Slavistische Beiträge ∙ Band 29 (eBook - Digi20-Retro) Verlag Otto Sagner München ∙ Berlin ∙ Washington D .C. Digitalisiert im Rahmen der Kooperation mit dem DFG- Projekt „Digi20“ der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, München. OCR-Bearbeitung und Erstellung des eBooks durch den Verlag Otto Sagner: http://verlag.kubon-sagner.de © bei Verlag Otto Sagner. Eine Verwertung oder Weitergabe der Texte und Abbildungen, insbesondere durch Vervielfältigung, ist ohne vorherige schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages unzulässig. «Verlag Otto Sagner» ist ein Imprint der Kubon & Sagner GmbH. Klaus Steinke Studien über den Verfall der bulgarischen Deklination Das bulgarische Kasussystem zu Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access 05700s STUDIEN ÜBER DEN VERFALL DER BULGARISCHEN DEKLINATION Das b u lg a r is c h e K a s u s s y s te m z u B e g in n des 13• J a h r h u n d e r ts I n a u g u r a l ־ D i s s e r t a t i o n z u r E r la n g u n g des D o k to r g r a d e s d e r P h ilo s o p h is c h e n F a k u l t ä t d e r L u d w ig - M a x im i l ia n s - U n i v e r s it ä t zu M ünchen v o r g e l e g t v o n K la u s S te in k e i n M ünchen V e r la g O t to S a g n e r ״ M ünchen 1968 Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access V o r w o r t D ie v o r lie g e n d e A r b e i t i s t a u f A n re g u n g v o n H e r r n P r o f e s s o r D r . A l o i s Schmaus e n ts ta n d e n u n d w u rd e im Sommer» s e m e s te r 1968 v o n d e r P h ilo s o p h is c h e n F a k u l t ä t d e r U n iv e r = s i t ä t M ünchen a l s D i s s e r t a t i o n angenommen• An d ie s e r S t e l l e m ö ch te i c h m e in e n L e h r e r n u n d a l l e n , d ie m i r b e im Zustandekom m en d e r A r b e i t b e h i l f l i c h w a re n , m e in e n a u f r i c h t i g e n Dank a u s s p re c h e n . Den H e r r e n P r o f . D r . A l o i s Schmaus u n d P r o f . D r . E r w in K o s c h m ie d e r v e rd a n k e i c h m e in e s l a v i s t i s c h e u n d l i n g u i s t i s c h e A u s b ild u n g . S ie s t a n * d e n m i r a u ch j e d e r z e i t b e i d e r A n f e r t ig u n g d ie s e r A r b e i t b e r a te n d und f ö r d e r n d z u r S e i t e , w o fü r ih n e n m e in b e s o n = d e r e r Dank g i l t . Zu groß em Dank b i n i c h H e r r n D r . K y r i l l H a r a la m p ie f f , L e k t o r f ü r b u lg a r is c h e S p ra c h e an d e r U n i= v e r s i t ä t M ünchen, v e r p f l i c h t e t , d e r m ir n i c h t n u r d ie E le m e n ta r k e n n tn is s e des B u lg a r is c h e n v e r m i t t e l t e , s o n d e rn a u c h m e in e L ie b e f ü r d ie s e S p ra c h e und d ie s e s L a n d w e c k te . M e in h e r z l i c h s t e r Dank g e b ü h r t f e r n e r dem S e m in a r f ü r b u lg a r is c h e S p ra c h e und L i t e r a t u r i n S o f i a , das m ic h zum Som m erkurs 1966 e i n l u d , s o w ie dem D e k a n a t f ü r s la v is c h e P h i l o l o g i e an d e r S o f i o t e r U n i v e r s i t ä t , das m ir e in e n lä n = g e re n S t u d ie n a u f e n t h a lt i n S o f i a e r m ö g lic h t e . Es w a re n h i e r v o r a lle m d ie H e r r e n P r o f . D r . E m il G e o r g ie v , L e i t e r des S o m m e rku rs e s , und P r o f . D r . S v e to m ir Іѵ а п У е ѵ , D ekan f ü r 31a= v is c h e P h i l o l o g i e , d ie m i r a l l e S c h w ie r ig k e it e n ü b e r w in d e n h a l f e n und d ie V o ra u s s e tz u n g e n f ü r e in e f r u c h t b a r e w is s e n » s c h a f t l i c h e A r b e i t s c h u fe n . Ih n e n s e i an d i e s e r S t e l l e n o c h e in m a l g e d a n k t. N i c h t u n e rw ä h n t b l e i b e n d a r f d ie f r e u n d l i c h e U n t e r s t ü t z u n g , d ie i c h v o n d e r A b t e il u n g f ü r b u lg a r is c h e S p ra c h e an d e r b u lg a r is c h e n A kadem ie d e r W is s e n s c h a fte n e r f u h r . S t e l l v e r t r e t e n d f ü r d ie Damen und H e r r e n d ie s e s I n s t i t u t e s danke i c h dem L e i t e r , H e r r n P r o f . D r . I v a n Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access G u lu b o v , s o w ie H e r r n D r . K y r i l l K o s to v . M e in a u f r i c h t i g e r Dank g i l t w e i t e r d e r A b t e ilu n g f ü r a l t e D ru c k e und Hand= S c h r i f t e n an d e r S t a a t s b i b l i o t h e k " K y r i l l und M e th o d 1 1 u n t e r d e r L e it u n g v o n H e r r n D r . M a n jo S t o ja n o v , d e r m ir d ie E in = s i c h t i n d ie H a n d s c h r if t e n e r la u b t e . H e r r n P r o f . D r . I v a n D u r id a n o v v e rd a n k e i c h v i e l e w e r t v o l l e R a ts c h lä g e f ü r d ie U n te rs u c h u n g . F ü r d ie h a n d s c h r i f t l i c h e E in fü g u n g d e r m i t t e l b u l g a r i = s e h e n u n d g r ie c h is c h e n B e le g e i n das M a n u s k r ip t d a nke