Welcome to the electronic edition of Global Wine Markets, 1961 to 2009 The book opens with the bookmark panel and you will see the contents page. Click on this anytime to return to the contents. You can also add your own bookmarks. Each chapter heading in the contents table is clickable and will take you direct to the chapter. Return using the contents link in the bookmarks. The whole document is fully searchable. Avoid quote marks. Enjoy. Kym Anderson and Signe Nelgen Global wine markets, 1961 to 2009: a statistical compendium UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE PRESS Global wine markets, 1961 to 2009: a statistical compendium Kym Anderson and Signe Nelgen “The first edition of this ground-breaking book (to 2001) was an indispensible part of my reference library, its pages festooned with post-it markers. The rate and amount of change in global wine markets since then could not have been envisioned by the authors (or anyone else), so while this is technically a revised edition, it is to all intents and purposes a new work, every bit as indispensible as the first edition.” James Halliday , wine critic and author of the Australian Wine Companion “Kym Anderson and Signe Nelgen’s data track the astonishing changes undergone by the wine world over the last half-century in meticulous detail. This volume should be an essential download for everyone researching, studying or writing about wine.” Andrew Jefford , wine writer for Decanter and author of The New France “The ever-changing world wine market has progressively become more global and interconnected among nations. To understand these changes it is more important than ever to take a global perspective, which requires information at a global level. This newly expanded and updated statistical compendium will be useful for anyone interested in knowing about and understanding the changing patterns of wine production, consumption and trade in various parts of the world. It is also an invaluable resource for economists and others who seek to analyze those patterns and their underlying causes.” Professor Julian Alston , Director of the Robert Mondavi Institute’s Center for Wine Economics, University of California, Davis “ The authors have revised and expanded what was already an indispensable compendium to another, even higher level.” Professor Orley Ashenfelter , Princeton University and founder/author/publisher of the newsletter Liquid Assets Kym Anderson is George Gollin Professor of Economics and foundation Executive Director of the Wine Economics Research Centre at the University of Adelaide. He has published numerous articles on the economics of wine for industry and academic journals as well as a 2004 book on The World’s Wine Markets: Globalization at Work. He has served on the Board of Directors of Australia’s Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation (2000-05), and is a co-founder and Vice- President of the American Association of Wine Economists and a Co-Editor of the Journal of Wine Economics. Signe Nelgen grew up in a wine-producing family in Germany and is a doctoral student in the School of Economics at the University of Adelaide. Global wine markets, 1961 to 2009: a statistical compendium Kym Anderson and Signe Nelgen Until very recently, most grape-based wine was consumed close to where it was produced, and mostly that was in Europe. Barely one-tenth of the world’s wine production was exported prior to the 1970s, even counting intra-European trade. The latest wave of globalization has changed that forever. Now more than one-third of all wine consumed globally is produced in another country, and Europe’s dominance of global wine trade has been greatly diminished by the surge of exports from ‘New World’ producers. New consumers also have come onto the scene as incomes have grown, eating habits have changed and tastes have broadened. Asia in particular is emerging as a new and rapidly growing wine market – and in China that is stimulating the development of local, modern production capability that, in volume terms, already rivals that of Argentina, Australia and South Africa. This latest edition of global wine statistics therefore not only updates data to 2009 and revises past data, but also expands on earlier editions in a number of ways. For example, we now separately identify an extra eight Asian countries or customs areas (Hong Kong, India, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand) in addition to China and Japan. We also include more than 40 new tables to cover such items as excise and import taxes, per capita expenditure on wine, the share of domestic sales in off-trade, the shares of the largest firms in national markets and globally, and the most powerful wine brands globally. Given the growing interest in the