1055 1054 EMERGENCY OBSERVATION TREATMENT 1070 NURSE'S STATION 1068 DOCTOR'S DICTATING 1069 INTERVIEW INTERVIEW T elecommunications Distribution Methods Manual Eleventh Edition Moving Ever Closer Toward Global Best Practices TDMM Addressing International Expertise in Telecommunications It is with a great sense of satisfaction and some trepidation that I write this preface for the eleventh edition of BICSI’s flagship manual, the Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual ( TDMM ). I feel satisfaction because I believe that we’ve made great improvements in the breadth, depth, and clarity of the information contained within this new manual. I feel satisfaction because I’ve had the true privilege to work with some of the greatest people and minds in our industry. I am often overwhelmed with a sense of humility when in the room with some of these people who have quite literally shaped our industry as well as made great contributions to the science that we take for granted. And finally, I feel satisfaction because I believe we’ve continued the tradition of the 10 editions before this to continuously improve and expand upon the information that you, the reader, can use. My sense of trepidation originates from nearly the same sources as my sense of satisfaction. Have we let you, the reader, down? Have we made the right decisions in content inclusion (and exclusion)? Have we produced a document that makes it easier to fulfill your obligation to yourself, your employer, and your client? Is this the best we can do? Have we accomplished our goals? Of these questions, I await your answers. If this manual serves the purpose for which you purchased it, then give thanks to the many volunteers who invested countless hours of time away from their loved ones to give it to you. If, on the other hand, it falls short, then the responsibility for that is mine. Please use the BICSI reader comments form to help us correct mistakes, errors of omission, or simply to tell us how to better serve you with future editions. That form can be found as the last page in the Preface section of this manual. Global Best Practices For many editions, BICSI has striven to make the TDMM more relevant to our membership outside of North America. This has been approached in a number of ways. With this edition, I believe that we have made a quantum leap forward in achieving that goal. Until now, we’ve attempted to assign standards from various organizations as the basis for our recommendations. This approach falls apart, however, when one considers the need to assign standards for each region or country that has readership. Imagine including references to over one hundred standards for each design recommendation! Valiant attempts were made at doing this but, in the end, we needed a new paradigm. That paradigm is imbedded in this edition of the TDMM , and it is based on the premise that BICSI can recommend to you, the reader, global best practices to follow when designing an information transport system (ITS). These best practices may be equivalent to a local standard or more stringent. At all times, the designer is responsible for knowing the local standards and codes that apply to his or her design. By recommending to you how to do a design based on our international expertise, we are freed from the bounds of ethnocentricity in supporting the recommendation. The recommendations for what is best are valid whether your project is in Boise or Botswana. The standards that further inform your design are, of course, still relevant, but the “best way to do it” is the best way to do it, independent of the location on our globe. We have not, however, taken any standards out of the TDMM . All references for standards continue to be a part of each chapter and are included at the end of each for your use. A complete listing of all these standards also can be found in the Bibliography and Resources sections at the end of both binders of this manual. New Chapters Reflecting the ever-broadening knowledge base required of the telecommunications designer, we’ve included new information. There are new chapters on Electronic Safety and Security (ESS), Data Center design, and a return of overview information regarding Customer-Owned Outside Plant (CO-OSP). There are new appendixes on Legal Considerations for the Designer, Mechanical, Ingress, Climatic, Electromagnetic (MICE) Considerations, Legacy Horizontal Pathways, Network Interfaces and Demarcation Points in the U.S., and Regulations and Standards for Emissions and Immunity. You’ll find a new chapter called “Telecommunications Spaces” that is a compilation of material previously found in Telecommunications Rooms and Enclosures, Equipment Rooms, and Telecommunications Entrance Facilities. This change reflects the influence of the Construction Specification Institute (CSI) on our industry and one of their philosophies of “say it once and say it right.” We found that much of the recommendations for these various spaces were the same and were repeated in each chapter—it only made sense to combine them and reduce the redundancy. Some chapters have been nearly completely rewritten, including Overhead Paging, Network Fundamentals, and Wireless. I believe you’ll find them greatly improved. Added information on design of Nurse Call systems has been included with an eye towards greatly expanding BICSI’s information regarding design of ITS in a healthcare environment. The Process As many of you know, the Technical Information and Methods Committee (TI&M) is responsible for the development of all technical information published by BICSI. This committee is made up solely of volunteers. Beginning with the development of this edition, the committee has been reorganized to be made up of subject matter experts (SMEs) assigned to each of the subject matters covered within the TDMM and now, within any manual that BICSI publishes. It is our hope that this type of organizational structure will reduce and ultimately eliminate the possible conflicts between our publications. One person is responsible for each of the areas of expertise. Those individuals cannot do it alone, however, and your assistance is sought out and needed. If you can help us get better, please consider volunteering. What many do not know is the tireless dedication of BICSI’s professional staff and contractors and the plain fact that without their work, we’d have no manuals. In particular, I’d like to thank Lead Technical Editor Joan Hersh, Co-Technical editors Nermina Miller and Nelda Hills for their extraordinary editorial work, and Senior Publications Design Facilitator Danielle Fernandez. A special thanks also to Senior Editor Clarke Hammersley for shepherding us all toward a successful and on-time completion. We couldn’t have done it without them. Closing Comments Thank you for taking a moment to read this preface. Thank you for your commitment to the ITS industry. A special thank you to my family, Barbara, Ethan and Landon, for your support and love that is always there for me, even while I’m away. And to all the TI&M Committee, the supporting volunteers, and all the membership of BICSI who have contributed to making this the best edition of the TDMM ever. David P. Labuskes, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, CSI Chair, BICSI TI&M Committee Thank you for ordering the Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual , 11th edition, 2006. Please place the chapter tabs in front of the title page for each chapter. The section tabs should be inserted in front of the following pages: Chapter 1: Principles of Transmission 1-1 Metallic Media 1-85 Optical Fiber Chapter 4: Horizontal Distribution Systems 4-5 Horizontal Pathway Systems 4-61 Horizontal Cabling Systems Chapter 5: Backbone Distribution Systems 5-27 Backbone Pathway Systems 5-57 Campus Cabling We welcome all comments about this manual. If you have any questions about BICSI and its services, please contact our office at 800.242.7405 (USA/Canada toll free); +1 813.979.1991; fax +1 813.971.4311; e-mail bicsi@bicsi.org; Web site www.bicsi.org. M A N U A L Telecommunications Distribution Methods 11th Edition Volume 1 BICSI ® , Tampa, FL 33637 © 2006 by BICSI ® All rights reserved. Eleventh edition published 2006 Third printing September 2006 Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved ISBN 1-928886-32-9 All brand names, trademarks, and registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders. No part of this manual may be used, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior agreement and written permission from the publisher. The contents of this manual are subject to revision without notice due to continued progress in methodology, design, and manufacturing