i c h m e in e r F r a u , M a r ik a S t e in k e , und f ü r d ie H i l f e b e i d e r D r u c k le g u n g H e r r n D r . P e t e r R e h d e r, A s s is t e n t am S e m in a r f ü r s la v is c h e P h i l o l o g i e d e r U n i v e r s i t ä t M ünchen. M ünchen, A u g u s t 1968 - Vili - K la u s S te in k e Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access D0057005 I N H A L T E i n l e i t u n g 1 1 • Ü b e r b lic k ü b e r d ie F o rs c h u n g 3 A) C h r o n o lo g is c h e r A b r iß 3 B ) D ie m e th o d is c h e n G ru n d la g e n d e r T h e o r ie n 5 I ) U n i f a k t o r i e l l e T h e o r ie n 5 1) Exogene P ro z e s s e 6 a ) T h r a k o - i l l y r i s c h e s S u b s t r a t 6 b ) P r o t o b u lg a r is c h e s S u b s t r a t 9 c ) R u m ä n is c h e r ( b z w . L a t e in is c h e r ) E i n f l u ß 11 d ) G r ie c h is c h e r E i n f l u ß 14 e ) A llg e m e in b a lk a n is c h e s S u b s t r a t 16 2 ) Endogene P ro z e s s e 18 a ) P h o n e tis c h e B e g rü n d u n g 18 b ) S y n t a k t is c h e B e g rü n d u n g 23 c ) U n b e s tim m te A rg u m e n ta tio n 24 I I ) P l u r i f a k t o r i e l l e T h e o r ie n 26 1) Conevs S y n th e s e 27 2 ) M irS e v s S ta n d p u n k t 28 3 ) D u rid a n o v s U n te rs u c h u n g 29 I I I ) Zusam m enfassung 31 1) E rg e b n is s e 31 2 ) A u fg a b e n 32 I I . B e i t r a g z u r C h r o n o lo g ie des K a s u s v e r f a lls 35 A) E i n l e i t u n g 35 B ) U n te rs u c h u n g d e r d r e i H a n d s c h r if t e n 38 I ) D ie K a s u s fo rm e n 40 1) M a s k u lin a 43 2 ) N e u tra 45 3 ) F e m in in a 45 4 ) D ie f e m in in e n i-S tä m m e 47 Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access I I ) D ie F u n k tio n e n 49 ( ו G e n i t i v 60 a ) D e r a d n o m in a le G e n i t i v 61 Ъ) D e r a d v e r b a le G e n i t i v 79 c ) D e r p r ä p o s i t i o n a l e G e n i t i v 83 d ) Zusam m enfassung 84 2 ) D a t i v 87 a ) D e r a d n o m in a le D a t i v 88 b ) D e r a d v e r b a le D a t iv 89 c ) D e r p r ä p o s i t i o n a l e D a t i v 92 d ) Zusam m enfassung 93 3 ) I n s t r u m e n t a l 95 a ) D e r a d n o m in a le I n s t r u m e n t a l 96 b ) D e r a d v e r b a le I n s t r u m e n t a l 97 c ) D e r p r ä p o s i t i o n a l e I n s t r u m e n t a l 101 d ) Zusam m enfassung 102 4 ) L o k a t i v 104 a ) D e r p r ä p o s i t i o n a l e L o k a t i v 104 b ) Zusam m enfassung 107 5 ) Casus g e n e r a lis 109 S c h lu ß : Das b u lg a r is c h e K a s u s s y s te m z u B e g in n 113 des 13• J a h r h u n d e r ts A nhang 119 120 121 129 1. A b k ü rz u n g e n 2 . A b b ild u n g e n 3• L i t e r a t u r v e r z e i c h n i s Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access E i n l e i t u n g D ie w i c h t i g s t e B e s o n d e r h e it d e r n e u b u lg a r is c h e n S p ra c h e im m o r p h o lo g is c h - s y n t a k t is c h e n S y s te m , d u r c h d ie s ie s i c h s e h r w e s e n t l ic h v o n den a n d e re n s la v is c h e n S p ra c h e n u n t e r » s c h e id e t , i s t d e r V e r l u s t d e r s y n t h e t is c h e n N o m in a ld e k lin a = t i o n . Es h a n d e lt s i c h h i e r b e i o f f e n s i c h t l i c h um e in e Neu« e r u n g , d ie i n e i n z e l s p r a c h l i c h e r Z e i t e n t s t a n d , da i n den a l t b u l g a r i s c h e n D e n k m ä le rn d ie s y n t h e t is c h e D e k l i n a t i o n n o c h e r h a lt e n i s t . D ie P r o b le m s t e llu n g i s t a ls o f ü r d ie F o rs c h u n g k l a r : Es muß i n d e r Z e i t n a c h dem E n ts te h e n d e r a l t b u l g a r i s c h e n D enk־־ m ä le r d e r Ü b e rg a n g v o n d e r s y n t h e t is c h e n D e k l i n a t i o n z u r ana» l y t i s c h e n U m s c h re ib u n g e r f o l g t s e in • D ie U rs a c h e n f ü r d ie s e n b e d e u te n d e n W a n d e l d e r s p r a c h lic h e n S t r u k t u r s in d je d o c h n i c h t ohne w e it e r e s z u f i n d e n , w ie aus d e r g ro ß e n Z a h l gegen» s ä t z l i c h e r T h e o r ie n z u e n tn e h m e n i s t . D ie B e h a n d lu n g des P ro » b le m s w i r f t f e r n e r F ra g e n a u f , d ie ü b e r d e n e n g e n Rahmen e i» n e r U n te rs u c h u n g n u r d e r V o rg ä n g e i n d e r b u lg a r is c h e n S p ra c h e h in a u s w e is e n u n d zum V e r g l e i c h m i t ä h n lic h e n E r s c h e in u n g e n i n den ro m a n is c h e n u n d g e rm a n is c h e n S p ra c h e n A n la ß g e b e n • B eson» d e rs w i c h t i g i s t d e r V e r g le i c h m i t den b e n a c h b a r te n B a lk a n » s p ra c h e n , i n d e n e n s i c h e b e n f a l l s d ie a n a l y t i s c h e U m s c h re i» bu ng d e r a l t e n K a su s d u r c h s e t z t , so daß man den V e r l u s t d e r s y n t h e t is c h e n D e k l i n a t i o n z u d e n ,,B a lk a n is m e n " r