health aspects of alcohol consumption, we now express it per adult as well as per capita. Perhaps the most significant addition to this latest version is a new section that provides estimates of the volume, value and hence unit value of wine production, consumption, exports and imports for four catagories: non-premium, commercial-premium, super- premium and sparkling wines. About the Wine Economics Research Centre The Wine Economics Research Centre was established in 2010 by the School of Economics and the Wine2030 Network of the University of Adelaide, South Australia, having been previously a research program in the University’s Centre for International Economic Studies. Its purpose is to promote and foster its growing research strength in the area of wine economics, and to complement the university’s long-established strength in viticulture and oenology research. The University of Adelaide is the Southern Hemisphere’s premier wine research and teaching university and is part of the adjacent Wine Innovation Cluster which includes the University’s School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and the Australian Wine Research Institute (established in 1955). Adelaide is the capital of the state of South Australia, where nearly half of Australia’s winegrapes and two-thirds of Australia’s wine exports originate. Adelaide has four major wine regions and more than 200 cellar doors within an hour’s drive (Adelaide Hills, Barossa Valley, McLaren Vale and Southern Fleurieu/Langhorne Creek), in addition to South Australia’s three other key wine regions (Clare Valley, Coonawarra/Limestone Coast and the Riverland). The University of Adelaide is also home to the National Wine Centre of Australia. The Wine Economics Research Centre is unique in Australia and one of few similar centres around the world. It has close links with the Center for Wine Economics at the Robert Mondavi Institute for Wine and Food Science at the University of California, Davis, and with the American Association of Wine Economists’ Journal of Wine Economics. The key objectives of the Wine Economics Research Centre are to: publish wine economics research outputs and disseminate them to industry and government as well as academia contribute to economics journals, wine industry journals and related publications promote collaboration and sharing of information, data and analyses between industry and government agencies as well as research institutions sponsor wine economics seminars, workshops and conferences and contribute to other grape and wine meetings The founding Executive Director of the Wine Economics Research Centre is Professor Kym Anderson. Contact details are as follows: Wine Economics Research Centre School of Economics University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia Email: kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au Website: www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ Global wine markets, 1961 to 2009 This volume revises, updates, and expands the volume first published in 2004 by the Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation for the University of Adelaide and Monash University and re-published as: Wittwer, G. and K. Anderson, Global Wine Markets, 1961 to 2003: A Statistical Compendium , Adelaide: University of Adelaide Press, 2009. Freely available as an e-book at: www.adelaide.edu.au/press/titles/global-wine. The annual time series data are also available as an Excel spreadsheet at: www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ The authors welcome comments on how to improve the quality and coverage of data and the way they have been summarized. Please send feedback to: Professor Kym Anderson, Executive Director Wine Economics Research Centre School of Economics University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia Phone (+61 8) 8303 4712 Fax (+61 8) 8223 1460 kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au www.adelaide.edu.au/wine-econ Kym Anderson and Signe Nelgen Global wine markets, 1961 to 2009: a statistical compendium Wine Economics Research Centre School of Economics University of Adelaide Adelaide, South Australia Published in Adelaide by The University of Adelaide Press Barr Smith Library University of Adelaide South Australia 5005 press@adelaide.edu.au www.adelaide.edu.au/press The University of Adelaide Press publishes externally refereed scholarly books by staff of the University of Adelaide. It aims to maximise the accessibility to its best research by publishing works through the internet as free downloads and as high quality printed volumes on demand. Electronic Index: this book is available as a down-loadable PDF with fully searchable text. © Kym Anderson and Signe Nelgen 2011 This work is licen c ed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licen