released in the form of photons on recombination. In standard diodes, the energy is released in the form of heat. But in light - emitting diodes, the energy is released in the form of photons. this phenomenon is Called electroluminescence. 2)Electroluminescence is an optical phenomenon, and electrical phenomenon where a material emits light in response to an electric current passed through it. As the forward voltage increases, the intensity of the light increases and reaches a maximum. 3)When free electrons reach the junction or depletion region, some of the free electrons recombine with the holes in the positive ions. positive ions have less number of electrons than protons. Therefore, they are ready to accept electrons. Thus, free elec trons recombine with holes in the depletion region. In the similar way, holes from p - side recombine with electrons in the depletion region. Some of the charge carriers from p - side and n - side will cross the p - n junction before they recombine in the depletion region. For YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. example, some free electrons from n - type semiconductor cross the p - n junction and recombines with holes in p - type semiconductor. In the similar way, holes from p - type semiconductor cross the p - n junction and recombines with free electrons in the n - type semiconductor. 4)Thus, recombination takes place in depletion region as well as in p - type and n - type semiconductor. 5)The free electrons in the conduction band releases energy in the form of light before they recombine with holes in the valence band. 6)In silicon and germanium diodes, most of the energy is released in the form of heat and emitted light is too small. 7)However, in materials like gallium arsenide and gallium phosphide the emitted photons have sufficient energy to produce intense visible light. 3 Define 1) Diode 2) Forward Biasing 3) Reverse Biasing CO4 4.1 R [03] Ans 1)Diode A diode is a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction. It has two terminals, called the anode and the cathode 2) Forward Biasing Forward biasing is the process of applying an external voltage to a P - N junction diode in a specific direction, allowing current to flow through the diode. In forward bias, the positive terminal of a battery is connected to the P - side of the diode, and the negative terminal is connected to the N - side. This arrangement creates a voltage difference between the P - side and the N - side, which overcomes the potential barrier at the P - N junction. 3)Reverse Biasing Reverse biasing is the process of applying a voltage across a semiconductor diode in a way that opposes the natural flow of current. YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. In reverse bias, the positive terminal of the power supply is connected to the N - type material of the diode, and the negative terminal is connected to the P - type material. This creates a potential barrier at the junction, which prevents current from flowing through the diode. 4 Define Biasing of transistor. CO 5 5.1 R [03] Ans 5 List application of LED CO 4 4.2 R [03] YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. Ans Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are used in many applications, including lighting, displays, and optical communication. Lighting • Residential lighting : LEDs are more energy efficient than incandescent bulbs and can last up to 25 times longer. • TV and smartphone backlighting : LEDs are used to illuminate the backs of TVs and smartphones. • Automotive lighting : LEDs are used in automotive lighting. Displays • LED displays : LEDs are used in LED displays. • Visual indicators : LEDs are used as visual indicators on electronic devices. • Flashing alerts : LEDs are used to create flashing alerts when events occur. Optical communication • Optical detectors LEDs can be used as optical detectors in reverse bias conditions or in photovoltaic mode. • Optical signal transmitters and receivers Pairs of LEDs can be used as transmitters or receivers of an optical signal. Other applications • Machine vision • Phototherapy • Night vision illumination • Currency validation • Optocouplers • Security systems • Remote - controlled operations • Robotics • Medical field 6 Draw Symbol of Zener diode, LED and PN Junction Diode. CO 4 4.1 A [03] Ans 1) Zener Diode Anode(A) Cathode(K) 2) LED: Light Emitting Diode YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 3) PN Junction Diode. 7 Define 1) Voltage Regulation 2) Load Regulation 3) Line Regulation CO 4 4.4 R [03] Ans 1) Voltage regulation refers to a power supply's ability to maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in input voltage ( line regulation ) or output load ( load regulation ). It ensures stable operation by minimizing fluctuations in the output voltage, which is critical for electronic components to function correctly. 1. Voltage Regulation Voltage regulation is the overall capability of a circuit to provide a stable, constant DC output voltage regardless of changes in input voltage or output load current. It is often expressed as a percentage, indicating how well the output voltage is maintained. Percentage Regulation=Vno load−Vfull loadVfull load×100%Percentage Regulation equals the fraction with numerator cap V sub no load end - sub minus cap V sub full load end - sub and denominator cap V sub full load end - sub end - fraction cross 100 % Percentage Regulation= 𝑉 no load− 𝑉 full load 𝑉 full load×100% 2. Load Regulation YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. Load regulation measures the ability of a power supply to maintain a constant output voltage while the output load (current) changes. It is defined as the change in output voltage for a specific range of load current variation. • High Performance: Low load regulation percentage (minimal voltage change). • Vout/V load or expressed as a percentage of the output voltage. 