e c h n e t . D och t r o t z a l l e r A n s tre n g u n g e n , d ie U rs a c h e n z u k l ä r e n , g i b t es n o c h k e in e e n d g ü lt ig e n E r g e b n is s e . D ie W ahl des T i t e l s " S t u d ie n ü b e r den V e r f a l l d e r b u lg a = r is c h e n D e k l i n a t i o n ״ m ö c h te d a h e r a n d e u te n , daß h i e r n i c h t d e r h e u te n o c h a u s s ic h t s lo s e V e rs u c h u n te rn o m m e n w e rd e n s o l l , e in e neue T h e o r ie v o n d e n U rs a c h e n des V e r f a l l s z u e n t w ic k e ln , d ie l e t z t e n E ndes g e n a u so v a g e u n d v e r f r ü h t w ä re ?rie d ie b is h e r ig e n . D ie F o r s c h u n g s g e s c h ic h te z u d ie s e m G e g e n s ta n d z e i g t e i n d e u t i g , daß das M a t e r i a l und d ie m e th o d is c h e n V o r» a u s s e tz u n g e n d a z u f e h l e n . A b e r g e ra d e d ie F ra g e n a c h d e n U r= Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access s a c h e n d o m in ie r t e u n d i s t s e l b s t h e u te n o c h n i c h t v ö l l i g a u f das r e c h t e Maß b e s c h r ä n k t w o rd e n • G e w ö h n lic h v e r s u c h t e man, i n e in e m e le g a n t e n W u rf a l l e s z u e r k l ä r e n , u n d b e r ü c k s i c h t i g t e n i c h t d ie v i e l e n T e ilp r o b le m e . E r s t a l l m ä h l i c h b e s a n n man s i c h d a r a u f , daß es n o tw e n d ig i s t , das G e s a m tp ro b le m v o n v e r s c h ie ־ d e n e n S e it e n aus a n z u g e h e n u n d a u c h neue M e th o d e n z u e r p r o b e n . I n den l e t z t e n z w a n z ig J a h r e n i s t i n d ie s e r B e z ie h u n g e in ig e s g e l e i s t e t w o rd e n , w o b e i s c h o n s i c h t b a r w u rd e , daß d ie m e is te n d e r ä l t e r e n T h e o r ie n s i c h n i c h t m e h r h a l t e n la s s e n , w e i l s ie d ie K o m p le x it ä t des P ro b le m s ü b e r h a u p t n i c h t e r k a n n t h a b e n . E in e n o tw e n d ig e V o ra u s s e tz u n g f ü r b e s s e re E r g e b n is s e i s t d ie g e n a u e re E r fo r s c h u n g d e r m i t t e l b u l g a r i s c h e n D e n k m ä le r, d ie b i s h e r z u U n r e c h t v e r n a c h l ä s s i g t w u rd e n . D ie m i t t e l b u l g a r i = s e h e n D e n k m ä le r e r la u b e n n o c h w i c h t i g e , wenn a u c h n i c h t un= b e d in g t s e n s a t i o n e l l e E n td e c k u n g e n , w ie i n d i e s e r A r b e i t an z w e i u n e d ie r t e n u n d b i s h e r n i c h t n ä h e r u n t e r s u c h t e n Hand= S c h r i f t e n d e r S o f i o t e r N a t i o n a l b i b l i o t h e k aus dem 13• J a h r= h u n d e r t g e z e ig t w e rd e n s o l l • Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access I ) Ü b e r b lic k ü b e r d ie F o rs c h u n g À ) C h r o n o lo g is c h e r A b r iß D ie e r s t e n A n s ä tz e z u e i n e r T h e o r ie vom V e r f a l l d e r b u lg a r is c h e n D e k l i n a t i o n e n t w i c k e l t s c h o n 182g K o p i t a r , d e r i h n im Zusammenhang m i t ä h n lic h e n E r s c h e in u n g e n i n den Nach= b a r s p r a c h e n b e t r a c h t e t und z u dem S c h lu ß kom m t, daß h i e r e in t h r a k o - i l l y r i s c h e s S u b s t r a t g e w ir k t h a t . E r e r ö f f n e t d a m it d e n K r e i s d e r T h e o r ie n , d ie v o n e in e m ä u ß e re n E i n f l u ß a u f d ie b u lg a r is c h e S p ra c h e a u s g e h e n . M i k l o s i c h u n t e r s t ü t z t d ie s e T hese m e h rm a ls , doch m a c h t e r w ie b e r e i t s K o p i t a r k e in e n ä « h e r e n A ngaben ü b e r das W ir k e n des E i n f l u s s e s im e in z e ln e n • Es i s t ü b r ig e n s c h a r a k t e r i s t i s c h f ü r a l l e T h e o r ie n aus d ie = s e r G ru p p e , daß s ie kaum s p r a c h lic h e s B e le g m a t e r ia l a n fü h r e n k ö n n e n . M i k l o s i c h w e i s t a l l e r d i n g s i n s e in e r U n te rs u c h u n g d e r 1,T r o ja ń s k a p r i £ a H (1 8 7 1 ) a u c h a u f e in e a n d e re E r k lä r u n g s « m ö g l i c h k e i t h i n ; D e r Z u s a m m e n fa ll d e r N a s a lv o k a le s c h u f im M i t t e l b u l g a r i s c h e n e in e R e ih e hom onym er F o rm e n , w o d u rc h v o r a lle m d e r G e n i t i v und d e r A k k u s a t iv d e r ja -S tä m m e zusammen» f i e l e n . K a li n a (1 8 9 1 ) v e r s u c h t d ie These vom p h o n e tis c h e n U rs p ru n g des D e k l i n a t i o n s v e r f a l l s m i t B e i s p i e l e n z u b e le g e n u n d m i t H i l f e v o n A n a lo g ie s c h lü s s e n a u s z u b a u e n • I n d e r D is » k u s s io n , d ie s i c h um d ie s e A r b e i t und um d i e L a v r o v s (1 8 9 3 ) e n t f a l t e t , w e rd e n v i e l e P u n k te s c h a r f k r i t i s i e r t , d o c h k o n = s t r u k t i v e A n s ä tz e z u e i n e r v ö l l i g n e u e n B e t r a c