c e, visit http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA. This licence allows for copying any part of the work for personal and commercial use, providing author attribution is clearly stated. Subject Keywords: Wine and Wine Making Statistics Periodicals – Wine Industry Economic Aspects Periodicals For Cataloguing-in-Publication data please contact National Library of Australia: cip@nla.gov.au ISBN 978-0-9870730-1-3 (electronic) ISBN 978-0-9870730-2-0 (paperback) Cover image: iStockphoto Cover design: Chris Tonkin / John Emerson Table of contents Page List of charts vi List of tables viii Technical notes xv Geographical regions and their abbreviations xix Statistical sources xxi Authors’ preface xxv Wine’s g lobalization: t he n ext p hase x x vii Charts: Global wine markets at a glance 1 Tables: I. Global wine markets, 2007-09 27 II. Wine markets by country: annual data and growth rates, 2000 to 2009 35 III. Wine markets by country: 5-year data and decadal growth rates, 1961 to 2009 125 IV. Wine bilateral trade, country by region, 1990 to 2009 215 V. Wine bilateral trade, country by country, 2009 301 VI. Value shares of national and global wine markets, by quality categories, 2009 359 VII. Wine and other alcohol consumption and import taxes, 2008 383 VIII. World rankings of top 20 wine countries by various indicators 387 IX. Summary data for each country and region: annual data, 2000 to 2009 399 X. Pre-World War II Historical Data, 1675-1938 463 About Adelaide’s Wine Economics Research Centre (inside back cover) vi List of charts Page 1. Share of total agricultural crop area under vines, 2006 - 08 2. Grape yield per hectare, 2007 - 09 3. Volume of national wine production, 1985 - 89 and 2005 - 09 4. Volume of national wine consumption, 1985 - 89 and 2005 - 09 5. Volume of world wine production, 1961 - 64 to 2005 - 09 6. Volume of world beverage wine consumption, 1961 - 64 to 2005 - 09 7. Volume of wine production per capita, 2007 - 09 8. Volume of wine consumption per capita, 2007 - 09 9. National shares of world wine consumption volume, 2007 - 09 10. National shares of world wine consumption value, 2009 11. Wine’s share of world recorded alcohol consumption volume, 1961 - 64 to 2005 - 09 12. Wine’s share of national recorded alcohol consumption volume, 2007 - 09 13. Wine consumption per adult, 1961 - 64 and 2005 - 09 14. Wine consumption per adult, traditional European markets, 1970 to 2009 15. Wine consumption per adult, other European markets, 1970 to 2009 16. Grape - wine consumption per adult, As ian markets, 2000 to 2009 17. Rate s of growth in Asian and world grape - wine consumption volume and unit value of imports , 2000 to 2009 18. Asian grape wine consumption volume, 2000 to 2009 19. Wine expenditure per adult, 2009 20. Wine expenditure as % of national income, 2009 21. National shares of world wine export volume and value, 2007 - 09 22. National shares of world wine import volume and value, 2007 - 09 23. Volume of world wine exports , 1961 - 64 to 2005 - 09 24. Volume of world (excluding intra - EU15) wine exports , 19 88 - 89 to 2005 - 09 25. Exports as % of national wine production volume, 2007 - 09 26. Exports as % of wine production volume in EU - 15, New World and globally, 1961 - 64 to 2005 - 09 27. EU - 15 and New World shares of world wine export value, 19 88 to 2009 28. Wine consumption and net exports, tradi tional European and New World exporters, 1970 to 2009 29. Value shares of Southern Hemisphere wines in key import markets, 1990 to 2009 30. Value of New World countries’ wine exports, 1995 to 2010 31. National relative to global price of wine exports, 1990 - 94 and 2009 32. National relative to global price of wine imports, 1990 - 94 and 2009 33. Unit value of bottled still wine exports, 1990 - 94 and 2009 34. Unit value of bulk wine exports, 2000 - 02 and 2009 35. Unit value of bottled still wine imports, traditional markets, 1990 - 94 and 200 9 36. Unit value of bottled still wine imports, Asian markets, 2000 - 02 and 2009 37. Bulk wine as % of total wine export volume, 2000 to 2010 38. Bulk wine as % of total wine import volume, 2000 to 200 9 39. Index of revealed comparative advantage in wine, 2007 - 09 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 vii 40. Index of revealed comparative advantage in still wine, by quality, 2009 41. Shares of value of world wine production, by quality, 2009 42. Shares of value of world wine consumption, by quality, European countries, 2009 43. Shares of value of world wine consumption, by quality, non - European countries, 2009 44. Shares of value of world wine exports, by quality, 2009 45. Shares of value of world wine imports, by quality, European countries, 2009 46. Shares of value of world wine imports, by