P.I.E. Peter Lang Globalisation vs Europeanisation A Human-centric Interaction Léonce BEKEMANS Courage and inspiration are needed to renew the European dream and rediscover the purpose of a European civilisation project which responds to the cultural and moral traditions rooted in the vision of its founding fathers. A mobilising and forward-looking interaction between globalisa- tion and Europeanisation can provide some answers in the emerging global transnational era. This book offers an interdisciplinary in-depth analysis of the relation between globalisation and Europeanisation from a value driven and human-centric perspective. It proposes a broad, diversified and innovative framework and analysis of concepts based on a human rights, cosmopoli- tan and public goods perspective of sustainable statehood. This approach is applied to interconnected policy areas and issues that are crucial to Europe’s future, such as external relations, culture, intercultural dialogue, citizenship, education and territorial cooperation. The book’s multidisci- plinary readings and critical reflections address the complex issues at play in today’s European societies, which require sustainable, cohesive and responsible answers at conceptual and policy level. Léonce BEKEMANS , MA in Economics, BA in Philosophy, MA in International Studies and PhD in International Relations, holds the Jean Monnet Chair ad personam for Globalisation, Europeanisation and Human Development at the University of Padua, Italy. He is the academic coordinator of its Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence for Intercultural Dialogue, Human Rights and Multi- level Governance and collaborates with the University's Human Rights Centre. He is also the president of Ryckevelde, a non-profit organisation for European citizenship in Damme, Belgium and Secretary General of ECSA World. Series Multiple Europes No. 52 Léonce BEKEMANS www.peterlang.com 1 2 3 P. I.E. Peter Lang Bruxelles Bern Berlin Frankfurt am Main New York Oxford Wien Globalisation vs Europeanisation A Human-centric Interaction 4 5 Multiple Europes No. 52 Léonce B EKEMANS Globalisation vs Europeanisation A Human-centric Interaction Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bekemans, Léonce. Globalisation vs Europeanisation : a Human-centric Interaction / Léonce Bekemans. pages cm. — (Multiple Europes, ISSN 1376-0904 ; No. 52) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-2-87574-080-9 (alk. paper) 1. Europe—Economic integration. 2. National characteristics, European. 3. Globalization— Europe. I. Title. D1055.B45 2013 940.55—dc23 2013031109 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This monograph was published within the project of Pázmány Péter Catholic University TÁMOP 4.2.1. B-11/2/KMR-2011-0002. It was written in the framework of the activities of the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence of the University of Padua. Cover picture : European conversation , 2013, © Laurens Bekemans D/2013/5678/22 ISSN 0944-2294 • ISBN 978-2-87574-080-9 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-0352-6331-2 (E-PDF) • DOI 10.3726/978-3-0352-6331-2 Open Access: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives 4.0 unported license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This publication has been peer reviewed. © Léonce Bekemans, 2013 Peter Lang S.A. International Academic Publishers Brussels www.peterlang.com 7 To Patrizia 9 Human development, as an approach, is concerned with what I take to be the basic development idea: namely, advancing the richness of human life, rather than the richness of the economy in which human beings live, which is only a part of it. Amartya Sen, Professor of Economics and Philosophy, Harvard University, Nobel Prize in Economics (1998) Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor democratic government, nor even the market economy will function properly. Václav Havel, last president of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992) and the first president of the Czech Republic (1993-2003) Humanistic Culture is vital to democracy because it educates informed, empathetic, and critical world citizens: the sort of people necessary to sustain democratic societies. Martha Nussbaum, Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics, University of Chicago 11 Table of Contents Author’s Note ....................................................................................... 19 Preface .................................................................................................. 21 Antonio Papisca Preface .................................................................................................. 23 Luc Van den Brande Introduction ......................................................................................... 27 Chapter 1. Points of Departure ............................................................................. 33 I. European Integration Process: Origin and Development ................... 34 II. Scientific Context and Content ......................................................... 38 1. The International Relations theory ............................................... 38 2. Emerging scientific context and content ...................................... 45 III. Key Concepts................................................................................... 48 1. Integration .................................................................................... 48 2. Inclusion....................................................................................... 48 3. Diversity....................................................................................... 49 4. Governance .................................................................................. 49 IV. Guidelines........................................................................................ 51 P ART I C ONTEXTUAL E UROPE Chapter 2. The Idea of Europe: an Historical Perspective ................................. 55 Introduction ........................................................................................... 55 I. Classical Origin .................................................................................. 56 II. A Res Publica Christiana in the Middle Ages................................... 57 III. A Process of Secularisation towards a European Civilisation ......... 59 Conclusion............................................................................................. 60 Chapter 3. Identity-building in Europe ................................................................ 63 Introduction ........................................................................................... 