h t u n g des P ro = b le m s w e rd e n n i c h t g e b o te n . Im m e rh in w ir d s e i t d i e s e r D is ® k u s s io n das P ro b le m n i c h t m e h r aus den Augen v e r l o r e n , son = d e r n v o n Z e i t z u Z e i t e r ö r t e r t . M ile t ilS (1 8 8 7 ) v e r f i c h t w e i* t e r d i e T h e o r ie vom l a u t l i c h e n A u s g le ic h , J a g i t (1894׳ ) o p e * r i e r t m i t e ine m A d s t r a t d e s R u m ä n is c h e n . G a s te r (1 8 8 8 ) m ö c h te e in e V e rb in d u n g z w is c h e n dem V e r f a l l d e r D e k l i n a t i o n u n d dem A u f t r e t e n d e r P r o t o b u lg a r e n h e r s t e i l e n , d a r a u f kommt s p ä t e r n o c h e in m a l S k ö ld (1 9 2 3 ) z u r ü c k • E in e g e w is s e N e u o r ie n t ie r u n g l e i t e t C onev i n s e i n e r ab Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access 1919 e r s c h e in e n d e n " I s t o r i j a n a b u l g a r s k i j e z ik " e in , i n d e r e r e in e d e t a i l l i e r t e D a r s t e ll u n g des P ro b le m s g i b t und d a b e i m e h re re K o m p o n e n te n b e r ü c k s i c h t i g t . Es l i e g t h i e r d e r e r s t e V e r m it t lu n g s v e r s u c h z w is c h e n d e n a u ß e r - u n d in n e r s p r a c h lic h e n A rg u m e n te n v o r , d e r e in e n w e r t v o l l e n A n s a tz f ü r e in e neue D is k u s s io n s e b e n e b o t , je d o c h e r s t i n l e t z t e r Z e i t r i c h t i g g e w ü r d ig t und w e i t e r v e r f o l g t w u rd e . B is z u r W ie d e ra u fn a h m e des v o n C onev b e g o n n e n e n Weges d u r c h M ir č e v und D u rid a n o v e n ts ta n d e n A r b e it e n , d ie e i n ig e neue B e o b a c h tu n g e n v e r z e ic h = n e te n u n d a u s w e r t e t e n , a b e r n i c h t d ie m e th o d is c h e Enge d e r f r ü h e r e n T h e o r ie n ü b e rw a n d e n , s o n d e rn e i n s e i t i g e I n t e r p r e t a 3 t io n e n V o rn a h m e n . So v e r s u c h t K .H . M e y e r (1 9 2 0 ) den P ro z e ß s y n t a k t i s c h z u e r k l ä r e n . D ie s e A r b e i t r i e f e in e l e b h a f t e und t e i l w e i s e s e h r u n s a c h lic h e K r i t i k h e r v o r , d ie s i c h a u c h n i c h t v o n d e r E i n s e i t i g k e i t , d ie man M e ye r v o r w a r f , b e f r e i e n k o n n te . E in ig e Z e i t s p ä t e r v e r t r i t t M la d e n o v i n s e in e r " G e s c h ic h te d e r b u lg a r is c h e n S p ra c h e " (1 9 2 9 ) d ie T hese v o n d e r zunehmen= d e n s p r a c h lic h e n P r ä z i s ie r u n g u n d s t r e i t e t g l e i c h z e i t i g den v ö l l i g e n V e r f a l l d e r D e k l i n a t i o n a b . D ie m e th o d is c h e n V o ra u s s e tz u n g e n f ü r d ie h e u t ig e F o r * s c h u n g w u rd e n e r s t d u r c h d ie A r b e it e n М ігЙ е ѵ з und D u rid a n o v s g e s c h a f f e n , d ie i n A n k n ü p fu n g an C onev d ie D is k u s s io n i n e r= f o lg v e r s p r e c h e n d e r e B ahnen l e n k t e n , in d e m s i e d ie V e r la g e r u n g des S c h w e rp u n k te s v o n d e r Suche n a c h d e n U rs a c h e n a u f d ie B e * S c h r e ib u n g d e r e in z e ln e n V e r f a lls p h a s e n v o r b e r e i t e t e n . D ie R i c h t i g k e i t d i e s e r N e u o r ie n t ie r u n g w i r d d u r c h d ie E r f o lg e M in S e va s u n d R useks b e s t ä t i g t . D ie s e r k u r z e c h r o n o lo g is c h e A b r iß z e i g t , daß es n i c h t zw e ckm ä ß ig i s t , d ie F o rs c h u n g s m e in u n g e n th e m a tis c h u n g e o rd n e t i n i h r e r z e i t l i c h e n R e ih e n f o lg e z u b e t r a c h t e n , da s ic h a u f d ie s e W e ise k e i n k l a r e s B i l d v o n d e r F o rs c h u n g s la g e g e w in n e n l ä ß t . Es i s t d a h e r g ü n s t i g e r und ü b e r s i c h t l i c h e r , wenn d ie A r b e it e n e n ts p r e c h e n d i h r e n m e th o d is c h e n V o ra u s s e tz u n g e n u n * t e r s u c h t w e rd e n . Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access В ) D ie m e th o d is c h e n G r u n d la g en d e r T h e o r ie n T r o t z d e r K ü rz e d e s h i s t o r i s c h e n Ü b e r b lic k s w u rd e s i c h t * b a r , daß e in b e t r ä c h t l i c h e r U n t e r s c h ie d im m e th o d is c h e n V o r * g e he n z w is c h e n den A r b e it e n K a lin a s , C onevs u n d M in S e v a s be= s t e h t . D ie ä l t e r e n F o r s c h e r h a t t e n m e is t e in e s e h r e i n s e i * t i g e A u ffa s s u n g vom V e r f a l l , d . h . s i e s a h e n h i n t e r d e r E n t * W ic k lu n g n u r das W irk e n e in e s F a k t o r s u n d v e r s u c h t e n d e s h a lb i n i h r e n T h e o r ie n a l l e s a u f i h n z u r ü c k z u f ü h r e n . D ie U n z u lä n g = l i c h k e i t e n d ie s e s V o rg e h e n s ü b e rw a n d C o n e v, in d e m e r e i n Z