quality, non - European countries, 2009 47. Taxes (import, plus excise plus VAT) on non - premium wine consumption , 2008 48. Taxes (import, plus excise plus VAT) on super - premium wine consumption , 2008 49. Cumulative national shares of world wine production volume, 1909 - 13, 1961 - 64 and 2005 - 09 50. Cumulative national shares of world wine export volume, 1909 - 13, 1961 - 64 and 2005 - 09 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 viii List of tables Page I. Global wine markets, 2007-09 1. Summary of the world’s wine markets 2. Summary of the world’s wine exports and imports 3. Other key indicators of the world’s wine markets II. Wine markets by country: annual data and growth rates, 2000 to 2009 4. Total grapevine area harvested 5. Share of world grapevine area 6. Share of total agricultural crop area under grapevines 7. Total grape production 8. Share of world grape production 9. Grape yield per hectare 10. Volume of grapes used for wine 11. Share of national winegrape area planted to top 5 national varieties 12. National share of global winegrape area planted to top 25 global varieties 13. Volume of wine production 14. Volume of wine production per capita 15. Share of world wine production volume 16. Volume of beverage wine consumption 17. Share of world beverage wine consumption volume 18. Volume of non-beverage wine uses and stock changes 19. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita 20. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita (litres of alcohol) 21. Volume of beverage wine consumption per adult (litres of alcohol) 22. Volume of beer consumption per capita 23. Volume of beer consumption per capita (litres of alcohol) 24. Volume of beer consumption per adult (litres of alcohol) 25. Share of world beer consumption volume 26. Volume of spirits consumption per capita (litres of alcohol) 27. Volume of spirits consumption per adult (litres of alcohol) 28. Share of world spirits consumption volume 29. Total alcohol consumption per capita (litres of alcohol) 30. Total alcohol consumption per adult (litres of alcohol) 31. Wine’s share of total alcohol (litres of alcohol) consumption 32. Share of off-trade in total wine consumption volume and value 33. Share of national wine sales volume by four largest firms 34. Four largest wine firms in each country 35. Share of world wine sales volume by 30 largest firms 36. World’s most powerful wine brands 37. Volume of bottled still wine exports 38. Volume of bulk wine exports 39. Volume of sparkling wine exports 27 28 30 32 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 ix 40. Volume of total wine exports 41. Bulk wine as % of total wine export volume 42. Volume of bottled still wine imports 43. Volume of bulk wine imports 44. Volume of sparkling wine imports 45. Volume of total wine imports 46. Bulk wine as % of total wine import volume 47. Volume of bottled still wine net imports 48. Volume of bulk wine net imports 49. Volume of sparkling wine net imports 50. Volume of total wine net imports 51. Exports as % of wine production volume 52. Imports as % of bev erage wine consumption volume 53. Net imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume 54. Wine self - sufficiency (%) in terms of volume 55. Share of world wine export volume 56. Share of world wine export volume, excl. intra - EU 15 trade 57. Share of world wine import volume 58. Share of world wine import volume, excl. intra - EU 15 trade 59. Wine trade volume speciali z ation index 60. Value of bottled still wine exports 61. Value of bulk wine exports 62. Value of sparkling wine exports 63. Value of total wine exports 64. Value of bottled still wine imports 65. Value of bulk wine im ports 66. Value of sparkling wine im ports 67. Value of total wine im ports 68. Share of world wine export value 69. Share of world wine export value, excl. intra - EU 15 trade 70. Share of world wine import value 71. Share of world wine import value, excl. intra - EU 15 trade 72. Wine trade value speciali z ation index 73. Wine’s share of value of all merchandise exports 74. Wine’s share of value of all merchandise imports 75. Index of revealed compar ative advantage in wine 76. Unit value of bottled still wine exports 77. Unit value of bulk wine exports 78. Unit value of sparkling wine exports 79. Unit value of total wine exports 80. Unit value of bottled still wine imports 81. Unit value of bulk wine imports 82. Unit value of sparkling wine imports 83. Unit value of total wine imports 84. Total population 85. Adult population 86. G ross domestic product (GDP) at current prices 87. Gross n ational income (GNI) at international PPP exchange rates 88. Per capita GDP at current prices 89. Per cap ita GNI at international PPP exchange rates 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 