3. Line Regulation Line regulation is the ability of a power supply to maintain a constant output voltage despite variations in the input line voltage. It measures how well the regulator handles changes in the source voltage. • High Performance: Minimal change in output voltage despite large input fluctuations. • Formula: • V out/V in*100% 8 Compare NPN & PNP transistor. CO 5 5.1 U [0 6 ] Ans YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 9 Draw Experimental Circuit diagram of V - I Characteristics of Zener Diode CO 4 4.1 A [0 6 ] Ans YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 10 Compare PN Junction diode & Zener diode CO 4 4.1,4. 2 U [0 6 ] Ans YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 11 Draw & Explain V - I Characteristics of Zener Diode CO 4 4.1 A [0 6 ] Ans YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. A) Forward Bias 1) In Forward Bias Circuit, Positive Terminal of DC battery is connected to first terminal of resistor 470Ω 2)Ammeter is always connected in series with resistor, to measure a current through resistor 3) Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to Zener diode, to measure Voltage develop across Zener diode. 4) Anode of Zener diode is connected to positive terminal of DC battery through Ammeter & Resistor 5)Cathode of Zener diode is connected to Negative terminal of DC battery i.e. ground .B) Reversed Bias 1) In Reversed Circuit, Positive Terminal of DC battery is connected to first terminal of resistor 470Ω 2)Ammeter is always connected in series with resistor, to measure a current through resistor 3) Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to Zener diode, to measure Voltage develop across Zener diode. 4) Cathode of Zener diode is connected to positive terminal of DC battery through Ammeter & Resistor 5)Anode of Zener diode is connected to Negative terminal of DC battery i.e. ground YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. The V - I characteristics of a Zener diode can be divided into two parts as follows: (i) Forward Characteristics (ii) Reverse Characteristics Forward Characteristics of Zener Diode 1) The first quadrant in the graph represents the forward characteristics of a Zener diode. 2) From the graph, we understand that it is almost identical to the forward characteristics of P - N junction diode Reverse Characteristics of Zener Diode 1) When a reverse voltage is applied to a Zener voltage, a small reverse saturation current Io flows across the diode. This current is due to thermally generated minority carriers. 2) As the reverse voltage increases, at a certain value of reverse voltage, the reverse current increases drastically and sharply. This is an indication that the breakdown has occurred. this voltage breakdown voltage or Zener voltage, and Vz denotes it. 12 Compare CB,CE,CC configuration of BJT CO 5 5.3 U [0 6 ] Ans YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 13 Draw & Explain Block diagram of DC regulated Power Supply. CO 4 4.4 A [0 6 ] Ans 1) A step down transformer 2) A rectifier 3) A DC filter 4) A regulator 1) Step Down Transformer 1) A step - down transformer will step down the voltage from the ac mains to the required voltage level. 2) The turn’s ratio of the transformer is so adjusted such as to obtain the required voltage value. 3) The output of the transformer is given as an input to the rectifier circuit. 2) Rectification YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 1) Rectifier is an electronic circuit consisting of diodes which carries out the rectification process. 2) Rectification is the process of converting an alternating voltage or current into corresponding direct (DC) quantity. 3) The input to a rectifier is ac whereas its output is unidirectional pulsating DC. 4) Usually a full wave rectifier or a bridge rectifier is used to rectify both the half cycles of the ac supply (full wave rectification). 3) DC Filtration' 1) The rectified voltage from the rectifier is a pulsating DC voltage having very high ripple content. Butthis is not we want, we want a pure ripple free DC 4) Regulation 1) This is the last block in a regulated DC power supply. 2) The output voltage or current will change or fluctuate when there is change in the input from ac mains or due to change in load current at the output of the regulated power supply or due to other factors like temperature changes. 3) This problem can be eliminated by using a regulator. A regulator will maintain the output constant even when changes at the input or any other changes occur. 4) Transistor series regulator, Fixed and variable IC regulators or a zener diode operated in the zener region can be used depending on their applications. 5) IC’s like 78XX and 79XX are used to obtained fixed values of voltages at the output. waveform. Hence a filter is used. Different types of filters are used such as capacitor filter, LC filter, Choke input filter, π type filter. 14 Draw & explain the working of capacitor Filter, LC filter CO 4 4.3 A [0 6 ] ➢ Shunt Capacitor Filter: As a capacitor allows ac through it and blocks dc, a filter called Shunt Capacitor Filter can be constructed using a capacitor, connected in shunt, as shown in the following figure. YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 1)The rectified output when passed through this filter, the ac components present in the signal are grounded through the capacitor which allows ac components. 