u * s a m m e n s p ie l v e r s c h ie d e n e r F a k t o r e n annahm• D ie s e E r k e n n t n is b i l d e t d ie G ru n d la g e f ü r d ie m e th o d is c h e n F o r t s c h r i t t e i n den A r b e it e n М іп б е ѵ а э u n d H u s e k s , d ie n u r n o c h T e ila s p e k t e g e n a u e r t i n t e rs u c h e n , um d a m it d ie V o ra u s s e tz u n g e n f ü r neue E in s ic h t e n i n d ie G e s a m tp ro b le m a tik z u s c h a f f e n . B e i d ie s e n D e ta ilu n te r s u c h u n g e n i s t d ie G e fa h r des A b g le it e n s i n S p e k u * l a t i o n e n n i c h t m ehr so g ro ß w ie i n den f r ü h e r e n A r b e it e n , d e re n r i c h t i g e A n s ä tz e d u r c h M a n g e l an M a t e r i a l o d e r v o r e i * l i g e S c h lü s s e d i s k r e d i t i e r t w u rd e n . U n g e a c h te t a l l e r E in w ä n * de v e r m i t t e l n d ie ä l t e r e n T h e o r ie n s e h r v i e l e B e o b a c h tu n g e n , d ie i h r e G ü l t i g k e i t b i s h e u te n i c h t v e r l o r e n h a b e n , wenn man a u ch b e i i h r e r D e u tu n g v o r s i c h t i g e r g e w o rd e n i s t . I ) U n i f a k t o r i e l l e T h e o r ie n Es b i e t e t s ic h e in e U n t e r t e i l u n g i n z w e i H a u p tg ru p p e n m it e in ig e n U n t e r a b t e ilu n g e n a n . D e r A u s g a n g s p u n k t d e r T h e o * r i e n g i b t uns das U n te rs c h e id u n g s m e rk m a ls w e rd e n E i n f l ü s s e aus a n d e re n S p ra c h e n angenommen, so s p re c h e n w i r v o n e xo g e n e n P ro z e s s e n , d ie zum V e r f a l l f ü h r t e n , b e i in n e r s p r a c h li c h e n E n tw ic k lu n g e n v o n e n do genen P ro z e s s e n . D u rc h d ie s e schem a* t is c h e D a r s t e llu n g i s t es l e i c h t e r , s i c h im G e w ir r d e r s i c h ü b e r la g e r n d e n T h e o r ie n z u r e c h t z u f in d e n . Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access 1 ) Exogene P ro z e s s e Es h a n d e lt s ic h h i e r b e i um den V e rs u c h , d ie Umwand־ lu n g e n i n d e r b u lg a r is c h e n S p ra c h e aus dem S u b s t r a t u n te r ® g e g a n g e n e r o d e r den E in f lü s s e n b e n a c h b a r te r S p ra c h e n zu e r k l ä r e n . E in e g e n a u e re U n t e r t e i l u n g d e r T hesen i s t n a ch den A u s g a n g s s p ra c h e n m ö g lic h : a ) T h r a k o - i l l y r i s c h e s S u b s t r a t ( K o p it a r , M i k l o s i c h ) b ) P r o t o b u lg a r is c h e s S u b s t r a t ( G a s t e r , S k ö ld ) с ) R u m ä n is c h e r (b z w . l a t e i n i s c h e r ) E i n f l u ß ( J a g ić , W e ig a n d ,R e ic h e n k ro n ) d ) G r ie c h is c h e r E in f l u ß ( S a n d f e ld , L e t t e n b a u e r ) e ) A llg e m e in b a lk a n is c h e s S u b s t r a t (V o n d r á k , M e i l l e t , S c h r ö p f e r ) Das B e le g m a t e r ia l f ü r d ie s e T hesen i s t im a llg e m e in e n n i c h t s e h r u m fa n g r e ic h und h ä l t e in e r l i n g u i s t i s c h e n K r i t i k kaum s ta n d . а ) T h r a k o - i l l y r i s c h e s S u b s t r a t Am d e u t l i c h s t e n s p r i c h t s ic h M ik l o s i c h f ü r e in t h r a k o - i l l y r i s c h e s S u b s t r a t a u s : *, A ls d ie S lo v e n e n s ic h im V l . j a h r h . i n den H a e m u s lä n d e rn n i e d e r l ie s s e n , fa n d e n s ie d ie s e lb e n n i c h t m e n s c h e n le e r. S p r a c h lic h e g rü n d e b e s tim m e n uns anzunehm en, d a s s zu j e n e r z e i t m i t den h e u t ig e n s k ip e t a r e n (A lb a n e s e n ) v e rw a n d te stamme d ie t h r a c is c h e h a l b i n s e l in n e h a t t e n . Aus d e r V e rs c h m e lz u n g d ie s e r z w e i V ö lk e r e n t w ic k e l t e s i c h das b u lg a r is c h e v o l k , aus d e r m is c h u n g i h r e r s p ra c h e n d ie b u lg a r is c h e s p r ä c h e , . . " (1 ) E tw a s d i f f e r e n z i e r t e r s in d K o p it a r s Ä u ß e ru n g e n , d e r d ie t h r a k is c h e S p ra c h fo rm ־ e r m e in t d a m it das m o r p h o lo g is c h - s y n t a k t is c h e S ystem d ie s e r S p ra c h e - f ü r d ie G ru n d la g e des A lb a n is c h e n , R um änischen und N e u b u lg a r is c h e n h ä l t . B e i 1) M i k l o s i c h , F r . : V e r g l. G r a m .j 3 .B a n d , 1 . A u f l . , S . 