x 90. Market exchange rates 91. PPP exchange rates I II Wine markets by country: 5 - year data and growth rates , 1961 to 2009 92. Total grapevine area 93. Share of world grapevine area 94. Share of total agricultural crop area under vines 95. Total grape production 96. Share of world grape production 97. Grape yield per hectare 98. Volume of grape production for wine 99. Volume of wine production 100. Share of world wine production volume 101. Volume of beverage wine consumption 102. Share of world beverage wine consumption volume 103. Volume of non - beverage wine uses and stock changes 104. Volume of beverage wine consumption per capita 105. Vo lume of beverage wine consumption per capita ( l itres of al cohol ) 106. Vo lume of beve rage wine consumption per adult ( l itres of al cohol ) 107. Volume of beer consumption per capita 108. Volume of beer consumption per capita ( l itres of al cohol ) 109. Volum e of beer consumption per adult ( l itres of al cohol ) 110. Share of world beer consumption volume 111. Volume of spirits consumption per capita ( l itres of al cohol ) 112. Volume o f sp irits consumption per adult ( l itres of al cohol ) 113. Share of world spirits consumption volume 114. Total alcohol consumption per capita ( l itres of al cohol ) 115. Tota l alcohol consumption per adult ( l itres of al cohol ) 116. Wine’s share of total alcohol ( l itres of al cohol ) consumption 117. Volume of wine exports 118. Volume of wine imports 119. Volume of wine net im ports 120. Exports as % of wine production volume 121. Imports as % of beverage wine consumption volume 122. Net i mports as % of beverage wine consumption 123. Wine self - sufficiency (%) in terms of volume 124. Share of world wine export volume 125. Share of world wine import volume 126. Wine trade volume speciali z ation index 127. Value of wine exports 128. Value of wine imports 129. Share of world wine export value 130. S hare of world wine import value 131. Wine trade value speciali z ation index 132. Unit value of wine exports 133. Unit value of wine imports 134. Total population 135. Adult population 122 123 125 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 xi I V. Wine bilateral trade, country by region, 1990 to 2009 136. Volume of wine exports to each region 137. Volume of wine imports from each region 138. Value of wine exports to each region 139. Value of wine imports from each region 140. Unit value of wine exports to each region 141. Unit value of wine imports from each region 142. Share of v olum e of wine exports to each region 143. Share of v olum e of wine imports from each region 144. Share of value of wine exports to each region 145. Share of value of wine imports from each region 146. Index of vo lu m e - based regional wine trade intensity 147. Index of value - based regional wine trade intensity V. Wine bilateral trade, country by country , 2009 148. V olum e of bilateral wine trade 149. V alu e of bilateral wine trade 150. Unit value of bilateral wine trade 151. Share of v olum e of wine ex ports to each country and region 152. Share of value of wine exports to each country and region 153. Index of v olum e - based national bilateral wine trade intensity 154. Index of value - based national bilateral wine trade intensity VI. Value s hares of national and global wine markets, by quality, 2009 155. Volumes of wine production and utilization, by quality 156. Volumes of wine exports and imports, by quality 157. Pre - tax border prices of wine produced and consumed, by quality 158. Pre - tax border prices of wine exports and imports, by quality 159. Pre - tax borde r values of wine produced and consumed, by quality 160. Pre - tax border values of wine exports and imports, by quality 161. Retail (tax - inclusive) value of wine beverage consumption, by quality 162. Volume of wine consumption per capita, by quality 163. Volume of wine consumpt ion per adult, by quality 164. Retail (tax - inclusive) expenditure per capita on wine, by quality 165. Retail (tax - inclusive) expenditure per adult on wine, by quality 166. Retail (tax - inclusive) expenditure on wine as % of income, by quality 167. Shares of national wine prod uction and consumption volumes, by quality 168. Shares of national wine production and consumption pre - tax values, by quality 169. Shares of national wine export and import volumes, by quality 170. Shares of national wine export and import values, by quality 171. Value shares (pre - tax) of wine production exported and consumption imported, by quality 172. Volume - and value - based wine self - sufficiency, by quality 173. Index of revealed comparative advantage in wine, by quality 174. Shares of world wine production and consumption volumes, by qu ality 175. Shares of world wine production and consumption