2) The remaining dc components present in the signal are collected at the output. The above filter types discussed are constructed using an inductor or a capacitor. Now, let’s try to use both of them to make a better filter. These are combinational filters. Structures and Characteristics of Common Filter Circuits * Capacitor Filter 1)The Shunt Capacitor filter is a filter circuit in which , the filter capacitor is connected in parallel with the rectifier output & Load. 2) A "capacitor input filter" and a "C filter" essentially refer to the same thing - a filter circuit that primarily uses a capacitor to smooth out voltage fluctuations, with the "C" simply representing the capacitor component in the circuit; meaning a "C fil ter" is a basic type of capacitor input filter where the main filtering element is a capacitor placed direct ly at the input of the circuit. also passes through the capacitor. Operation: - 3) While during the time the rectifier is conducting and the potential is higher than the charge across the capacitor, the capacitor will store energy from the transformer; when the output of the rectifier falls below the charge on the capacitor, the capacito r will discharge energy into the circuit. 4) Since the rectifier conducts current only in the forward direction, any energy discharged by the capacitor will flow into the load. This results in output of a DC voltage upon which is superimposed a waveform referred to as a sawtooth wave. YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 5) The sawtooth wave is a convenient linear approximation to the actual waveform, which is exponential for both charge and discharge. The crests of the sawtooth waves will be more rounded when the DC resistance of the transformer secondary is higher. 6) Ripple current A ripple current which is 90 degrees out of phase with the ripple voltage Half Wave Rectifier with Capacitor Filter The main function of half wave rectifier is to change the AC ( Alternating Current ) into DC (Direct Current). However, the acquired output DC is not pure and it is an exciting DC. This DC is not constant and varies with time. Whenever this changing DC is given to any type of electronic device, then it may not function correctly, and tha t may get damaged. Due to this reason, it will not be applicable in most of the applications. ➢ ➢ ➢ ➢ YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. Half Wave Rectifier with Capacitor Filter The main function of half wave rectifier is to change the AC ( Alternating Current ) into DC (Direct Current). However, the acquired output DC is not pure and it is an exciting DC. This DC is not constant and varies with time. Whenever this changing DC is given to any type of electronic device, then it may not function correctly, and tha t may get YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. damaged. Due to this reason, it will not be applicable in most of the applications. 1) Thus, we require a DC that does not change with time. To overcome this problem and to get a smooth DC, there will be solutions namely filter. 2) The energetic DC mainly includes both AC & DC components. So here filter is used to remove or reduce the AC components at the output. 3) The filter can be built with components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors . The circuit diagram of half wave rectifier using a capacitor filter is shown above. 4) This circuit is built with a resistor and capacitor. Here, the connection of the capacitor ‘C’ is in shunt with the ‘RL’ load resistor. 5) Whenever AC voltage is applied to the circuit throughout the positive half cycle, then the diode lets the flow of current through it. We know that the capacitor gives high - resistive lane to DC components as well as low - resistive lane to AC components. 6) The flow of current always chooses to supply through a low resistance lane. So when the flow of current gets the filter, the ac components experience a low - resistance and dc components experience a high - resistance from the capacitor. 7) The DC components flow through the load resistor (low resistance path). YSPM’s Yashoda Technical Campus,Wadhe Satara,415011 GENERAL S CIENCE AND HUMANITIES DEPARTMEN Vision of the Institute To be the recognized and the best rural based engineering college among the institutes in Maharashtra for the excellence in t echnical education which contributes to the needs of society and to inculcate value - based education. Mission of the Institute M1: To create opportunity for rural students with capable clever engineers and technocrats through continual excellence in engine ering education. M2: To create self - disciplined, skilled, physically and mentally fit and robust, ethically and morally powerful engineers and technocrats with t he higher degree of integrity who are responsible and capable to meet the challenges of advance technology of presen t and future scenario for the welfare of mankind and nature. M3 : Promote an educational environment that integrates an excellent academic discipline and research culture to stimulate the o verall technical and social growth of young engineering graduates. M4: Enhance career opportunities for students through Industry - Institute - Interaction and value - added courses training and skill development. M5: Inculcate entrepreneurship mind - set in students to enable them job creators. 8) Throughout the conduction time, the capacitor gets charged to the highest value of the voltage supply. As