in the telecommunications industry. THIS MANUAL IS SOLD AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, RESPECTING THE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES FOR THE MANUAL’S QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. BICSI SHALL NOT BE LIABLE TO THE PURCHASER OR ANY OTHER ENTITY WITH RESPECT TO ANY LIABILITY, LOSS, OR DAMAGE CAUSED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY BY THIS MANUAL. BICSI World Headquarters 8610 Hidden River Parkway Tampa, FL 33637-1000 USA Tel.: +1 813.979.1991 or Tel.: 800.242.7405 (USA & Canada toll-free) Fax: +1 813.971.4311 E-mail: bicsi@bicsi.org Web: www.bicsi.org Thank you for ordering the new eleventh edition of BICSI’s flagship manual, the Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual ( TDMM ). The officers and directors of BICSI are pleased to provide an up-to-date reference manual that offers proven design guidelines and methods accepted by the telecommunications industry. Volunteers outside the United States and Canada have provided valuable input to make the newest edition of the TDMM a valuable tool for an international audience. As an ITS association, BICSI serves the industry by providing excellent opportunities to learn new technologies through the Registered Communications Distribution Designer (RCDD ® ) registration program, Network Transport Systems (NTS), and Outside Plant (OSP) Wireless Design (WD) Specialty enhancements, telecommunications distribution design and installation courses, several educational conferences each year, and technical publications such as the Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual ( TDMM ), Network Design Reference Manual ( NDRM ), Electronic Safety and Security Design Reference Manual ( ESSDRM ), Customer-Owned Outside Plant ( CO-OSP ) Design Manual, Information Transport Systems Installation Manual (ITSIM ), Wireless Design Reference Manual ( WDRM ), Residential Network Cabling Manual (RNCM), BICSI Information Transport Systems Dictionary, and the new AV Design Reference Manual ( AVDRM ), the first-ever joint venture manual between BICSI and InfoComm International ® . The new AVDRM will be published in the summer of 2006. If you have questions about BICSI and its services, please contact our office at 800.242.7405 (USA & Canada toll-free) or +1 813.979.1991; fax: +1 813.971.4311. You also may contact BICSI via e-mail and our Web site: www.bicsi.org and bicsi@bicsi.org. We welcome your comments about the TDMM . To do so, simply complete the Reader’s Comment Form on the last page of the Preface of this manual and return it to BICSI. Our goal is to make BICSI publications the most important tools in your office. John Bakowski, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, President Edward J. Donelan, RCDD/NTS Specialist, President-Elect Brian Hansen, RCDD/NTS Specialist, Treasurer Steve Calderon, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, Secretary Christine Klauck, RCDD/NTS Specialist, U.S. Northeast Region Director Charles Wilson, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, U.S. Southeast Region Director Jerry Bowman, RCDD/NTS Specialist, U.S. North-Central Region Director James Ray Craig, RCDD/NTS Specialist, U.S. South-Central Region Director David A. Richards, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, U.S. Western Region Director Roman Dabrowski, RCDD, Canadian Region Director Brendan Greg Sherry, RCDD/NTS/WD Specialist, European Region Director Donna French Dunn, Executive Director and CEO The 2006-07 BICSI Board of Directors would like to thank the members of the 2005-06 Board of Directors, under whose leadership much of this manual was produced: Russell B. Oliver, RCDD/NTS Specialist, President; Steve Calderon, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, Secretary; Edward J. Donelan, RCDD/NTS Specialist, Treasurer; Christine Klauck, RCDD/NTS Specialist, U.S. Northeast Region Director; Charles Wilson, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, U.S. Southeast Region Director; Brian Hansen, RCDD/NTS Specialist, U.S. North-Central Region Director; James Ray Craig, RCDD/NTS Specialist, U.S. South-Central Region Director; David A. Richards, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, U.S. Western Region Director; Roman Dabrowski, RCDD, Canadian Region Director; Rita Recalcati, RCDD/NTS