values, by quality 176. Shares of world wine export and import volumes, by quality 177. Shares of world wine export and import values, by quality 215 216 223 230 237 244 251 258 265 272 279 286 293 301 302 310 318 326 334 342 350 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 xii V I I. W ine and other alcohol consumption and import taxes, 2008 178. Excise taxes and VAT/GST on wine, beer and spirits 179. Import taxes on wine, beer and spirits 180. Import tariff plus excise tax plus VAT/GST on wine, beer and spirits VIII W orld rankings of top 20 wine countries by various indicators 181. Total gr ape area 182. Share of total agricultural crop area under vines 183. Total grape production 184. Grape yield per hectare 185. Volume of wine production 186. Volume of beverage wine consumption 187. Volume of beverage wine consumption per adult 188. Volume of beer consumption per adult 189. Volume of spirits consumption per adult 190. Total alcohol consumption per adult 191. Wine’s share of total alcohol consumption volume 192. Volume of wine exports 193. Volume of wine imports 194. Exports as % of wine production volume 195. Imports as % of beverage wine consumption 196. Wine self - sufficiency (%) in terms of volume 197. Wine trade volume speciali z ation index 198. Value of wine exports 199. Value of wine imports 200. Wine trade value speciali z ation index 201. Unit value of wine exports 202. Unit value of wine imports IX Summary data for each country and region: annual data, 2000 to 2009 203. France 204. Italy 205. Portugal 206. Spain 207. Austria 208. Belgium - Luxembou r g 209. Denmark 210. Finland 211. Germany 212. Greece 213. Ireland 214. Netherlands 215. Sweden 216. Switzerland 217. United Kingdom 218. Other Western Europe 219. Bulgaria 220. Croatia 221. Georgia 222. Hungary 383 384 385 386 387 388 388 389 389 390 390 391 391 392 392 393 393 394 394 395 395 396 396 397 397 398 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 xiii 223. Moldova 224. Romania 225. Russia 226. Ukraine 227. Other Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia 228. Australia 229. New Zealand 230. Canada 231. United States of America 232. Argentina 233. Brazil 234. Chile 235. Mexico 236. Uruguay 237. Other Latin America and Caribbean 238. South Africa 239. North Africa 240. Other Africa 241. Turkey 242. Middle East 243. China 244. Hong Kong 245. India 246. Japan 247. Korea, Rep. 248. Malaysia 249. Philippines 250. Singapore 251. Taiwan 252. Thailand 253. Other Asia and Pacific Islands 254. Western European wine net exporters 255. Western European wine net im porters 256. Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia 257. Australia and New Zealand 258. United States and Canada 259. Latin America and Caribbean 260. Africa and Middle East 261. Asia and Pacific Islands 262. European Union (15) 263. European Union (27) 264. New World w ine exporters 265. World X. Pre - World War I I historical data , 1 675 to 193 8 266. Volume and share of global wine production, 1865 to 19 38 267. Volume and share of global wine exports and imports , 1 909 to 19 38 268. Volume and share of British wine imports, 1675 to 1938 269. Volume and share of French wine imports, 1 850 to 1938 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 46 3 4 6 4 4 6 5 466 467 xiv xv Technical notes This section provides definitions of products, indicators and measures used throughout the compendium and an explanation of how national and global wine markets are valued by quality categories. Definitions of products Wine (FAO CODE 0564; SITC 112.12; Harmonised System Tariff Heading 2204) Beverage wines of fresh grapes of all qualities, including still, sparkling, fortified and dessert wines. Beverage wines are sometimes divided into the following three sub-categories: Bottled still wine (Harmonised System Tariff Heading 220421) Still grape wines traded in containers of two litres or less (further sub-divided into ‘commercial premium’ or ‘CP’ and ‘super premium’ or ‘UP’ wines in Sections VI and VII); Bulk (or other) wine (Harmonised system tariff headings 220429) Still grape wines traded in containers exceeding two litres (also called ‘non-premium’ or ‘NP’ wine in Sections VI and VII); and Sparkling wine (Harmonised System Tariff Heading 220410) Grape wines, sparkling. Non-beverage wine Grape wines used for distillation and industrial uses. Definitions of indicators GDP Gross Domestic Product, the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a year. Wine self-sufficiency Calculated as the volume of wine production divided by beverage wine consumption, times 100 so as to be expressed as a percentage. Exports of wine Wine exports include re-exports of foreign wine. Net imports of wine Wine imports minus wine exports (including any re-exports of foreign wine).