220 Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access g l e i c h e r S t r u k t u r u n te r s c h e id e n s ie s i c h n u r i n d e r H e r k u n f t und d e r l a u t l i c h e n G e s t a lt des W o r ts c h a tz e s : "U nd d ie s e Form w a r so u n v e r t i l g b a r , d a ß , a l s am S c h lü s s e d e r V ö lk e rw a n d e ru n g d ie b u lg a r is c h e n S la w e n s i c h z a h l r e i c h im G e b ie te d ie s e r t h r a c is c h e n la n g u e rom ane a n s ie d e lt e n , s o g a r i h r S la w is c h im V e r k e h r m i t W a la c h e n а и с h i n d ie s e F o rm , m i t h i n t e n a n g e h ä n g te n A r t i k e l , K a s u s z e ic h e n a n s t a t t d e r r e ic h e n s la w is c h e n F l e x i o n , - u n t e r a l l e n s la w is c h e n M u n d a rte n d ie e in » z ig e la n g u e rom ane d ie s e r A r t - , u m g e p rä g t w a r d . " ( 1 ) K o p i t a r p r ä z i s i e r t a ls o den P ro z e ß , in d e m e r e in e V e r» m i t t l u n g des S u b s t r a t s d u r c h d ie H W a la c h e n H a n n im m t. O bw ohl d ie These vom t h r a k is c h e n o d e r t h r a k o - i l l y r i * s e h e n S u b s t r a t w e n ig A n k la n g f a n d , g r i f f s ie B e r n s t e in ( 2 ) s p ä t e r w ie d e r a u f , w o b e i e r a l l e r d i n g s g e w is s e E in s c h r ä n * k u n g e n im H i n b l i c k a u f den Um fang d e r A u s w irk u n g e n d ie s e s S u b s t r a t s m a c h te • S c h w e rw ie g e n d e E in w ä n de g egen d ie s e These e rh o b e n u .a • M e y e r ( 3 ) , M ir K e v ( 4 ) und D u r id a n o v ( 5 ) : 1) Z u n ä c h s t e rg e b e n s i c h S c h w ie r ig k e it e n b e i d e r c h r o n o lo g ie se h e n E in o rd n u n g des S u b s t r a t s i n d ie E n tw ic k lu n g d e r b u i * g a r is c h e n S p ra c h e , da d ie e r s t e n aus dem 10• J a h r h u n d e r t sta m menden Dmm k e in e A n h a lts p u n k te z u r S tü tz u n g d ie s e r These g e * b e n • Es i s t n u n a b e r s e h r u n w a h r s c h e in lic h , daß s i c h das S u b * s t r a t e r s t n a c h dem B e g in n des S c h r if t t u m s ab dem 9• J a h r h u n = d e r t b e m e rk b a r m a c h te , da gemäß d e n Angaben v o n M i k l o s i c h d ie K o n ta k te z w is c h e n den Š k ip e t a r e n und S lo v e n e n s c h o n im m e rh in d r e i J a h r h u n d e r te b e s ta n d e n , ohne b i s d a h in s i c h t b a r e V e r ä n * d e ru n g e n im m o r p h o lo g is c h - s y n t a k t is c h e n S yste m d e r b u l g a r i * 3 ch e n S p ra c h e zu b e w ir k e n • D e r c h r o n o lo g is c h e E in w a n d l ä ß t s i c h a u ch n i c h t b e s e i t i * g e n , wenn man d ie s y n t h e t is c h e D e k l in a t io n i n den a l t b u l g a r i * s e h e n Dmm f ü r k ü n s t l i c h und n i c h t f ü r v o lk s s p r a c h l i c h h ä l t , d a d ie s e V e rm u tu n g n i c h t z u b e le g e n i s t • D ie s y n t h e t is c h e 1) K o p i t a r , J . : A lb a n • , w a la c h , und b u lg • S p ra c h e , S . 2 5 3 • 2 ) B e r n S t e jn , S . : R a z y s k a n ija , S .3 6 2 . 3 ) M e y e r,K .H • : D e r U n te rg a n g d e r D e k l . , S . 9 • 4 ) M ir 6 e v , K . : I s t o r i K e s k a g r a m ., S . 2 6 5 • 5 ) D u r id a n o v , ! • : Kum p r o b le m a ta , S .8 8 • Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access 00057005 - 8 - D e k l i n a t i o n d e s A l t b u l g a r i s c h e n , d ie dem U r s la v is c h e n s e h r n a h e s t e h t , k o n n te n u r aus d e r V o lk s s p r a c h e entnom m en w e rd e n , w e i l es n o c h k e in e s c h r i f t l i c h e T r a d i t i o n g a b , d ie d ie 3yn= t h e t i s c h e D e k l i n a t i o n b i s i n s 9• J a h r h u n d e r t h ä t t e k o n s e r * v i e r e n k ö n n e n . Auch d ie E n tle h n u n g aus e i n e r fre m d e n S p ra c h e i s t a u s g e s c h lo s s e n , da d ie K a s u s fo rm e n g e n u in s l a v i s c h s in d . D ie e in z ig e M ö g l i c h k e i t z u r V e r t e i d ig u n g des t h r a k o - i l l y r i s c h e n S u b s t r a t s w ä re g e g e b e n , wenn es s i c h n a c h w e is e n l i e ß e , daß d e r b u lg a r is c h e S p ra c h ra u m s c h o n im 9• J a h r h u n * d e r t d i a l e k t i s c h s t a r k d i f f e r e n z i e r t w a r u n d d ie ä l t e s t e n Dmm a u f e in e m b e s o n d e rs a r c h a is c h e n D i a l e k t b a s ie r e n . B e r n s t e in ( 2 ) s p r i c h t s i c h d a f ü r aus und w e i s t a u f das f r ü h e E r s c h e in e n a n a l y t i s c h e r K o n s t r u k t io n e n i n d e n n o r d ö s t l i c h e n D i a le k t e n h i n . M ir č e v ( 2 ) w i d e r s p r i c h t dem k a t e g o r i s c h , ohne d ie s n ä h e r z u b e g rü n d e n . So w i c h t i g n u n d e r D ia le k t u n t e r s c h i e d f ü r d ie E r k lä r u n g des D e k l i n a t i o n s v e r f a l l s s e in k a n n , so w e n ig t r ä g t e r z \ir U n t e r s t ü t z u n g d e r T hese b e i , da es k e in e H in w e is e a u f i n t e n s i v e K o n ta k t e z w is c h e n d e n n o r d ö s t l i c h e n D ia le k t e n und dem I l l y r i s c h e n o d e r T h r a k is c h e n g i b t . B e s o n d e rs d e r enge K o n t a k t m it d e n " S k ip e t a r e n * e r s c h e in t u n s f ü r d ie s e n Raum s e h r f r a g l i c h . 