Specialist, European Region Director. WARNING It is the responsibility of the user of this manual to determine the use of the applicable safety and health practices (e.g., in the United States, Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA], National Electrical Code ® [ NEC ® ] , National Electrical Safety Code ® [ NESC ® ]) associated with telecommunications systems installation and design practices. BICSI shall not be liable to the purchaser or any other entity with respect to any liability, loss, or damage caused directly or indirectly by application or use of this manual. No project is so important nor any completion deadline so critical to justify nonconformance to industry standards. This manual does not address safety issues associated with its use. It is the telecommunications professional’s responsibility to use established and appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of all regulatory issues. © 2006 BICSI ® i TDMM, 11th edition Acknowledgments BICSI’s Technical Information and Methods (TI&M) Committee serves to coordinate the information within all BICSI’s technical publications. BICSI officers, membership, and staff wish to thank the TI&M Committee and the many volunteer contributors who helped in the development of the eleventh edition of BICSI’s Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual ( TDMM ). The following dedicated Subject Matter Expert Team Leaders (SMETLs) and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) provided the key expertise required for the development of this new manual: TI&M Project Manager: David Labuskes, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, CSI, BICSI Chair— TI&M Committee, RTKL Associates, Inc. Chapter 1 Chapter SMETL: John Rupf, PhD, PE, RCDD/NTS/WD Specialist, Southern Polytechnic State University SME Contributors: Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightlake Limited Gary Thornton, MIEE, CableNet Training Services Chapter 2 Chapter SMETL: Paul Kish, Belden CDT SME Contributors: Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightlake Limited Chapter 3 Chapter SMETL: Beatriz M. Bezos, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, PE, MSCE, PMP, Bezos Technologies Chapter 4 Chapter SMETL: Robert Y. Faber, RCDD/NTS Specialist, The Siemon Company SME Contributors: Robert M. Gross, RCDD/OSP Specialist, The Benham Companies Igor G. Smirnov, RCDD, AESP East Europe George W. Stewart, RCDD, CrossCom National Chapter 5 Chapter SMETL: George Fewell, RCDD Principles of Transmission Electromagnetic Compatibility Work Areas Horizontal Distribution Systems Backbone Distribution Systems Acknowledgments, continued Chapter 6 Co-Chapter SMETLs: Beatriz M. Bezos, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, PE, MSCE, PMP, Bezos Technologies Robert Y. Faber, RCDD/NTS Specialist, The Siemon Company Robert Jensen, RCDD, Fluke Networks, Inc. SME Contributors: Donna Ballast, RCDD, dbi Robert M. Gross, RCDD/OSP Specialist, The Benham Companies Philip W. Janeway, RCDD, Time Warner Telecom Igor G. Smirnov, RCDD, AESP East Europe George W. Stewart, RCDD, CrossCom National Chapter 7 Chapter SMETL: James P. Stahl Jr., Specified Technologies, Inc. SME Contributor: Julio Lopes, Specified Technologies, Inc. Chapter 8 Chapter SMETL: Kenneth Michaels, CPQ, BellSouth Communication Systems Chapter 9 Chapter SMETL: Brent Lehmkuhl, PE, RCDD, RTKL Associates, Inc. SME Contributors: Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightlake Limited Chapter 10 Chapter SMETL: Ed Phillips, RCDD, Tel-Comm Contracting, Inc Chapter 11 Chapter SMETL: Robert Jensen, RCDD, Fluke Networks, Inc. SME Contributors: Donna Ballast, RCDD, dbi Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightlake Limited Hugo Draye, Fluke Networks, Inc. Robert Y. Faber, RCDD/NTS Specialist, The Siemon Company Paul Kish, Belden CDT Telecommuni- cations Spaces Firestopping Grounding, Bonding, and Protection Power Distribution Telecommuni- cations Administration Field Testing TDMM, 11th edition ii © 2006 BICSI ® Acknowledgments, continued Chapter 12 Chapter SMETL: Captain Donald E. Nelson RCDD/WD Specialist, TPM, PMP, Nelson Consulting Associates Chapter 13 Chapter SMETL: Jeff Coil, RCDD, Graybar Electric SME Contributor: Chris Scharrer, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, The Benham Companies Chapter 14 Chapter SMETL: Jeff Coil, RCDD, Graybar