63 I. Concept of Identity............................................................................. 63 II. Concept of European Identity ........................................................... 64 12 III. Models of European Identity-building............................................. 65 1. Europe of cultures ........................................................................ 65 2. Europe of citizens......................................................................... 66 3. Europe of encounters.................................................................... 66 IV. Process of European Identity-building ............................................ 67 1. The first years of European integration........................................ 68 2. The Declaration on European Identity (1973).............................. 68 3. Europe as a community of citizens............................................... 69 4. The role of cultures and EU founding values............................... 71 Conclusion............................................................................................. 72 Chapter 4. Europe’s Challenges and Responsibilities in a Globalising World ........................................................................ 75 Introduction ........................................................................................... 75 I. Historical Context: Europe at the Crossroads between Past, Present and Future .......................................................... 76 II. Challenges to the European Model of Socio-economic Cohesion and Regional Diversity........................... 77 1. Globalisation ................................................................................ 77 2. Europeanisation............................................................................ 79 3. Identity and specificity ................................................................. 80 4. Culture.......................................................................................... 81 5. Perception..................................................................................... 82 III. Europe’s Task and Responsibility in the Globalising World........... 83 1. Quest for meaning ........................................................................ 83 2. Favouring European citizenship................................................... 84 3. Europe’s responsibility at global level ......................................... 85 Conclusion............................................................................................. 85 P ART II R ENEWING THE C ONCEPTUAL F RAMEWORK FOR E UROPE ’ S F UTURE Chapter 5. Sustainable Statehood: a Human-centric and Multi-level Governance of Europe’s Transformation ............... 89 Introduction ........................................................................................... 89 I. The Changing International Context: EU as a Regional and Global Power...................................................... 89 13 1. Changing setting: multilateralism and multipolar world order: characteristics and trends............................................. 90 2. A weakened position of the EU as a global actor......................... 93 3. The EU as an international reference or a “model of society”..................................................................... 94 4. The way forward for the EU ........................................................ 95 II. Conceptual Content: Sustainable Statehood of Human-centric EU Governance ....................................................... 97 1. Sustainable statehood ................................................................... 97 2. A Human-centric approach to sustainable statehood ................. 100 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 103 1. State-centric vs human-centric development.............................. 103 2. States as derived entities ............................................................ 104 3. Renewing citizenship ................................................................. 104 Chapter 6. A Cosmopolitan Perspective of Multi-level Governance in Europe ............................................... 109 Introduction ......................................................................................... 109 I. Cosmopolitanism and Post-modernity in the Context of Globalisation............................................................ 111 1. Multifaceted cosmopolitanism ................................................... 112 2. Contemporary cosmopolitanism ................................................ 113 3. Cosmopolitan democracy........................................................... 114 4. Constitutional patriotism ............................................................ 117 II. A Cosmopolitan Perspective of Europeanisation............................ 119 1. Beck’s political and sociological cosmopolitanism ................... 119 2. Cosmopolite Europe................................................................... 121 3. Cosmopolitan perspective of the European integration process: a European “empire” ........................................................ 126 Conclusion........................................................................................... 127 Chapter 7. Global Public Goods and Human Development ............................. 131 Introduction ......................................................................................... 131 I. Conceptual Context: Rethinking the Definition of Public Goods .... 133 1. A widened concept of public good............................................. 133 2. A policy assessment .................................................................. 137 II. The Case of Global Public Goods................................................... 139 14 1. Understanding global public goods: definitions and typologies .............................................................. 139 2. Provision of global public goods: politics and provision ........... 145 3. A policy assessment ................................................................... 147 III. Policy Options and Strategies........................................................ 148 1. Global public goods and development: current trends and patterns ............................................................. 148 2. Global public goods and policy-making: policy options............ 149 3. Global public goods and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ......................... 151 Conclusion........................................................................................... 