2 ) E in a n d e r e r E in w a n d z i e l t a u f d ie B e s c h a f f e n h e it d e r G eber= s p rä c h e a b , ü b e r d e re n m o r p h o lo g is c h - s y n t a k t is c h e s S y s te m b i s h e u te n o c h k e in e E i n z e l h e i t e n b e k a n n t s i n d . Es w i r d a ls o l e t z t l i e h d u r c h d ie T hese vom t h r a k o - i l l y r i s e h e n S u b s t r a t n u r e in e U n b e k a n n te d u r c h e in e a n d e re e r s e t z t ( 3 ) • Wenn man a u f d ie B e g rü n d u n g , d ie M i k l o s i c h g i b t , e i n * g e h t und e in e V e r w a n d t s c h a ft z w is c h e n T h r a k e r n b zw . I l l y r e r n u n d d e n A lb a n e r n v e r m u t e t , e r h ö h t s i c h d ie P r a g w ü r d ig k e it d e r T hese s o g a r , d a es im A lb a n is c h e n n o c h h e u te e in e s y n * t h e t i s c h e D e k l i n a t i o n g i b t . ) ו B e r n S t e jn , S . s R a z y s k a n ija , S . 3 5 8 . 2 ) M ir & e v ,K • : I s t o r i c e s k a g r a m ., S . 7 u n d S . 47 • 3 ) e b d . , S . 2 6 4 . Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access 9 - 57005 Ъ ) P r o t o b u lg a r is c h e s S u b s t r a t O b e r f l ä c h l i c h b e s e h e n i s t G a s te rs T hese vom p r o t o b u l * g a r is c h e n S u b s t r a t r e c h t e in le u c h t e n d . D ie P r o t o b u lg a r e n s p i e l t e n b e i d e r b u lg a r is c h e n S ta a ts g r ü n d u n g e in e tr a g e n d e H o l l e , u n d es i s t d e s h a lb z u v e rm u te n , daß s i e ä h n l i c h w ie d ie N orm annen i n E n g la n d a u c h d ie S t r u k t u r d e r S p ra c h e b e * e i n f l u ß t e n . Genau a u f d ie s e s B e i s p i e l b e r u f t s i c h G a s t e r ( 1) u n d w i l l es a u f b u lg a r is c h e V e r h ä l t n is s e ü b e r t r a g e n , w o b e i d e r E i n f l u ß s o g a r ü b e r d ie G re n z e n des B u lg a r is c h e n h in a u s ־ g ehen u n d i n den N a c h b a rs p ra c h e n g l e i c h f a l l s U m w andlungen h e r v o r g e r u f e n h a b e n s o l l : NA l l e d ie s e S p ra c h e n m üssen d a h e r z u e i n e r b e s tim m te n Z e i t , e in e m m ä c h tig e n E i n f l ü s s e a u s g e s e t z t w o rd e n s e in , w e lc h e r s i e g le ic h m ä s s ig u m g e fo rm t h a t * A l l e d ie s e E r= s c h e in u n g e n f ü h r e i c h d a h e r a u f d ie t u r a n is c h e n B u i* g a re n z u r ü c k , d ie z w is c h e n 6 6 0 -6 6 8 e in g e w a n d e r t, i n k u r z e r Z e i t i h r e M a c h t ü b e r d ie g a n z e B a lk a n in s e l a u s * g e d e h n t h a b e n , und s i c h d u rc h 3 J a h r h u n d e r te e r h a l t e n h a t t e n , ehe s i e i n d e n V ö lk e r n d e r B a lk a n in s e l a u f * g in g e n . D e r E i n f l u s s d e r B u lg a r e n u n d i h r e r S p ra c h e a u f das Rum. e t c . i s t b is h e r i g n o r i e r t w o rd e n und so i s t e in e t h r a k is c h e T h e o r ie e n ts ta n d e n , d ie b e i g e n a u * e r U n te rs u c h u n g s i c h n i c h t h a l t e n l ä s s t . " ( 2 ) Zu d ie s e m S c h lu ß g e la n g t a u ch S k ö ld , d e r v o n d e r e t h * n is c h e n Z usam m ensetzung des b u lg a r is c h e n V o lk s a u s g e h t: " I t h i n k t h a t th e l i n g u i s t i c r i d d l e o f f e r e d b y th e d is a p p e a ra n c e o f t h e n o u n i n f l e x i o n i n t h i s la n g u a g e s h o u ld n o t be a p p ro a c h e d b e fo r e d is c u s s in g th e o r i g i n o f th e B u lg a r ia n s as a p e o p le . " ( 3 ) "A n d I t h i n k t h a t m o d e rn B u lg a r ia n m u s t be r e g a r d e d as an outcom e o f th e tw o d i f f e r e n t i n f l u e n c e s : o f th e m a k e s h if t la n g u a g e s p o k e n b y t h e f o r e i g n e r s and b y th e S la v B u lg a r ia n s i n t h e i r in t e r c o u r s e w i t h th e f o r * e ig n e r s on th e one h a n d , and th e la n g u a g e o f th e S la v s , e s p e c i a l l y as s e t down i n th e b o o k s o f an e c c l e s i a s t i * c a l o r d e r , on th e o t h e r . " ( 4 ) 1) G a s t e r , M. : D ie n i c h t l a t . E le m e n te , S . 4 0 9 . 2 ) e b d .-, S . 410 . 3 ) S k ö ld , H. : L i n g u i s t i c g le a n in g s , S . 21 . 4 ) e b d .* S . 2 6 . Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access 00057005 g I n d ie s e r Form i s t d ie These vom p r o t o b u lg a r is c h e n Sub= s t r a t n i c h t ü b e rz e u g e n d , da s i e d ie n o tw e n d ig e n s p r a c h lic h e n B e w e ise s c h u ld ig b l e i b t und außerdem d ie S ta a ts g rü n d u n g d u rc h d ie P r o t o b u lg a r e n und den d a m it verbundenen E i n f l u ß a u f d ie S la v e n ü b e r s c h ä t z t , w ie d ie K r i t i k n a c h w ie s : 1 ) Es i s t u n w a h r s c h e in lic h , daß s ic h d e r E i n f l u ß d e s P r o to = b u lg a r is c h e n n u r a u f den m o r p h o lo g is c h - s y n t a k t is c h e n B e r e ic h b e s c h r ä n k te , w ä h re n d d e r W o r ts c h a tz b i s a u f e in e H a n d v o ll L e h n w ö r te r u n b e r ü h r t b l i e b • D ie s e Annahme w i d e r s p r i c h t d e r E r f a h r u n g , d ie n ä m lic h z e i g t , daß b e i z w is c h e n s p r a c h lic h e n K o n ta k te n g e w ö h n lic h d e r W o r ts c h a tz v i e l s c h n e l l e r und v o r a lle m a u c h s t ä r k e r v e r ä n d e r t w ir d a ls d ie S t r u k t u r e in e r S p ra c h e . D ie S p u re n i n d e r L e x ik s in d je d o c h so s c h w a c h , daß М іг б е ѵ den P r o t o b u lg a r e n k e in e n e n ts c h e id e n d e n A n t e i l ал d e r U m form ung d e r b u lg a r is c h e n S p ra c h e z u g e s t e h t ( 1 ) . 