Electric Chapter 15 Chapter SMETL: Chris Scharrer, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, The Benham Companies Chapter 16 Chapter SMETL: Chris Scharrer, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, The Benham Companies SME Contributors: Cory Boon, RCDD/NTS Specialist, Techformatique, Inc. Steve Kepekci, RCDD/NTS Specialist, Techformatique, Inc. Chapter 17 Chapter SMETL: Tony Whaley, RCDD/NTS Specialist, RTKL Associates, Inc. SME Contributors: Mike Intag, RCDD, Intag Communications William G. Moore, RCDD, GROUP MIDWEST John Rupf, PhD, PE, RCDD/NTS/WD Specialist, Southern Polytechnic State University Chapter 18 Chapter SMETL: Jerry Bowman, RCDD/NTS Specialist, CISSP, CPP, BICSI U.S. North-Central Region Director, CommScope Enterprise Solutions SME Contributor: John Philippi, CPP, PSP, Ross & Baruzzini Maxwell Stevens, CPP, CSI CDT, RTKL Associates, Inc. Design, Construction, and Project Management Private CATV Distribution Systems Overhead Paging Systems Building Automation Systems Data Network Design Wireless Electronic Safety and Security © 2006 BICSI ® iii TDMM, 11th edition Acknowledgments, continued Chapter 19 Chapter SMETL: John Adams, RCDD/OSP Specialist, Adams Telecomm SME Contributors: Jeffrey Beavers, RCDD/OSP Specialist, Henderson Engineers, Inc. Bill Boyd, RCDD/OSP Specialist, Indianapolis Electric Company, Inc. Terri Brown, Superior Essex Edward Brower, RCDD/OSP Specialist, BellSouth Communication Systems William Bush, Grounding and Bonding Protection Consultant Kerry Engmark, RCDD, Kearney Electric, Inc. R.S. (Bob) Erickson, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, Communications Network Design George Fewell, RCDD Herbert (Butch) Gall, RCDD, General Dynamics Elisha Gray, RCDD, Graybar Electric Robert M. Gross, RCDD/OSP Specialist, The Benham Companies Joe Hite, RCDD/OSP Specialist, CT Communications Randall Holt, RCDD/OSP Specialist, Puka Enterprises Richard King, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, TKG Consulting Engineers, Inc. Philip Klingensmith, RCDD/OSP Specialist, Compass Telecommunications Consulting Chuck Lohrmann, RCDD/OSP Specialist, TPM Dan Munson, RCDD, General Dynamics Victor Phillips, RCDD/OSP Specialist, ITSDI Jay Romlein, RCDD/OSP Specialist, CSHQA. Corporation Chapter 20 Chapter SMETL: Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightlake Limited SME Contributors: Jerry Bowman, RCDD/NTS Specialist, CISSP, CPP, BICSI U.S. North-Central Region Director; CommScope Enterprise Solutions Simon Brimble, MIEE, Arup Communications Alva Eaton, Panduit Corporation Barry Elliot, BSc, MBA, RCDD, Engineering Education Limited Jonathan Jew, J&M Consultants , Inc. Rhonda Johnson, Panduit Corporation Mani Manivannan, MIEE, Arup Communications Michael Shaw, RCDD/LAN Specialist, Morgan Stanley Customer- Owned Outside Plant Data Centers TDMM, 11th edition i v © 2006 BICSI ® Acknowledgments, continued Chapter 21 Chapter SMETL: Robert M. Gross, RCDD/OSP Specialist, The Benham Companies SME Contributor: Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightlake Limited Chapter 22 Chapter SMETL: Robert Jensen, RCDD, Fluke Networks, Inc. SME Contributors: Richard S. Anderson, RCDD, CSI, Servamatic Donna Ballast, RCDD, dbi Jack Dix, GE Interlogix John Pryma, RCDD/NTS Specialist, Honeywell Cable Products Appendix A Appendix SMETL: Richard S. Anderson, RCDD, CSI, Servamatic SME Contributors: Donna Ballast, RCDD, dbi Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightland Limited Thierry Besrest, Ortronics Barry Elliot, Engineering Education Limited Robert Jensen, RCDD, Fluke Networks, Inc. Calvin Roberts, RCDD, Network Infrastructure Services & Operations (NISO) U.S. Army Information Technology Agency (ITA) Samuel R. Rosenthal, RCDD/NTS Specialist, Rosenthal Consulting, Inc. Michael Shaw, RCDD/LAN Specialist, Morgan Stanley Appendix B Appendix SMETL: Robert Y. Faber, RCDD/NTS Specialist, The Siemon Company SME Contributor: John Michlovic; HH Robertson Floor Systems Appendix C Appendix SMETL: Philip W. Janeway, RCDD, Time Warner Telecom Appendix D Appendix SMETL: David Labuskes, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist, CSI, BICSI Chair—TI&M Committee, RTKL Associates, Inc. Special Design Considerations Residential Cabling Codes, Standards, and Regulations Legacy Horizontal Pathways Network Interfaces and Demarcation