152 Chapter 8. The Changing Content of European Studies: an Interdisciplinary Perspective and Practice ................................ 155 Introduction ......................................................................................... 155 I. Contextual Points of Departure ........................................................ 156 II. Conceptual Guidelines for Strengthening, Deepening and Widening European Studies ....................................... 158 III. Curriculum Impact in Teaching and Research: Good Practice...... 161 1. The Jean Monnet Programme of the EU .................................... 161 2. The Interdepartmental Centre on Human Rights and the Rights of People of the University of Padua...................... 162 Conclusion........................................................................................... 166 1. Policy impact.............................................................................. 166 2. Renewing European Studies....................................................... 167 3. Possible trajectories.................................................................... 168 P ART III P OLICY A REAS OF E UROPEAN H UMAN - CENTRIC D EVELOPMENT Chapter 9. European Security and Foreign Relations ....................................... 173 Introduction ......................................................................................... 173 I. Context: EU Foreign Policy: a European and Global Commitment ..................................................................... 173 1. Key characteristics of EU external relations .............................. 173 2. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) .......................... 176 II. The Lisbon Treaty and the EU Foreign Policy: Changes and Perspectives.................................................................... 180 15 1. Global context ............................................................................ 180 2. Institutional reforms ................................................................... 180 3. The Common Security and Defence Policy ............................... 186 4. The EU External Trade Policy ................................................... 188 5. Development cooperation .......................................................... 189 6. Humanitarian Aid....................................................................... 189 III. A Human-centric Assessment........................................................ 190 1. Human rights and citizenship..................................................... 190 2. Cosmopolitan perspective of EU foreign relations .................... 193 3. Global/European public goods and social democracy................ 194 Conclusion........................................................................................... 196 Chapter 10. Globalisation vs Culture in Europe .................................................. 197 Introduction ......................................................................................... 197 I. Conceptual Debate ........................................................................... 197 1. Globalisation .............................................................................. 197 2. Culture........................................................................................ 198 3. Policy implication of the globalisation vs culture debate........... 202 II. European Cultural Practice ............................................................. 204 1. Legal aspects .............................................................................. 204 2. Programmes................................................................................ 205 3. Assessment................................................................................. 207 Chapter 11. Intercultural Dialogue for Cultural Diversity ................................. 209 Introduction ......................................................................................... 209 I. General Context ............................................................................... 209 1. Cultural diversity........................................................................ 209 2. Intercultural dialogue: an inventory of usages and practices ..... 211 3. Intercultural dialogue: content ................................................... 213 4. National approaches to intercultural dialogue............................ 215 5. Sector approaches....................................................................... 216 II. Institutional Practices of Intercultural Dialogue ............................. 218 1. UN/UNESCO............................................................................. 218 2. Council of Europe ...................................................................... 224 3. European Union ......................................................................... 230 4 Intercultural cities: a good practice towards a model for intercultural integration ................................. 235 16 III. Evaluation...................................................................................... 236 1. Culture as a driving force for genuine intercultural dialogue..... 237 2. Europe’s responsibility to favour a dialogue between diverse cultural discourses ............................................... 238 3. Human rights paradigm: the basic point of departure for intercultural dialogue................................................................ 238 4. From policy to practice .............................................................. 239 Conclusion........................................................................................... 240 1. Intercultural dialogue and identity ............................................. 240 2. Intercultural dialogue and citizenship: universal basis, European dimension and plural character ...................................... 241 3. Intercultural dialogue and democracy: major challenges and participatory characteristics..................................................... 241 4. The structural/institutional setting for intercultural dialogue: the European Dialogues’ framework.............................................. 242 Chapter 12. Citizenship-building in EU ............................................................... 245 Introduction ......................................................................................... 245 I. Process of European Citizenship-building ....................................... 245 1. The classical concept of citizenship ........................................... 