2 ) Dem w id e r s p r e c h e n f e r n e r d ie ä l t e s t e n Dmm, i n denen s ic h d e r "3 J a h r h u n d e r te ” w ä h re n de E i n f l u ß ir g e n d w ie a u f den F o r= m e n b e sta n d h ä t t e a u s w irk e n m üssen. Gegen d ie s e s A rg u m e n t i s t a u c h S k ö ld s E r k lä r u n g u n z u r e ic h e n d : " B u t C h u rc h B u lg a r ia n m u s t have be en an a r t i f i c a i la n g u a g e i n T u r k is h B u lg a r ia v e r y much m ore th a n f o r in s t a n c e i n R u s s ia . . . 1 1( 2 ) . A bgesehen d a v o n , daß das "C h u rc h B u lg a r ia n 1 1 i n d e r M o r p h o lo g ie kaum v o n d e r V o lk s s p ra c h e a b w ic h , v e r m i t t e l t d ie F o r m u lie r u n g " T u r k is h B u lg a r ia " e in f a ls c h e s B i l d vo n den h i s t o r i s c h e n T a ts a c h e n , da das p r o t o b u lg a r is c h e E le m e n t ü b e r b e t o n t w i r d ( 2 ) . 3) S c h l i e ß l i c h w ir d a u ch m i t d e r These n u r e in e U n b e k a n n te d u r c h e in e a n d e re e r s e t z t , da vom T u r a n is c h e n z u w e n ig ü b e r * l i e f e r t i s t u n d s ic h aus den a n d e re n T u rk s p ra c h e n n i c h t s e n t= nehmen l ä ß t , das z u r S tü tz u n g d e r B e h a u p tu n g b e it r ü g e . 1) M ir 5 e v ,K . : I s t o r i t f e s k a g ra m ., S . 7 3 . 2 ) S k ö ld ,H . : L i n g u i s t i c G le a n in g s , S .2 7 . Klaus Steinke - 9783954793709 Downloaded from PubFactory at 01/10/2019 06:17:01AM via free access 11 57005 с ) R u m ä n is c h e r (b z w . L a t e i n i s c h e r ) E i n f l u ß D ie s e T hese fa n d e in e w e it e V e r b r e it u n g u n d h a t n o c h h e u te v i e l e A n h ä n g e r. E i g e n t l i c h d e u te te b e r e i t s K o p i t a r e in e n ru m ä n is c h e n E i n f l u ß a n , a l s e r b e i d e r Aufnahm e d e r t h r a k is c h e n E le m e n te i n d ie b u lg a r is c h e S p ra c h e dem " V e r * k e h r m i t W alachen*1 d ie V e r m i t t l e r r o l l e z u g e s ta n d . I n a h n * l i c h e r W e ise a r g u m e n t ie r t a u c h W eigernd, d e r s i c h d a b e i m ehr a u f g e s c h i c h t l i c h e a ls a u f s p r a c h lic h e P a k te n s t ü t z t : " A l l e s d a s , was dem h e u t ig e n B u lg a r is c h e n s e in e S o n d e r» S t e l lu n g u n t e r den s la v is c h e n S p ra c h e n g i b t , w ie n a c h * g e s t e l l t e r A r t i k e l , B e s c h rä n k u n g im G e b ra u ch des I n f i » n i t i v s , V e r l u s t d e r C a s u s f le x io n und m anches a n d e re k a n n n u r d u rc h ru m ä n is c h e n E i n f l u ß i n das B u lg a r is c h e g e la n g t s e in , denn das A l t b u l g a r i s c h e k a n n te d ie s a l l e s n o c h n i c h t . D ie W a la ch e n a b e r s p i e l t e n z u r Z e i t des z w e it e n Z a rtu m s e in e p o l i t i s c h e R o lle i n B u lg a r ie n , e in e R e ih e r u m ä n is c h e r O rtsn am en s in d b i s h e u te im w e s t lic h e n B u lg a r ie n e r h a lt e n , b e id e U m stände b e w e is e n , daß das w a la c h is c h e E le m e n t z a h l r e i c h gew esen s e in muß u n d w o h l im S ta n d e w a r d ie t h r a k o - a lb a n is e h e n E le m e n te , d ie es s e l b s t e r s t aufgenom m en h a t t e , an d ie B u lg a r e n z u v e r m i t t e l n . " ( 1 ) A l l e i n d e n E i n f l u ß des R u m ä n isch e n , ohne ihm n u r e in e V e r m i t t l e r r o l l e " z u ż u s c h re T b e n , m a ch t J a g ifc g e lt e n d : " I c h h a l t e den V e r l u s t d e r D e c l i n a t i o n im B u lg a r is c h e n n e b s t dem A u f t r e t e n des p o s t p o s i t i v e n A r t i k e l s f ü r e in R e s u lt a t d e r in n ig e n B e rü h ru n g d e r B u lg a r e n m i t den R um änen." ( 2 ) U m fa n g r e ic h e r und d e t a i l l i e r t e r s in d d ie A u s fü h ru n g e n R e ic h e n k r o n s , d e r , o b w o h l e r kaum d ie l i n g u i s t i s c h e S e it e des P ro b le m s b e r ü h r t , zu w ic h t ig e n F e s t s t e llu n g e n a llg e m e in e r e r A r t kom m t. E r s c h a l t e t z u n ä c h s t d ie M ö g lic h k e it e in e s g e m ein» samen S u b s t r a t s f ü r m e h re re B a lk a n s p ra c h e n a u s , da s ic h d