Points in the U.S. Regulations and Standards for Emissions and Immunity © 2006 BICSI ® v TDMM, 11th edition Acknowledgments, continued Appendix E Appendix SMETL: Paul Kish, Belden CDT SME Contributors: Stephen Banks, RCDD, Nightlake Limited Robert Jensen, RCDD, Fluke Networks, Inc. Bob Lounsbury, Rockwell Automation Appendix F Appendix SMETL: Jerry Bowman, RCDD/NTS Specialist, CISSP, CPP, BICSI U.S. North-Central Region Director, CommScope Enterprise Solutions SME Contributor: M. Georgia Gibson-Henlin, Attorney-At-Law, N2N Networks Limited Glossary Chair/Editor: Robert Y. Faber, RCDD/NTS Specialist, The Siemon Company Contributors: All TDMM subject matter experts Bibliography & Index: Nermina Miller (under contract) Participants, TDMM 11 th edition Editorial Review, Tampa, FL, October 19-23, 2005: John Adams, RCDD/OSP Specialist; Richard S. Anderson, RCDD, CSI; Stephen Banks, RCDD; Jerry Bowman, RCDD/NTS Specialist, CISSP, CP; R.S. (Bob) Erickson, RCDD/ NTS/OSP/WD; Robert Y. Faber, RCDD/NTS Specialist; George Fewell, RCDD; Robert M. Gross, RCDD/OSP Specialist; Philip W. Janeway, RCDD; Paul Kish; David Labuskes, RCDD/NTS/OSP Specialist; Brent Lehmkuhl, PE, RCDD; Kenneth Michaels; Captain Donald E. Nelson, RCDD/WD Specialist; Samuel R. Rosenthal, RCDD/NTS Specialist; John Rupf, PhD, PE, RCDD/NTS/WD Specialist; James P. Stahl Jr.; and Tony Whaley, RCDD/NTS Specialist. BICSI staff attending: Patricia Boyland, Danielle E. Fernandez, John Fitzpatrick, Clarke W. Hammersley, Joan Hersh, Karen Jacob, Colleen McIlroy, and Ron Shaver. MICE Considerations Legal Considerations for the Designer TDMM, 11th edition v i © 2006 BICSI ® Acknowledgments, continued The following BICSI Professional Development and Credentialing staff members produced this manual at BICSI World Headquarters, Tampa, FL: Director of Professional Development and Credentialing : Patricia Boyland, CAE Manager of Knowledge Architecture: Ron Shaver, RCDD/NTS/OSP/WD Specialist, Master Instructor BICSI TDMM Project Manager/ Senior Technical Editor : Clarke W. Hammersley TDMM Lead Technical Editor: Joan Hersh TDMM Technical Co-Editors: Nelda Hills (under contract) Karen Jacob Nermina Miller (under contract) Design and Production: Danielle E. Fernandez, Senior Publications Design Facilitator John Ditzel, Publications Design Facilitator © 2006 BICSI ® vii TDMM, 11th edition TDMM, 11th edition viii © 2006 BICSI ® BICSI Policy for Numeric Representation of Units of Measurement BICSI technical manuals primarily follow the modern metric system, known as the International System of Units (SI). The SI is intended as a basis for worldwide standardization of measurement units. Generally, units of measurement in this manual are expressed in SI terms, followed by an equivalent imperial (U.S. customary) unit of measurement in parentheses (see exceptions listed below): • In general, SI units of measurement are converted to an imperial unit of measurement and placed in parentheses. Exception: When the reference material from which the value is pulled is provided in imperial units only, the imperial unit is the benchmark. • In general, soft (approximate) conversions are used in this manual. Soft conversions are considered reasonable and practicable; they are not precise equivalents. In some instances, precise equivalents (hard conversions) may be used when it is a: – Manufacturer requirement for a product. – Standard or code requirement. – Safety factor. • For metric conversion practices, refer to SI 10-02 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ® (IEEE) SI 10, American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System • Trade size is approximated for both metric and nonmetric purposes. Example: 103 mm (4 trade size). • American wire gauge (AWG) and plywood are not assigned dual designation SI units. Dimensions shown in association with AWGs represent the equivalent solid conductor diameter. When used in association with flexible wires, AWG is used to represent stranded constructions whose cross-sectional area (circular mils) is approximately equivalent to the solid wire dimensions provided. • In some instances (e.g., optical fiber media specifications), the physical dimensions and operating wavelengths are designated. • When Celsius temperatures are used, an equivalent Fahrenheit temperature is placed in parentheses. © 2006 BICSI ® i x TDMM, 11th edition