245 2. Challenges to the nation-state and the citizenship equivalent to nationality .................................. 246 3. Historical development .............................................................. 247 4. European citizenship .................................................................. 250 II. Connection between Identity, Nationality and Citizenship............. 255 1. Inclusion or exclusion ................................................................ 256 2. Democratic participation ............................................................ 256 3. Emergence of a European identity ............................................. 257 4. European citizenship in cosmopolitan perspective..................... 257 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 259 1. Conceptual guidelines ................................................................ 259 2. Policy suggestions...................................................................... 260 Chapter 13. Education for European Citizenship-building ................................ 263 Introduction ......................................................................................... 263 I. The Crucial Role of Education in EU Citizenship-building............. 263 1. Points of departure ..................................................................... 263 2. Objectives and competences ...................................................... 266 17 3. Citizenship education: education to active and responsible citizenship in a plural Europe............................... 268 II. Education Policies for Citizenship-building in Europe................... 275 1. The legal basis............................................................................ 275 2. Overview of the European lifelong learning agenda in relation to citizenship ................................................................. 277 Conclusion........................................................................................... 284 1. Conceptual guidelines ................................................................ 284 2. Policy suggestions...................................................................... 285 Chapter 14. Territorial Cooperation and Multi-level Governance. The Stimulating Role of the Committee of the Regions ................. 289 Introduction ......................................................................................... 289 I. Multi-level Governance in European Perspective ............................ 289 1. The conceptual setting................................................................ 289 2. Multi-level governance in the context of globalisation .............. 291 3. Multi-level governance and the European integration process .. 293 4. European governance in global perspective ............................... 293 5. Multi-level/multi-actor governance and urban realities: a promising city practice ................................................................ 295 II. The Committee of the Regions: Principles and Practices in European Multi-level/Multi-actor Governance ............................... 297 1. Political lines of action............................................................... 297 2. European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC)............ 299 3. The Ateliers of the CoR: strengthening the multi-level governance approach....................... 301 4. Scoreboard for monitoring multi-level governance at the European Union level ........................................................... 302 5. Towards an EU multi-level governance charter: a collaborative process ................................................................... 302 Conclusion........................................................................................... 304 Chapter 15. Building “Urban civitas” in Intercultural Dialogue Practices .................................................. 305 Introduction ......................................................................................... 305 I. Conceptual context: the Urban Civitas............................................. 306 1. Moving from multiculturalism to interculturalism..................... 360 2. Recognising multiple faced identities and cosmopolitan citizenship ......................................................... 307 18 3. Humanising globalisation........................................................... 307 4. Revalorising the role of cultures in Europe................................ 308 5. Stimulating intercultural dialogue .............................................. 308 II. Creative Urban Realities in Europe ................................................ 309 1. The urban context....................................................................... 310 2. Urban challenges........................................................................ 310 3. Urban opportunities.................................................................... 312 III. Intercultural Dialogue Practices: Intercultural Routes and Spiritual Spaces............................................ 314 Conclusion........................................................................................... 316 Chapter 16. Learning Experiences of Participative and Deliberative Democracy ............................................................. 319 Introduction ......................................................................................... 319 I. Development of a European Public Sphere in Participatory, Deliberative and Inclusive Democracy................................................ 319 II. Formal and Informal Learning Experiences of Participative Democracy ................................................................. 321 1. The European Movement: a bottom-up approach shaped by inspiration and commitment........................................................... 322 2. The College of Europe: a unique higher learning institute on European affairs ........................................................................ 324 3. Ryckevelde: a locally based and citizens’ oriented European and international formation and information centre....................... 326 III. Participative Democracy: an Assessment ...................................... 328 1. Strengths of participative democracy ......................................... 328 2. Weaknesses of participative democracy..................................... 329 Conclusion........................................................................................... 330 Bibliogaphy ........................................................................................ 333