Chapter 3 Geographies of Population & Migration In this Chapter you will learn: • That it is very important for governments try to manage their populations through policies • Companies use demographic information as consumer research Why Study Population? • To face future challenges • To recognize future opportunities Predict future economic needs • You need workers to have highly productive economy • Some countries have to import workers to supplement the small working-age population Drives Political Fights • Immigration laws • Social Security, Affordable Health-care Act, Medicare funding Age-Sex Pyramids Shows the composition of Germany’s population in 2006 3 Cohorts • Youth Cohort • Population less than 15 years old • Middle Cohort • Population between 15 and 64 • Old-age cohort • Population 65 or above Baby Boomers Impact Geodemographic Analysis • Assessing the location and composition of particular populations • Businesses use this data to make marketing decisions and where to locate • Census data collection • How we know who is where • Not accurate but the only source we have 3 critical Influences on Population • Reproduction • Death • Movement of people Calculating Population Growth • Must factor birth and death rates • Must factor immigration and emigration Growth = Births – Deaths + (Immigration – Emigration) G = B – D + (I – E) Factors That Influence Fertility Rates • Economic Development • Demographic structure of population (men to women) • Education • Religion • Social Customs/Behaviors • Diet & Health • Politics/Civil Unrest • Availability of birth control Factors That Influence Death Rates • Health care availability • Social class • Occupation (i.e. coal miners vs school teachers) • Place of residence • Poorer groups have higher death rates than middle class • Urban areas have higher death rates than rural areas Infant Mortality Rate • A figure that expresses the # of deaths during the first year of life per every 1000 live births. • Infant mortality rates are higher in the Peripheral countries • Infant mortality rates are lower in the Core countries Replacement Level Fertility • Birthrates and death rates are balanced creating stability in the population Life Expectancy Rate • Life expectancy is calculated as the number of years a person is expected to survive based on the statistical average • Varies from: • Country to country • Place to place within cities • Among different classes, genders, racial, and ethnic groups • Is influenced by epidemics Movement of People • Internal Migration – migration from one area to another within a particular country • International Migration – migration from one country to another • Voluntary Migration – people move because they choose to • Forced Migration – people are forced to move